वैदिकप्रकरणम्

Covers SK 3387–3649 (263 sūtras): all present (written in five parts, each coverage-checked by script: 3387–3438, 3439–3490, 3491–3542, 3543–3594, 3595–3649).

The Vedic rules gathered from the whole Aṣṭādhyāyī in book order: Part I (book 1–3: number, names, case and gender, vikaraṇas, upapada kṛt, the lakāras and leṭ, the tumartha affixes); Part II (3.4 infinitives to the taddhitas of adhyāya 4); Part III (adhyāya 5 taddhitas to the Vedic sandhi, prakṛtibhāva and lengthening of 6.1–6.3); Part IV (the aṅga rules of 6.4 and the Vedic endings and nipātanas of adhyāya 7); Part V (the last abhyāsa nipātanas, the pluta rules and the sandhi of book 8). The commentary layer is the Subodhinī; there is no Bālamanoramā for this prakaraṇa (Wikisource prints the mūla only), and the few balamanorama blocks filed here are misfiled BM on other sūtras.

vaidikaprakaraṇam — outline (p70, SK 3387–3649, all 263 sūtras)

Part I — SK 3387–3438: the Vedic rules of Aṣṭādhyāyī books 1–3 up to 3.4.11: number, names and case; ghasḷ and the luk of śap, ślu and cli; ām-nipātanas, caṅ and aṅ; the kṛtya nipātanas and the upapada kṛt affixes; ktin udātta and yuc; luṅ/laṅ/liṭ for any time and leṭ; vikaraṇa substitutes and vyatyaya; the tumartha affixes

Covers SK 3387–3438 (52 sūtras): all present.

• The Aṣṭādhyāyī spine and where the SK moves rules. Bhaṭṭoji takes the Vedic sūtras book by book in Aṣṭādhyāyī order, and the print marks each book as an adhyāya (see the next bullet). The run is 1.2.61 → 3.4.11, with these departures:
• Book 1. 1.2.61–62, 1.4.9, 1.4.20, 1.4.81–82, then 1.2.6 indhibhavatibhyāṃ ca (3393) last, closing the book. Its own vārttika rejects it.
• Book 2. 2.3.3, 2.3.60, 2.3.62–63, then 2.4.39 (3398) before 2.4.28 (3399). The Subodhinī says the order is reversed as a hint that 2.4.28 is already covered by vyatyayo bahulam (SK 3433). Then 2.4.73, 2.4.76, 2.4.80.
• Book 3. 3.1.42, 50, 51, 59, 123; 3.2.27, 63–67, 71–72. Then the Tripādī rule 8.2.67 (3416) is placed with the nipātita forms of 3414–3415. Then 3.2.73–74, 88; 3.3.96, 129–130; 3.4.6–7. 3.1.34 sibbahulaṃ leṭi (3425) is pulled in. The leṭ rules then run 3.4.97, 94, 98, 95, 96 (3426–3430), which is not Aṣṭādhyāyī order, so 3426 takes its anuvṛtti "from below": leṭaḥ from 3427 and vā from 3430 (Subodhinī). Then 3.4.8 (3431). 3.1.84–86 (3432–3434) are pulled in after the quotation of halaḥ śnaḥ śānaj jhau (SK 2557), followed by 3.4.117 (3435) and 3.4.9–11 (3436–3438).
• AS-refs. All 52 are checked against references/ashtadhyayi/sutraani-data.json, by SK number and by sūtra text, and all match. The print misnumbers 3425 as "3.4.34"; ours has 3.1.34.
• Adhyāya headings, the governing words, and the frame-quotations.
• Headings. The print heads the section "vaidikī prakriyā" and marks the books: "prathamo 'dhyāyaḥ" above 3387, closed by "iti prathamo 'dhyāyaḥ" after 3393; "dvitīyo 'dhyāyaḥ" at 3394, closed after 3402; "tṛtīyo 'dhyāyaḥ" at 3403, which runs on into Part II. Ours has none of these, so they are supplied in brackets (collation batch01, class M).
• chandasi. Most sūtras state chandasi. Where a sūtra does not, Bhaṭṭoji's gloss supplies it (3411, 3418, 3424, 3433, 3434); at 3392 and 3405 the translator supplies it (from 3391; from the Subodhinī's loka contrasts). 3389 splits off "vā" with chandasi carried into it, which makes every operation optional in the Veda. Bhaṭṭoji calls the five bahulaṃ chandasi rules (3396, 3398, 3400, 3401, 3419) an elaboration of that split. Each of the five continues a different predecessor: the sixth case, ghasḷ for ad, the luk of śap, ślu, and kvip after han.
• mantre and "chandas". mantre (3414) runs through 3415 and, by the Subodhinī's "satyam", into 3417. There chandasi is restated so as to take in the Brāhmaṇa. 3402 likewise extends "mantra" to the Brāhmaṇa (upalakṣaṇa).
• The lakāra block. 3423–3438 stands under the chandasi of 3423, and Bhaṭṭoji does not repeat it. leṭ (3424) runs through 3426–3431. tumarthe (3436) runs into 3437–3438, and on into 3439 in Part II.
• Frame-quotations. Five units end by quoting the earlier rule whose matter the next sūtra continues: 3390 → te prāg dhātoḥ (SK 2230); 3399 → adiprabhṛtibhyaḥ śapaḥ (SK 2423); 3400 → juhotyādibhyaḥ śluḥ (SK 2489); 3418 → brahmabhrūṇavṛtreṣu kvip (SK 2998); 3431 → halaḥ śnaḥ śānaj jhau (SK 2557). In addition, the kaumudī of 3419 re-cites, with their Vedic examples, the Vedic kṛt rules already taught in the kṛdanta (SK 3093–3095, 3117–3118, 3150).
• Accent. Two sūtras here are accent rules: 3420 (ktin is udātta) and 3436 (the accents of the tumartha affixes). Only their accented examples are marked: udātta acute, independent svarita grave, anudātta unmarked, and the udātta syllable is named. The Subodhinī's "svare bhedaḥ" for java/sava (3419) and Bhaṭṭoji's promise that svaravyatyaya "will be stated" (3433) are recorded without marks. Every other mantra is in plain IAST and is given once; the edition's second, accented copy of each mantra is not repeated.
• Print readings and audit corrections followed (NSP 1915, scan-confirmed; collation batch01–02; audits G01–G04, no MUST-FIX, MINORs applied in en.yml):
• Corrections after the print. 3389 prapañcaḥ (ours prapajñaḥ). 3400 luṅ na, i.e. "there is no luk" (ours luṅga). 3403 dvirvacanam. 3407 asmād igupadha- (ours splits it asmādi gupadha-). 3412 'nantaḥpādam as one compound. 3420 syāmobháyāsaḥ = syāma + ubhayāsaḥ (ours syāmo bhayāsaḥ). 3427 sibbahulaṃ ṇit (ours bbihulaṃ) and patāti (ours pātāti). 3429 vidhisāmarthyāt. 3433 viyūyāt (ours viyūyīt).
• Ours kept, or as transmitted. 3393 paro 'pil liṭ (ours = print) is read as api liṭ, "also", because apit would exclude Bhaṭṭoji's own example babhūva. This is a mūla query for Ajai (G01). 3396 candramasaḥ (ours = print; Wikisource candramase). 3402 agṛbhbhrann (ours = print). 3407 kyabyatau is kept against the print's kyabṇyatau (collation V: the ca of SK 2854 brings in yat). 3419 save (ours = print; the class-C row is closed). 3431 nej jihmā yantau … patāma: ours = print, though dual yantau stands against plural patāma. 3434: the print's dṛśor is rendered dṛśeḥ. 3435 ṛcchatyṝtām keeps the sūtra's long ṝ (the print is unclear, C).
• Audit sense-points. 3390: both names apply at once, and the vārttika is the authority for that. 3392: chandasi from 3391 is the translator's identification. 3414: the ḍas/ṇvin split rests on Bhaṭṭoji's "yatra padatvaṃ bhāvi". 3419: kyāc chandasi applies after any kya-final root. 3430: ai and leṭ are carried in and are not in the sūtra. 3435: the Subodhinī's own point is that liṅ is also sārvadhātuka (yāsuṭ → iy). 3436: the initial ā of āhuvádhyai is ambiguous between udātta and pracaya.
• Where the commentary lies (only the kaumudī is translated, SK-TRANSLATE §25).
• Subodhinī filed under a neighbour. 3387: tail of sk.p70.intro-subodhini.s1. 3390–3392: sk.3390.s1. 3394: sk.3393.s1, after the colophon. 3397–3399: sk.3396.s1. 3401: tail of sk.3400.s1 and sk.3401.s1. 3403: tail of sk.3402.s1 and sk.3403.s1. 3404–3406: sk.3403.s1. 3410: tail of sk.3409.s1. 3413: sk.3412.s1. 3415: sk.3414.s1. 3418–3419: sk.3417.s1. 3428–3429: sk.3427.s1. 3431: tail of sk.3430.s1. 3433: tail of sk.3432.s1 and sk.3433.s1. 3434: end of sk.3433.s1, plus the head of sk.3435.s1. 3438: sk.3437.s1.
• No Subodhinī on 3411, 3421, 3422, 3424 or 3425 (confirmed on print pp. 590–591).
• No BM anywhere in Part I. Our layer is empty, and Wikisource uttara-4/0079–0083 prints only the mūla. sk.3438.b1 is misfiled: it is BM on liṅāśiṣi (SK 2215).
• Where Part I ends. Part I ends at 3438 dṛśe vikhye ca (3.4.11), the tumartha nipātanas dṛśe and vikhye. Part II opens with śaki ṇamulkamulau (3.4.12, SK 3439), which continues tumarthe and chandasi.

I.A. Book 1: Vedic number, the names ghi, bha and pada, gati after the verb, and kit liṭ — running example: punarvasū nakṣatram → punarvasu nakṣatram (singular for two); nabhas + vati → (bha: no ru) nabhasvat

• 3387 chandasi punarvasvor ekavacanam 1.2.61 — in the Veda, Punarvasu denoting two stars may take the singular, optionally (anyatarasyām from SK 817, Subodhinī). The dual would be expected because the asterism is a cluster whose members stand out. Result: punarvasu nakṣatram or punarvasū nakṣatram; loka has only the dual. The heading "vaidikī prakriyā / prathamo 'dhyāyaḥ" is supplied from the print.
• 3388 viśākhayoś ca 1.2.62 — the same for Viśākhā: viśākhā nakṣatram or viśākhe. The Subodhinī notes that the sūtra is neutral on loka, so Amara's singular viśākhā is not barred.
• 3389 ṣaṣṭhīyuktaś chandasi vā 1.4.9 — in the Veda, pati (from SK 257) is optionally ghi when construed with a sixth-case word, even outside a compound: kṣetrasya pati + ṭā → (ghi: nā, SK 244) patinā. A yogavibhāga splits off "vā" and carries chandasi into it, so every operation is optional in the Veda. Two vārttikas follow on yaci bham (SK 231):
• nabhas, aṅgiras and manus are bha before vat: nabhas + vati → (bha, so no ru by SK 162) nabhasvat; aṅgirasvat; manuṣvat (bha, so ṣ by SK 212; manus takes usi by bāhulaka, uṇādi 272).
• vṛṣan is bha before vasu and aśva: vṛṣaṇvasuḥ, vṛṣaṇaśvaḥ. bha blocks the n-loss (SK 236) that pada status would bring, so SK 198 does not stop ṇatva either. There is no a-loss by SK 234, because vṛṣan is not an aṅga here.
• 3390 ayasmayādīni chandasi 1.4.20 — ayasmaya and the rest are correct in the Veda, with both names, bha and pada, as each form requires. The vārttika "ubhayasaṃjñāny api" is the authority for this against the anantarasya maxim (Subodhinī; G01). In ṛkvatā, pada gives kutva (c → k, SK 378) and bha blocks jaśtva (SK 84). In vājina (vāc + ina), pada gives jaśtva (c → j) and bha blocks kutva. The unit closes by quoting te prāg dhātoḥ (SK 2230) as the frame for 3391.
• 3391 chandasi pare 'pi 1.4.81 — in the Veda the gati and upasarga words (te, from SK 2230) may also stand after the dhātu; by api they may still stand before it. This is the exception to SK 2230. There is no kaumudī in ours or in the print; its examples are under 3392.
• 3392 vyavahitāś ca 1.4.82 — they may also stand separated from the dhātu. In haribhyāṃ yāhy oka ā, ā comes after yāhi with okaḥ between (3391 and 3392). In ā mandrair indra haribhir yāhi, ā comes before yāhi, separated from it (3392). Without these rules the form would be āyāhi. Which rule each example serves, and chandasi from 3391, are the translator's identifications. The Subodhinī notes that the Bhāṣya can do without both rules.
• 3393 indhibhavatibhyāṃ ca 1.2.6 — liṭ after indh and bhū is kit (liṭ kit from SK 2242), even a pit liṭ. indh + liṭ (kit) → (n lost, SK 415) samīdhe, īdhe. bhū + ṇal (pit, yet kit: no vṛddhi; vuk, SK 2174) → babhūva. The vārttika then rejects the sūtra: indh is Vedic only, and the vuk of bhū is nitya. The colophon "iti prathamo 'dhyāyaḥ" is supplied. For paro 'pil liṭ, see the mūla query above.

I.B. Book 2: case-endings and dvandva gender in the Veda — running example: yavāgvā 'gnihotraṃ juhoti (third case for the object of hu); vanaspatīnām for vanaspatibhyaḥ (sixth for fourth)

• 3394 tṛtīyā ca hoś chandasi 2.3.3 — in the Veda the object of hu (karmaṇi, from SK 537) takes the third case, and by ca the second as well. In yavāgvā 'gnihotraṃ juhoti, yavāgū takes the third and agnihotra the second. Both words denote the oblation and stand in apposition: "he casts the oblation, the gruel, into the fire". The heading "dvitīyo 'dhyāyaḥ" is supplied. The Subodhinī reports that the Bhāṣya rejects this sūtra.
• 3395 dvitīyā brāhmaṇe 2.3.60 — in Brāhmaṇa usage, the object of div in the sense of staking (divas tadarthasya, SK 619) takes the second case, an exception to the sixth: gām asya tadahaḥ sabhāyāṃ dīvyeyuḥ.
• 3396 caturthyarthe bahulaṃ chandasi 2.3.62 — in the Veda the sixth stands variously for the fourth: puruṣamṛgaś candramasaḥ ("for the Moon"); … te vanaspatīnām = vanaspatibhyaḥ. A vārttika gives the reverse, the fourth for the sixth: yā kharveṇa pibati tasyai kharvaḥ (tasyai for tasyāḥ). Because of bahulam, the fourth may also stand (Subodhinī: candramase).
• 3397 yajeś ca karaṇe 2.3.63 — the same holds for the instrument of yaj: ghṛtasya or ghṛtena yajate.
• 3399 hemantaśiśirāv ahorātre ca chandasi 2.4.28 — in the Veda these dvandvas take the gender of the prior member, overriding paravalliṅgam (SK 812). hemanta + śiśira → hemantaśiśirau (loka hemantaśiśire). ahan + rātri + ac (SK 787) → ahorātre (loka ahorātrau by SK 814). The dual is not binding: ahorātrāṇi. This sūtra is placed here out of SK order; the SK puts it after 3398. Its closing quotation of SK 2423 is the frame for 3400.

I.C. Book 2: ghasḷ for ad, and the luk of śap, ślu and cli — running example: ad + luṅ → (ghasḷ; cli lost by 3402; no aṭ) ghastām; han + śap (no luk) → hanati; pra + naś + luṅ (cli lost) → praṇak

• 3398 bahulaṃ chandasi 2.4.39 — in the Veda ghasḷ (from SK 2427) variously replaces ad (from SK 3080). In ghastān nūnam, the luṅ loses cli by 3402 and has no aṭ by SK 3546. ghastām is already covered by SK 2427, so the example proper is sagdhiḥ: ad + ktin → ghas-ti → (penultimate lost, SK 3550; s lost; t → dh; gh → g) gdhi, with sa for samāna (SK 1012), meaning "eating together" (Subodhinī).
• 3400 bahulaṃ chandasi 2.4.73 — in the Veda the luk of śap after ad and the rest (SK 2423) applies variously. Where it fails: vṛtraṃ hanati (loka hanti), śayate (loka śete). Where it applies outside the adādi: trādhvaṃ no devāḥ (trai; loka trāyadhvam). The unit closes by quoting juhotyādibhyaḥ śluḥ (SK 2489).
• 3401 bahulaṃ chandasi 2.4.76 — likewise, ślu after hu and the rest (SK 2489) applies variously. Where it fails: dāti priyāṇi cid vasu (loka dadāti). Where it applies elsewhere: vaś + ślu → (doubling; i for the abhyāsa by SK 3598) vivaṣṭi.
• 3402 mantre ghasahvaraṇaśavṛdahādvṛckṛgamijanibhyo leḥ 2.4.80 — in a mantra, li (= cli) is lost by luk after ghas, hvṛ, ṇaś, vṛ, dah, ā-final roots, vṛj, kṛ, gam and jan. ghas + jhi → (penultimate lost, SK 2363; ṣ, SK 2410) akṣan; mā hvar; pra + naś → (kutva, SK 431) praṇak; āvaḥ; ādhak; ā prāḥ; parāvark; akran; anu gman. "mantra" also covers the Brāhmaṇa: ajñata. The luk is optional (vibhāṣā is carried), so ajaniṣṭa keeps its cli. Outside a mantra the forms are aghasat, ahvārṣīt … ajaniṣṭa (Subodhinī). The colophon "iti dvitīyo 'dhyāyaḥ" is supplied.

I.D. Book 3, vikaraṇas: ām with akaḥ, and caṅ and aṅ for cli — running example: gup + luṅ → (caṅ for cli; reduplication, long abhyāsa) ajūgupatam; kṛ + luṅ → (aṅ for cli; guṇa) akaram

• 3403 abhyutsādayāṃprajanayāṃcikayāṃramayām akaḥ pāvayāṃkriyād vidām akrann iti chandasi 3.1.42 — six ready-made forms (nipātana), each optional (anyatarasyām from SK 2465), so the loka forms also stand. The first four add ām in luṅ, with akaḥ as the anuprayoga (kṛ in luṅ, cli lost by 3402). abhyutsādayām akaḥ (loka abhyudasīṣadat); prajanayām akaḥ (prājījanat); ci → (ām, reduplication, kutva) cikayām akaḥ (acaiṣīt); ramayām akaḥ (arīramat). The other two: pāvayāṃ kriyāt (āśīrliṅ; loka pāvyāt) and vidām akran (avediṣuḥ). The heading "tṛtīyo 'dhyāyaḥ" is supplied.
• 3404 gupeś chandasi 3.1.50 — after bare gup (without āya), caṅ optionally replaces cli: ajūgupataṃ yuvam = agauptam. That gives four Vedic forms against three in loka (Subodhinī).
• 3405 nonayatidhvanayatyelayatyardayatibhyaḥ 3.1.51 — after ūnaya, dhvanaya, elaya and ardaya, caṅ does not replace cli, which blocks SK 2312: mā … kāmam ūnayīḥ (no aṭ, SK 2228; loka aunanat); mā tvāgnir dhvanayīt.
• 3406 kṛmṛdṛruhibhyaś chandasi 3.1.59 — after kṛ, mṛ, dṛ and ruh, aṅ optionally replaces cli: kṛ + aṅ → (guṇa, SK 2406) akaram (idaṃ tebhyo 'karaṃ namaḥ); amarat; adarat; āruhat. The loka forms are akārṣīt, amṛta, adārīt, arukṣat.

I.E. The kṛtya nipātanas — running example: nis + kṛt + ṇyat (for kyap) → (initial and final swapped; ṣ for the s of nis) niṣṭarkya

• 3407 chandasi niṣṭarkyadevahūyapraṇīyonnīyocchiṣyamaryastaryādhvaryakhanyakhānyadevayajyāpṛcchyapratiṣīvyabrahmavādyabhāvyastāvyopacāyyapṛḍāni 3.1.123 — seventeen kṛtya forms taught ready-made:
• niṣṭarkya: nis + kṛt with ṇyat, where kyap (SK 2859) was due, plus metathesis and ṣ. devahūya: deva + hve or hu, with kyap and lengthening. praṇīya, unnīya: nī + kyap. ucchiṣya: ut + śiṣ + kyap.
• marya, staryā (feminine only), dhvarya: mṛ, stṛ, dhvṛ + yat. khanya / khānya: khan + yat / ṇyat. devayajyā: yaj + ya.
• āpṛcchya: āṅ + pṛcch + kyap. pratiṣīvya: siv + kyap, with ṣ. brahmavādya: brahman + vad + ṇyat (loka has kyap and yat, by SK 2854). bhāvya, stāvya: ṇyat.
• upacāyyapṛḍam: upa + ci + ṇyat, with āy, before pṛḍa. A vārttika restricts it to gold; otherwise the form is upaceyapṛḍam. pṛḍa is pṛḍ + ka (SK 2897).

I.F. Upapada kṛt affixes I: in, ṇvi, ñyuṭ and viṭ — running example: havya + vah: (ñyuṭ, outside the pāda's middle) havyavāhanaḥ, against (ṇvi, mid-pāda) havyavāḷ

• 3408 chandasi vanasanarakṣimathām 3.2.27 — in (from SK 2938) comes after van, san, rakṣ and math when an object word is upapada: brahman + van + in → brahmavanim; go + san → (ṣ, SK 1022) goṣaṇim; pathirakṣayaḥ, pathirakṣī; havirmathīnām.
• 3409 chandasi sahaḥ 3.2.63 — ṇvi (from SK 2976) comes after sah with a sup upapada: pṛtanā + sah + ṇvi → (ṣ, SK 335) pṛtanāṣāṭ. The Subodhinī explains classical turāsāham as ṇic + vic.
• 3410 vahaś ca 3.2.64 — ṇvi also comes after vah: dityavāṭ. The rule is split off (yogavibhāga uttarārthaḥ) so that vah alone runs on into 3411–3412; that reading of the split is the translator's.
• 3411 kavyapurīṣapurīṣyeṣu ñyuṭ 3.2.65 — ñyuṭ comes after vah with kavya, purīṣa or purīṣya as upapada: kavyavāhanaḥ, purīṣavāhanaḥ, purīṣyavāhanaḥ. There is no Subodhinī on this sūtra.
• 3412 havye 'nantaḥpādam 3.2.66 — ñyuṭ comes with havya as upapada when the word is not inside a pāda: agniś ca havyavāhanaḥ. Inside a pāda only ṇvi comes, by 3410: havyavāḷ agnir ajaraḥ. The ḷ stands for an intervocalic ḍ, per the Prātiśākhya (Subodhinī).
• 3413 janasanakhanakramagamo viṭ 3.2.67 — viṭ comes after jan, san, khan, kram and gam, and ā replaces the root's nasal (SK 2982). The matching of forms to roots is the translator's: ap + jan → abjāḥ, gojāḥ; go + san → (ṣ, SK 3645) goṣāḥ, nṛṣāḥ; bisakhāḥ; dadhikrāḥ; agregāḥ (locative kept, SK 966).

I.G. Upapada kṛt affixes II: ṇvin and ḍas, vic, manin/kvanip/vanip, kvip; the kaumudī's recap of the Vedic kṛt rules — running example: śveta + vah: (ḍas where pada status is coming; lengthening, SK 425) śvetavāḥ, against (ṇvin; vṛddhi) śvetavāhau

• 3414 mantre śvetavahokthaśaspuroḍāśo ṇvin 3.2.71 — in a mantra, ṇvin comes after vah with śveta, śaṃs with uktha, and dāś with puras (nipātana). A vārttika substitutes ḍas wherever pada status is coming: śvetavāḥ (ḍas) beside śvetavāhau, śvetavāhaḥ (ṇvin); uktha + śaṃs → (n lost) ukthaśāḥ beside ukthaśāsau (vṛddhi, SK 2282); puras + dāś → (ḍ) puroḍāḥ.
• 3415 ave yajaḥ 3.2.72 — ṇvin comes after yaj with ava (mantre continues): avayāḥ (ḍas) beside avayājau, avayājaḥ. The rule is split off so that plain yaj runs on into 3417.
• 3416 avayāḥ śvetavāḥ puroḍāś ca 8.2.67 — a Tripādī rule. These three, and by ca ukthaśāḥ, are nipātita with the long vowel in the sambuddhi too, where SK 425 (which carries asambuddhau) would not lengthen. So the ā of śvetavāḥ stands in address as well.
• 3417 vij upe chandasi 3.2.73 — vic comes after yaj with upa: upa + yaj + vic → upayaṭ. mantre still continues, so chandasi is stated to take in the Brāhmaṇa.
• 3418 āto maninkvanibvanipaś ca 3.2.74 — after ā-final roots with a sup or upasarga as upapada come manin, kvanip, vanip, and by ca vic. The matching of forms to affixes is the translator's: su + dā + manin → sudāmā; su + dhā + kvanip → (ī, SK 2462) sudhīvā, supīvā; bhūri + dā + vanip → bhūridāvā, ghṛtapāvā. With vic: kīlālapāḥ. The unit closes by recalling brahmabhrūṇavṛtreṣu kvip (SK 2998).
• 3419 bahulaṃ chandasi 3.2.88 — kvip comes after han variously, with other upapadas too: mātṛ + han + kvip → mātṛhā, pitṛhā. The kaumudī then runs through the Vedic kṛt rules already taught, with their examples:
• chandasi liṭ (SK 3093): liṭ in the general past, ā tatāna. kānac and kvasu for liṭ (SK 3094–3095): cakrāṇā; ararivān (rā + kvasu, iṭ by SK 3096; n → ru by SK 3631).
• ṇeś chandasi (SK 3117): iṣṇuc after a ṇi-final root, pārayiṣṇavaḥ. bhuvaś ca (SK 3118): bhaviṣṇuḥ.
• Vārttika: kyac also for wishing something on another. agha + kyac → (final → ā, SK 3590) aghāya → (u, kyāc chandasi, SK 3150) aghāyuḥ.
• Vārttika in the er ac section (SK 3231): ac for java and sava, where ap (SK 3232) was due: jave, javaḥ, save. The Subodhinī says the difference is in the accent (svare bhedaḥ); the kaumudī marks none.

I.H. ktin with udātta, and yuc for khal — running example: vṛṣ + ktin (udātta) → vṛṣṭí: vṛṣṭíṃ diváḥ; su + upa + sad + yuc → sūpasadanaḥ

• 3420 mantre vṛṣeṣapacamanavidabhūvīrā udāttaḥ 3.3.96 — ACCENT. In a mantra, ktin (from SK 3272) comes after vṛṣ, iṣ, pac, man, vid, bhū, vī and rā, and the affix is udātta. So the udātta falls on the affix's syllable ti (or its inflected form):
• vṛṣṭíṃ diváḥ: udātta ṭí.
• sumnám iṣṭáye: udātta ṭá of iṣṭáye.
• pácāt paktī́r utá: udātta tī́.
• iyáṃ te návyasī matíḥ: udātta tí.
• vittiḥ: no accented copy in ours or in the print, so it is left unmarked.
• bhūtíḥ: udātta tí.
• ágna ā́ yāhi vītáye: udātta tá.
• rātaú syāmobháyāsaḥ: udātta taú.

Its "udāttaḥ" still reaches ūtiyūti… and the rules after it (SK 3274–3276, p69).

• 3421 chandasi gatyarthebhyaḥ 3.3.129 — in the Veda, after roots of motion with īṣat, dus or su as upapada (SK 3305), yuc comes instead of khal: su + upa + sad + yuc (ana) → sūpasadano 'gniḥ ("easy to approach"). There is no Subodhinī on this sūtra.
• 3422 anyebhyo 'pi dṛśyate 3.3.130 — yuc is seen after other roots too: su + vid + yuc → suvedanā (suvedanām akṛṇor brahmaṇe gām). There is no Subodhinī on this sūtra.

I.I. The lakāras: luṅ, laṅ and liṭ for any time; leṭ, its augments and its endings — running example: tṛ + leṭ tip → (i lost, 3426; sip, ṇit; iṭ; vṛddhi; aṭ) tāriṣat; pat + leṭ tip → (āṭ; i kept) patāti; mādaya + leṭ ātām → (ṭi → e; ā → ai, 3429) mādayaite

• 3423 chandasi luṅlaṅliṭaḥ 3.4.6 — when the senses of dhātus are related, luṅ, laṅ and liṭ optionally come in any time; otherwise each time takes its own lakāra. Examples: devo devebhir āgamat (luṅ). luṅ for loṭ: idaṃ tebhyo 'karaṃ namaḥ (akaram by 3406). laṅ: agnim adya hotāram avṛṇīta. liṭ: adyā mamāra = adya mriyate. The Subodhinī says the dhātu-relation in these examples "is to be looked for". This chandasi governs the rest of Part I.
• 3424 liṅarthe leṭ 3.4.7 — leṭ comes in the senses of liṅ: vidhi and the rest (SK 2208), hetuhetumadbhāva and the rest (SK 2813). The kaumudī gives no example here; the forms come under 3426–3431. There is no Subodhinī on this sūtra.
• 3425 sibbahulaṃ leṭi 3.1.34 — before leṭ, sip comes variously; it is the vikaraṇa of tāriṣat, joṣiṣat and sāviṣat (3427). Ours, the print and Wikisource give the sūtra only, with no kaumudī and no Subodhinī.
• 3426 itaś ca lopaḥ parasmaipadeṣu 3.4.97 — the i of leṭ's parasmaipada endings is optionally lost (leṭaḥ from 3427 and vā from 3430, carried upward, since the SK puts this rule first): tip → t in tāriṣat.
• 3427 leṭo 'ḍāṭau 3.4.94 — leṭ takes the augment aṭ or āṭ, by turns, and both are pit (by a frog's leap from SK 2204). A vārttika makes sip variously ṇit, hence vṛddhi (SK 254): tṛ + sip + iṭ + aṭ + t → tāriṣat (pra ṇa āyūṃṣi tāriṣat); joṣiṣat; ā sāviṣat. Without sip and without the i-loss: pat + āṭ + ti → patāti (patāti didyut); bhavāti.
• 3428 sa uttamasya 3.4.98 — the s of leṭ's uttama endings is optionally lost: kṛ + u + āṭ + vas → (guṇa of u, since āṭ is pit) karavāva beside karavāvaḥ. The closing "ṭer etvam" (SK 2233) is the first step of the next example.
• 3429 āta ai 3.4.95 — the ā of leṭ's endings becomes ai: mādaya + ātām → (ṭi → e, SK 2233; the first ā → ai) mādayaite (sutebhiḥ suprayasā mādayaite). By the force of the injunction, the augment āṭ does not become ai; otherwise Pāṇini would have taught aiṭ. So yajāti, yajāte.
• 3430 vaito 'nyatra 3.4.96 — outside the domain of 3429, the e of leṭ optionally becomes ai; ai and leṭ are carried in, as the kaumudī's gloss shows. īś + iṭ → (ṭi → e → ai) īśai (paśūnām īśai); gṛhyāntai. The counter-example is mādayaite, whose final e stays e because it falls in 3429's domain.
• 3431 upasaṃvādāśaṅkayoś ca 3.4.8 — leṭ also comes for a bargain (paṇabandha) and for apprehension. Bargain: aham eva paśūnām īśai. Apprehension: nej jihmā yantau narakaṃ patāma (s lost by 3428). The unit closes by quoting halaḥ śnaḥ śānaj jhau (SK 2557) as the frame for 3432.

I.J. Vikaraṇa substitutes and exchange: śāyac, vyatyaya, aṅ in āśīrliṅ, both designations — running example: grah + śnā + hi → (śnā → śāyac; saṃprasāraṇa; h → bh) gṛbhāya; bhid + śap (for śnam) → bhedati; vac + aṅ + āśīrliṅ → (um, SK 2454) vocema

• 3432 chandasi śāyaj api 3.1.84 — in the Veda śāyac also replaces śnā before hi (from SK 2557), and by api so does śānac. gṛbhāya jihvayā madhu has śāyac; bandh → (n lost, SK 415) badhāna has śānac (these labels are the translator's). A vārttika, hṛgrahor bhaś chandasi, substitutes bh for the h of hṛ and grah: gṛbhṇāmi te, madhvā jabhāra.
• 3433 vyatyayo bahulam 3.1.85 — vikaraṇas are exchanged variously. bhid → (śap for śnam) bhedati (for bhinatti); marate (for mriyate); neṣatu (two vikaraṇas, śap and sip); taruṣema (three, u, śap and sip; = tarema). A verse lists eleven things that can be exchanged, all by bāhulaka:
• sup: dhuri dakṣiṇāyāḥ. tiṅ: takṣati for takṣanti. upagraha (the pada): icchate, yudhyati. liṅga: madhos. nara (person): viyūyāḥ for viyūyāt. kāla: ādhāsyamānena (lṛṭ for luṭ). hal: adukṣat. ac: mitra for mitrā.
• svara: accent exchange "will be stated". The Subodhinī's example is kasen in śriyáse (3436).
• kartṛ means any kāraka. In annādāya, ac comes where aṇ was due, and the avagraha differs: anna-adāya, not anna-ādāya.
• yaṅ is the pratyāhāra from ya to the ṅ of 3434. The vikaraṇa exchanges above are its examples.
• 3434 liṅy āśiṣy aṅ 3.1.86 — before āśīrliṅ, aṅ comes in the Veda: vac + aṅ → (um, SK 2454) vocema (mantraṃ vocema agnaye). A vārttika gives ak after dṛś, so there is no guṇa, since SK 2406 is conditioned by aṅ only: dṛśeyam (pitaraṃ ca dṛśeyam).
• 3435 chandasy ubhayathā 3.4.117 — in the Veda an affix under the dhātu heading is both sārvadhātuka and ārdhadhātuka. In vardhantu (= vardhayantu), it is ārdhadhātuka, so ṇi is lost. In viśṛṇvire, it is sārvadhātuka, so śnu and śṛ come, with yaṇ by SK 2387. The Subodhinī adds that liṅ is therefore also sārvadhātuka (yāsuṭ → iy, y lost before val), as in vocema and dṛśeyam. The kaumudī also cites ādṛgamahanajanaḥ kikinau liṭ ca (SK 3151): ki and kin, treated like liṭ. bhṛ + ki → (doubling) babhriḥ; papiḥ; dadiḥ; jagmiḥ; jaghniḥ; jajñiḥ. The k-marking blocks guṇa by SK 2383, and u comes by SK 3578: taturiḥ, jaguriḥ.

I.K. The tumartha affixes and nipātanas — running example: jīv + ase → jīváse (śarádo jīváse dhāḥ, udātta on va); pra + yā + kai → prayai = prayātum

• 3436 tumarthe sesenase'senksekasenadhyaiadhyainkadhyaikadhyainśadhyaiśadhyaintavaitaveṅtavenaḥ 3.4.9 — ACCENT. Fifteen affixes come in the sense of tumun, that is, in bhāva:
• se: vac + se → (kutva, ṣ) vakṣe. sen: eṣe; the n marks it ādyudātta (Subodhinī). kse: pra + i + kse → (kit: no guṇa) preṣe.
• ase: jīváse, udātta on va, the affix's first syllable. asen, being nit, makes the word ādyudātta.
• kasen: gávām iva śriyáse, udātta on ya. nit would make it ādyudātta; the recitation is madhyodātta by bāhulaka (Subodhinī; svaravyatyaya, 3433).
• adhyai / adhyain: jaṭháram pṛṇádhyai, udātta on ṇa with adhyai; with adhyain the word is ādyudātta.
• kadhyai / kadhyain: āhuvádhyai, udātta on va; with kadhyain, the nit accent. The initial ā is unmarked in ours and in the print, so it may be udātta or pracaya (unresolved).
• śadhyai: mādayadhyai (śap by exchange where yak was due). śadhyain: pibadhyai.
• tavai: dātavā u (dātavai + u). taveṅ: sūtave (ṅit: no guṇa). taven: kartave (= kartum).
• 3437 prayai rohiṣyai avyathiṣyai 3.4.10 — nipātita in the sense of tumun: pra + yā + kai → prayai = prayātum; ruh + iṣyai → rohiṣyai = roḍhum; nañ + vyath + iṣyai → avyathiṣyai = avyathitum.
• 3438 dṛśe vikhye ca 3.4.11 — dṛśe = draṣṭum and vikhye = vikhyātum, with the affix ke. ke is kit, so dṛś takes no guṇa, and khyā loses its ā (Subodhinī, which finds the purpose of the split "open to question"). The tumun sense is carried from 3437/3436 (translator's identification). sk.3438.b1 is misfiled BM on SK 2215.

Part II — SK 3439–3490: the last Vedic infinitive and kṛtya affixes (end of adhyāya 3); Vedic feminines; ṭhañ and mayaṭ; the chandas adhikāra of 4.4: yat and its rivals for "being there", then for "given", "share", "slayer", "own", the brick names, the matup sense, and tātil

Covers SK 3439–3490 (52 sūtras): all present.

• The Aṣṭādhyāyī spine. Every sūtra is a Vedic rule pulled out of its place in the AS and taught here, in AS order. The SK does not reorder anything inside this part.
• 3.4.12–17 (3439–3444). This finishes the Vedic run 3.4.6–17 that Part I began with chandasi luṅlaṅliṭaḥ (3.4.6, SK 3423). Its colophon "iti tṛtīyo 'dhyāyaḥ" stands in ours at the end of 3444.
• Adhyāya 4. 4.1.31, 4.1.46–47, 4.1.59 and 4.1.71 (3445–3449) are the Vedic feminine rules. The SK cuts them out of the strī-pratyaya chapter (SK 454ff.); their neighbours are 4.1.30 = SK 488 and 4.1.60 = SK 515. 4.3.19–21 (3450–3452) come out of the seasonal ṭhak rules. 4.3.150–151 (3453–3454) come out of the vikāra rules; 4.3.149 = SK 1529 and 4.3.152 = SK 1530.
• 4.4.106, then 4.4.110–144 unbroken (3455–3490). 4.4.105 sabhāyā yaḥ is SK 1657, and 4.4.107–109 are SK 1658–1660.
• Vārttikas in this part. mudgalāc chandasi lic ca (3447; the Subodhinī says it is read under 4.1.49, SK 505). Two in 3449: guggulumadhujatupatayālūnām (ūṅ), and āviṣṭyasya chandasi (tyap, under avyayāt tyap, SK 1324). akṣarasamūhe chandasa upasaṃkhyānam (3486).
• Rules re-cited inside the kaumudī. śaunakādibhyaś chandasi (4.3.106, SK 1486), in 3452. sabhāyā yaḥ (SK 1657), cited bare at the end of 3454 as the lead-in to 3455.
• AS-refs. All 52 were checked against references/ashtadhyayi/sutraani-data.json by SK number and by sūtra text, and all match. So does every SK cross-reference cited below (3436, 3423, 503, 497, 502, 505, 510, 521, 1324, 1389, 1390, 1428, 1486, 1523, 1626, 1650, 1657, 1012, 3090, 3160, 3686, 3712, 3708, 3729, 3676, 1170, 475, 311, 316, 1909, 624, 2896, 1500, 1245, 3601, 847, 63, 450, 452, 2282).
• The headings, and how far they run.
• Adhyāya 3 (3439–3444). chandasi is not in these sūtras. The Subodhinī supplies it throughout ("…syāc chandasi"), and the translators identify its source as SK 3423 (owned by translator notes). tumarthe comes from tumarthe se… (SK 3436) and is carried in 3439, 3440, 3443 and 3444. kṛtyārthe (3441) holds 3441–3442; the Subodhinī says at 3443 "kṛtyārthe iti nivṛttam". bhāvalakṣaṇe (3443) is carried into 3444 ("ity eva").
• Adhyāya 4, 3445–3455. Each sūtra names chandasi or is glossed with it.
• The chandas adhikāra. At 3456 Bhaṭṭoji says "ā caturthasamāpteś chandodhikāraḥ": the Vedic heading runs to 3490, the end of adhyāya 4. Since audit G06 the sutra_en of 3457–3490 all carry it, except 3478, which says only "under the same conditions as yal in SK 3477".
• tatra bhava (a seventh-case word, in the sense "being there"), set up at 3456 bhave chandasi, runs through 3464. The Subodhinī says at 3465: "tatra bhava iti nivṛttam".
• prāg ghitād yat (SK 1626) "ity eva" (kaumudī at 3465). yat is the default affix from 3465 onward, wherever the sūtra names no other.
• Other headings. The whole of 3471 (tadvān āsām upadhāno mantra itīṣṭakāsu luk ca matoḥ) carries into 3472–3473. matvarthe (3474) carries through 3478. maye (3484) carries into 3485–3486. tātil (3488) carries into 3489–3490.
• Print readings followed (NSP 1915, scan pp. 593–597; collation batches 02–04; audits G05–G08):
• Supplied in brackets. 3443 pravaditoḥ. pracaritoḥ. hotoḥ. ātamitoḥ. (missing in ours; the Subodhinī's lemma ātamitoḥ confirms them). 3445 the heading "caturtho 'dhyāyaḥ". 3473 the eye-skip, "…upadheyāsv iṣṭakāsu. yasmin mantre mūrdhavayaḥśabdau stas tenopadheyāsu…". 3490 the colophon "iti caturtho 'dhyāyaḥ".
• Ours corrected to the print. 3447 littvam ānuk. 3448 aprāpto ṅīṣ (not in the collation). 3460 jighatnuḥ. 3464 apsaraso, with ghoṣāḥ kept inside its pāda. 3466 bhāgo 'ṃśaḥ. 3469 devebhir. 3472 upadadhāti (one word). 3481 sahasriyāsaḥ. 3486 chandaḥśabdād akṣarasamūhe.
• 3462. The print has the bare sūtra and no kaumudī. Ours repeats 3463's examples, and they are given only in brackets.
• Class V/C, kept or decided. 3452 śaunakādibhyachandasi (a misprint in the print too; given as the sūtra's form). 3456 maujavatasya (kept as transmitted). 3459 srotyaḥ (C; singular required). 3473 mātoḥ = matoḥ. 3475 Wikisource's cād yat, which ours and the print lack, is supplied in sense only, on the Subodhinī's authority. 3486 chāndasyaḥ (kept; this is a print-level doubt, since yat gives chandasya). 3489 dadāśuṣe (C; worth checking in the printed copy).
• Where the commentary lies (only the kaumudī is translated, SK-TRANSLATE §25):
• BM. There is no BM anywhere in this part. Our b-layer is empty, and Wikisource uttara-4/0083–0085 prints only the mūla. The one b-block, sk.3488.b1, is misfiled BM on śamyāḥ ṣlañ (4.3.142, SK 1522). The only other gloss is the NSP footnote on 3477 (Manoramā, Śabdaratna), filed as sk.3474.n1.
• Subodhinī filed under a neighbour:
• 3439: the end of sk.3437.s1.
• 3445: sk.3444.s1, plus its own s1.
• 3446–3447: sk.3445.s1.
• 3449: sk.3448.s1, plus its own s1.
• 3452–3454: sk.3450.s1.
• 3456: sk.3455.s1.
• 3458: sk.3457.s1.
• 3475: the garbled tail of sk.3474.s1.
• 3477, 3479, 3480: sk.3476.s1.
• 3482: the tail of sk.3481.s1.
• sk.3489.s1 also carries the adhyāya-4 colophon and the Subodhinī on 3491.
• No Subodhinī in print on 3451, 3459, 3461, 3463, 3478, 3486 or 3490.
• Audit corrections followed (G05–G08, now in the en.yml):
• MUST-FIX. 3447 carries nityam from 3446 ("nityagrahaṇam uttarārtham").
• MINOR. 3443 udetoḥ is "(of) the rising", not "until". 3448: Dīrghajihvī is the name and āsurī the common noun. 3450 vā́rṣikam is marked. 3455: sabhā comes from SK 1657, but the sense sādhu and the seventh case come from tatra sādhuḥ (SK 1650). 3459: the accent is written out. 3461: the mantra is āvaḥ, "you helped Śama". 3466: the rule is a vacana against the ya of dūtavaṇigbhyāṃ ca, not against yat. 3470: the sixth case and svam are inferred from "pūrvasūtrāpavādaḥ". 3478: the Subodhinī states yal and kha together. 3489: the sixth case is that of the object, by co-reference (sāmānādhikaraṇya) with kara.
• Where Part II begins and ends. Part I closed at 3438 dṛśe vikhye ca (3.4.11). Part II opens with śaki ṇamulkamulau (3.4.12). It closes with bhāve ca (4.4.144), whose kaumudī ends with the supplied colophon "[Here ends the fourth adhyāya.]". Part III opens with saptano 'ñ chandasi (5.1.61, SK 3491), under the heading "pañcamo 'dhyāyaḥ", which is supplied at the head of sk.3491.k1.

II.A. Vedic infinitive and kṛtya-sense affixes; the close of adhyāya 3 — running example: vi + bhaj + ṇamul → (ṇit: vṛddhi of the penultimate a) vibhājam: vibhājaṃ nāśakat; vi + car + iṭ + tosun → vicaritoḥ: īśvaro vicaritoḥ

• 3439 śaki ṇamulkamulau 3.4.12 — with śak as upapada, ṇamul and kamul come in the sense of tumun (from SK 3436). vi + bhaj + ṇamul → (vṛddhi by ata upadhāyāḥ, SK 2282) vibhājam; apa + lup + kamul → (kit: no guṇa) apalupam. Hence vibhājaṃ / apalupaṃ nāśakat = vibhaktum, apaloptum, "he could not divide / cut off" (Subodhinī, at the end of sk.3437.s1).
• 3440 īśvare tosunkasunau 3.4.13 — with īśvara as upapada, tosun and kasun come in the tumun sense. vi + car + iṭ + tosun → vicaritoḥ; vi + likh + kasun → (kit: no guṇa) vilikhaḥ. Both are avyayas by ktvātosunkasunaḥ (SK 450), so the case ending goes by luk (SK 452) (Subodhinī). īśvaro vicaritoḥ / vilikhaḥ = vicaritum, vilekhitum.
• 3441 kṛtyārthe tavaikenkenyatvanaḥ 3.4.14 — in the kṛtya sense (bhāva and karman, per the Subodhinī), tavai, ken, kenya, tvan come. mlecch + iṭ + tavai → na mlecchitavai (= mlecchitavyam); ava + gāh + ken → avagāhe; didṛkṣa + kenya → (a lost) didṛkṣeṇyaḥ (the print has a svarita on the final syllable); kṛ + tvan → kartvam (= kṛtyam). The Subodhinī: tavai is taught again, beside SK 3436, so that it can also come in karman.
• 3442 avacakṣe ca 3.4.15 — avacakṣe is nipātita in the kṛtya sense. It is ava + cakṣ + eś; eś is śit, so it is sārvadhātuka, and khyāñ (which comes only before an ārdhadhātuka) is kept out (Subodhinī). ripuṇā nāvacakṣe = avakhyātavyam.
• 3443 bhāvalakṣaṇe stheṇkṛñvadicarihutamijanibhyas tosun 3.4.16 — after sthā, iṇ, kṛñ, vad, car, hu, tam and jan, when they denote the limit that marks an action, tosun comes in the tumun sense. kṛtyārthe has ceased. ā + sam + sthā + tosun → āsaṃsthātoḥ sīdanti = "until the completion"; ud + i → udetoḥ ("(of) the rising", audit G05); apakartoḥ; [pravaditoḥ, pracaritoḥ, hotoḥ, ātamitoḥ: supplied from the print]; kāmam ā vijanitoḥ saṃbhavāmaḥ.
• 3444 sṛpitṛdoḥ kasun 3.4.17 — after sṛp and tṛd, bhāvalakṣaṇe still holding ("ity eva"), kasun comes. vi + sṛp + kasun → purā krūrasya visṛpaḥ, "before the creeping-forth"; ā + tṛd + kasun → purā jatrubhya ātṛdaḥ. Adhyāya 3 ends here.

II.B. Vedic feminines: ṅīp, obligatory ṅīṣ, the lit ṅīṣ with ānuk, a nipātana, and ūṅ — running example: rātri + ṅīp → rā́trī (Veda; udātta on rā), against ordinary rātri + ṅīṣ → rātrī́ (udātta on the final ī); vi + bhu + ṅīṣ → (yaṇ) vibhvī

• 3445 rātreś cājasau 4.1.31 — after rātri, ṅīp comes in the Veda, except before jas. ṅīp is unaccented, so the stem keeps its own initial udātta: rā́trī vy àkhyad āyatī́, with rā udātta, an independent svarita on vy àkhyat, and tī of āyatī́ udātta. In ordinary language, by the gaṇasūtra kṛdikārāt, it takes ṅīṣ and is antodātta (udātta on the final ī). The Subodhinī: "loke tu" also takes in the Veda before jas (rātryaḥ). The heading "[caturtho 'dhyāyaḥ]" is supplied from the print.
• 3446 nityaṃ chandasi 4.1.46 — after bahu and the rest (bahvādibhyaś ca, SK 503), ṅīṣ (from SK 497) is obligatory in the Veda: bahu + ṅīṣ → bahvī, as in bahvīṣu hi tvā. "nityagrahaṇam uttarārtham": since the rule is obligatory merely by being taught, nitya is there for 3447.
• 3447 bhuvaś ca 4.1.47 — after bhu, ṅīṣ is obligatory in the Veda. utaḥ comes from SK 502, so the bhu meant is the one with ḍu (viprasaṃbhyo ḍv asaṃjñāyām, SK 3160), and svayaṃbhū is not included. The uvaṅ in "bhuvaḥ" is a licence of the sūtra (sautra). nityam is carried (audit G05, MUST-FIX). vi + bhu + ṅīṣ → vibhvī, prabhvī.
• Vārttika. After mudgala, ṅīṣ comes in the Veda, and it is lit, with the augment ānuk: mudgala + ānuk + ṅīṣ → mudgalā́nī. By liti (SK 3676) the ā of ānuk, the syllable before the lit affix, is udātta, so lā is udātta. The example is rathī́r abhūn mudgalā́nī. The print reads littvam ānuk.
• 3448 dīrghajihvī ca cchandasi 4.1.59 — dīrghajihvī is nipātita. ṅīṣ would not otherwise come, because jihvā has a conjunct before its final, and svāṅgāc copasarjanād asaṃyogopadhāt (SK 510) excludes such stems. So dīrgha-jihvā + ṅīṣ → dīrghajihvī, as in āsurī vai dīrghajihvī devānāṃ yajñavāṭ ("Dīrghajihvī, an asura woman…"). The print reads aprāpto ṅīṣ.
• 3449 kadrukamaṇḍalvoś chandasi 4.1.71 — after kadru and kamaṇḍalu, ūṅ (from ūṅ utaḥ, SK 521) comes in the feminine: kadrūś ca vai kamaṇḍalūḥ.
• Vārttika. ūṅ also after guggulu, madhu, jatu and patayālu: guggulūḥ, madhūḥ, jatūḥ, patayālūḥ. The Subodhinī: their feminine gender is a Vedic vyatyaya.
• avyayāt tyap (SK 1324) is recalled, and then a vārttika: in the Veda, āviṣṭya too. āvis + tyap → (ṣ, ṣṭutva) āviṣṭyo vardhate. The Subodhinī: the śaiṣika tyap would otherwise be kept out by the restriction amehakvatasitrebhyaḥ.

II.C. ṭhañ after the seasons, mayaṭ after two-vowel stems — running example: varṣā + ṭhañ → (ṭha → ika, SK 1170; ādivṛddhi) vā́rṣikam, ādyudātta with udātta on vā; śara + mayaṭ → śaramayam

• 3450 chandasi ṭhañ 4.3.19 — after varṣā, ṭhañ comes in the Veda, an apavāda of the ṭhak of varṣābhyaṣ ṭhak (SK 1389). The kaumudī says only "svare bhedaḥ". The Subodhinī explains: with ṭhañ the word is ādyudātta by ñnity ādir nityam (SK 3686), vā́rṣikam with udātta on vā. With ṭhak it would be antodātta by kitaḥ (SK 3712), udātta on the final syllable.
• 3451 vasantāc ca 4.3.20 — after vasanta also, ṭhañ: vāsantikam.
• 3452 hemantāc ca 4.3.21 — after hemanta also, ṭhañ: haimantikam. The rule is split from 3451 for the following rule. The Subodhinī: so that only hemanta, not vasanta, runs into sarvatrāṇ ca talopaś ca (SK 1390).
• The kaumudī then cites śaunakādibhyaś chandasi (SK 1486): ṇini in the sense "promulgated by", an apavāda of cha and aṇ. śaunakinaḥ, vājasaneyinaḥ; outside the Veda, śaunakīyā śikṣā (cha). The sūtra is misprinted śaunakādibhyachandasi in ours and the print.
• 3453 dvyacaś chandasi 4.3.150 — after a two-vowel stem, mayaṭ comes in the sense of a product (vikāra). It is a fresh Vedic injunction, since SK 1523 gave mayaṭ for bhāṣā only (Subodhinī). śara + mayaṭ → śaramayaṃ barhiḥ; parṇa + mayaṭ (+ ṅīp) → yasya parṇamayī juhūḥ.
• 3454 notvadvardhrabilvāt 4.3.151 — the mayaṭ of 3453 does not come after a stem containing u, or after vardhra or bilva. The general aṇ comes instead (Subodhinī): muñja → mauñjaṃ śikyam; vardhra + aṇ + ṅīp → vārdhrī rajjuḥ; bilva → bailvo yūpaḥ. The kaumudī ends by citing sabhāyā yaḥ (SK 1657) as the lead-in to 3455.

II.D. "Being there" (bhava) in the Veda: yat and its rivals ḍyaṇ, aṇ, ḍyat/ḍya, yan, ghan, gha, cha — running example: megha + yat (bhava) → meghya: meghyāya ca vidyutyāya ca; agra + gha → (gha → iya, SK 475) agriyaḥ

• 3455 ḍhaś chandasi 4.4.106 — ḍha comes after sabhā, as a seventh-case word, in the sense sādhu "good at / fit for". The stem comes from SK 1657; the case and sense come from tatra sādhuḥ (SK 1650) (audit G06). sabhā + ḍha → (ḍha → eya, SK 475; ā lost, SK 311) sabheyo yuvā.
• 3456 bhave chandasi 4.4.110 — after a seventh-case word, yat comes in the sense bhava. It is an apavāda, as the case may be, to the śaiṣika aṇ etc. of tatra bhavaḥ (SK 1428) and to gha etc. In the alternative those come too, since every Vedic rule is optional: megha + yat → meghyāya, vidyutyāya; with aṇ, muñjavat → mauñjavataḥ (the mantra has maujavatasya, as transmitted). The yat is placed under prāg ghitād yat (SK 1626), the translator's identification.
• The kaumudī: "ā caturthasamāpteś chandodhikāraḥ", so the Vedic heading runs to 3490.
• 3457 pāthonadībhyāṃ ḍyaṇ 4.4.111 — after pāthas and nadī, ḍyaṇ in bhava. With ḍ the ṭi is lost; with ṇ there is ādivṛddhi. pāthasi bhavaḥ → pāthyaḥ (tam u tvā pāthyo vṛṣā); nadyāṃ bhavaḥ → nādyaḥ (cano dadhīta nādyo giro me). The Subodhinī gives pāthas as water (Amara), or the sky (Vṛtti).
• 3458 veśantahimavadbhyām aṇ 4.4.112 — after veśanta (a pond, from viś + jhac; Subodhinī) and himavat, aṇ in bhava, with ṅīp on the feminine (the waters). vaiśantībhyaḥ svāhā; haimavatībhyaḥ svāhā.
• 3459 srotaso vibhāṣā ḍyaḍḍyau 4.4.113 — after srotas, ḍyat and ḍya optionally, and yat in the alternative. Both ḍ-affixes drop the ṭi as, giving srotyaḥ (print reading; class C); with yat, srotasyaḥ.
• The kaumudī says the two differ only "svare". The translator note explains how. With ḍya the affix is ādyudātta (ādyudāttaś ca, SK 3708), so srotyá has its udātta on ya. With ḍyat it is tit (tit svaritam, SK 3729), so srotyà has an independent svarita on ya.
• 3460 sagarbhasayūthasanutād yan 4.4.114 — after sagarbha, sayūtha, sanuta, yan in bhava, an apavāda of the yat of 3456. Each word is a karmadhāraya with samāna, which becomes sa by samānasya chandasi… (SK 1012). nuta is kta in bhāva (SK 3090). samāna + garbha → sagarbha + yan → anubhrātā sagarbhyaḥ; anusakhā sayūthyaḥ; yo naḥ sanutya uta vā jighatnuḥ (print jighatnuḥ).
• 3461 tugrād ghan 4.4.115 — after tugra, ghan in bhava, and yat in the alternative. With ghan, gha → iya gives tugriyāsu ("in another śākhā"); with yat, tugryāsu (the Bahvṛcas: āvaḥ śamaṃ vṛṣabhaṃ tugryāsu, "you helped Śama, the bull…"). The Vṛtti gives tugra as wealth, sky, sacrifice or best.
• 3462 agrād yat 4.4.116 — after agra, yat in bhava, re-enjoined so that gha etc. do not block it (Subodhinī): agra + yat → agryaḥ. The print has no kaumudī; the examples are bracketed in the English.
• 3463 ghacchau ca 4.4.117 — after agra, gha and cha too, and yat by ca. agre bhavaḥ → agryaḥ (yat), agriyaḥ (gha → iya), agrīyaḥ (cha → īya).
• 3464 samudrābhrād ghaḥ 4.4.118 — after samudra and abhra, gha in bhava (gha → iya, SK 475). samudriyā apsaraso manīṣiṇam (print apsaraso); nānadato abhriyasyeva ghoṣāḥ. The Subodhinī: "samudrābhrāt" rather than "abhrasamudrāt" shows that the pūrvanipāta rule does not always hold. This is the last rule under tatra bhava.

II.E. yat in other relations: given, share/task, slaying, praising, own; aṇ for māyā — running example: asura + yat (svam) → (a lost, SK 311) asuryam, against asura + aṇ (māyā) → (ādivṛddhi; ṅīp) āsurī māyā

• 3465 barhiṣi dattam 4.4.119 — the kaumudī: "prāg ghitād yat (SK 1626) ity eva", so the affix is yat, and bhava has ceased (Subodhinī). After barhis, in the sense "given on it": barhis + yat → barhiṣyeṣu nidhiṣu priyeṣu.
• 3466 dūtasya bhāgakarmaṇī 4.4.120 — after dūta, a sixth-case word, yat, when his share or task is meant: dūta + yat → dūtyam. The Subodhinī: for bhāga this is a vacana against the aṇ of tasyedam (SK 1500); for karman, against the ya of the upasaṃkhyāna dūtavaṇigbhyāṃ ca (audit G07). It distinguishes dūtyaḥ "share" from dūtyam "task". The print reads bhāgo 'ṃśaḥ.
• 3467 rakṣoyātūnāṃ hananī 4.4.121 — after rakṣas and yātu (sixth case, plural), yat in the sense "that which slays them": rakṣas + yat → yā te agne rakṣasyā tanūḥ, and likewise yātavyā (Subodhinī).
• 3468 revatījagatīhaviṣyābhyaḥ praśasye 4.4.122 — after revatī, jagatī, haviṣyā, yat in the sense of praising them (praśasya = praśaṃsana, kyap in bhāva; Subodhinī). revatyam, jagatyam; haviṣyā + yat → (final ā lost by yasyeti ca; one y dropped by halo yamāṃ yami lopaḥ) haviṣyam.
• 3469 asurasya svam 4.4.123 — after asura, a sixth-case word, yat in the sense "its own": asura + yat → asuryaṃ devebhir dhāyi viśvam (print devebhir).
• 3470 māyāyām aṇ 4.4.124 — when māyā is meant, aṇ comes after asura, an apavāda of 3469 (Subodhinī). asura + aṇ → āsura + ṅīp (ṭiḍḍhāṇañ…) → āsurī māyā. That the sixth case and "own" carry over is an inference from "pūrvasūtrāpavādaḥ" (audit G07).

II.F. Bricks named from their laying mantra, with luk of matup — running example: varcasvat (a mantra containing varcas) + yat, luk of matup → varcas-ya → varcasyāḥ [iṣṭakāḥ]

• 3471 tadvān āsām upadhāno mantra itīṣṭakāsu luk ca matoḥ 4.4.125 — the stem is a first-case word in matup, "containing that word", which names the mantra by which these are laid; when these are bricks, yat comes and the matup takes luk. varcasvān upadhāno mantra āsām → varcas + yat → varcasyāḥ; likewise ṛtumat → ṛtu + yat → ṛtavyāḥ. The Subodhinī: iti restricts the name to one word of the mantra; matoḥ serves 3472 (only matup is elided, not ini).
• 3472 aśvimān aṇ 4.4.126 — under the conditions of 3471, aṇ after aśvimat, "containing the word aśvin". aśva + ini → aśvin + matup → aśvimat; then aṇ with luk of matup, and in kept by inaṇy anapatye (SK 1245). With ādivṛddhi and ṅīp this gives āśvinīr upadadhāti.
• 3473 vayasyāsu mūrdhno matup 4.4.127 — the whole of 3471 is carried, and matoḥ is repeated as a fifth-case word. For vayasyā bricks, matup comes after mūrdhan that already ends in matup, and the first matup takes luk. mūrdhavat + matup → (luk of the first; nuṭ by ano nuṭ, SK 3601) mūrdhanvat + ṅīp → mūrdhanvatīr upadadhāti. These bricks are laid with a mantra containing both mūrdhan and vayas ("mūrdhā vayaḥ…"). The Subodhinī: matup is taught against the yat that "mūrdhavat" would get. The print's eye-skipped clause is supplied, and mātoḥ is read as matoḥ.

II.G. In the sense of matup: yat, ña, kha, yal — running example: nabhas + yat (matvarthe) → nabhasyaḥ [māsaḥ]; ojas + kha → (kha → īna) ojasīnam [ahaḥ]

• 3474 matvarthe māsatanvoḥ 4.4.128 — yat, after a first-case word, in the sense of matup, when a month or a body (tanū, with long ū; Subodhinī) is meant. nabhas (cloud) + yat → nabhasyaḥ (the month); ojas + yat → ojasyā tanūḥ.
• 3475 madhor ña ca 4.4.129 — after madhu, ña, and yat by ca (Subodhinī), in the matup sense. madhu + ña → (ādivṛddhi) mādhavaḥ; madhu + yat → (or guṇaḥ, SK 847; av by vānto yi, SK 63) madhavyaḥ. Wikisource's "cād yat" is absent from ours and the print.
• 3476 ojaso 'hani yatkhau 4.4.130 — after ojas, yat and kha, when a day is meant. ojasyam ahaḥ; ojas + kha → ojasīnam. The Subodhinī: yat is named because "khaś ca" would add kha to the ña of 3475 alone.
• 3477 veśoyaśaāder bhagād yal 4.4.131 — after bhaga preceded by veśas or yaśas, yal in the matup sense. "yathāsaṃkhyaṃ neṣyate": both affixes come after both bases. veśas is strength (bala), and that itself is bhaga. veśobhaga + yal → veśobhagyaḥ, + kha → veśobhagīnaḥ; yaśobhagyaḥ, yaśobhagīnaḥ.
• The Subodhinī: the l of yal is "svarārthaḥ". As lit, it would put the udātta on the syllable before the affix (liti, SK 3676), giving veśobhágyaḥ with udātta on bha. That form is this outline's application; the unit does not state it.
• NSP footnote (Manoramā): the Bhāṣya reads yalkhau, while the Vṛttikāra splits off "kha ca".
• 3478 kha ca 4.4.132 — kha too, under the same conditions. The split is "uttarārthaḥ and kramanirāsārthaḥ": for the next rule, and to exclude the respective order. The Subodhinī on 3477 already states yal and kha together (audit G08).

II.H. Made by the ancients, prepared with water, equal to a thousand — running example: sahasra + gha → (gha → iya; a lost, SK 311) sahasriya: sahasriyāso apāṃ normayaḥ

• 3479 pūrvaiḥ kṛtam inayau ca 4.4.133 — after pūrva, in the sense "made by those of old", ina and ya. pūrva + ina → (ṇ) pūrviṇa → gambhīrebhiḥ pathibhiḥ pūrviṇebhiḥ; pūrva + ya → ye te panthāḥ savitaḥ pūrvyāsaḥ. The sūtra's dual inayau and the a-stem pūrviṇa- (Subodhinī pūrviṇāḥ) show that the affix is ina, but sk3479's sutra_en reads "in and ya".
• 3480 adbhiḥ saṃskṛtam 4.4.134 — after ap, a third-case word, yat in the sense "prepared with" (Subodhinī): ap + yat → yasyedam apyaṃ haviḥ.
• 3481 sahasreṇa saṃmitau ghaḥ 4.4.135 — after sahasra, a third-case word, gha in the sense saṃmita, "equal to a thousand": sahasriyāso apāṃ normayaḥ (print sra). The Subodhinī: the a is lost by yasyeti ca; "samitau" is a variant reading.
• 3482 matau ca 4.4.136 — after sahasra, gha in the matup sense too: sahasram asyāsti → sahasriyaḥ. The Subodhinī: an apavāda of tapaḥsahasrābhyāṃ vinīnī (SK 1909).

II.I. ya and yat for "deserves" and "consisting of"; svārthika yat and gha — running example: soma + ya → somyaḥ (arhati: somyo brāhmaṇaḥ; mayaṭ sense: somyaṃ madhu); madhu + yat → (guṇa, av) madhavyaḥ

• 3483 somam arhati yaḥ 4.4.137 — after soma, a second-case word, ya in the sense "deserves": somyo brāhmaṇaḥ = yajñārha. The Subodhinī names the affix "yat", against the sūtra's yaḥ. That is recorded, and the English follows the sūtra.
• 3484 maye ca 4.4.138 — after soma, ya in the sense of mayaṭ as well: somyaṃ madhu = somamaya. The Subodhinī lists the mayaṭ senses: āgata, vikāra, avayava, prakṛta.
• 3485 madhoḥ 4.4.139 — after madhu, yat (the kaumudī; not ya) in the mayaṭ sense: madhu + yat → madhavyaḥ = madhumaya. The Subodhinī: the Vṛttikāra carries yat only.
• 3486 vasoḥ samūhe ca 4.4.140 — after vasu, yat in the sense of a collection, and in the mayaṭ sense too by ca. vasu + yat → (guṇa, av) vasavyaḥ.
• Vārttika akṣarasamūhe chandasa upasaṃkhyānam: yat in its own sense (svārthe) after chandas meaning a collection of syllables. āśrāvaya (4), astu śrauṣaṭ (4), yaja (2), ye yajāmahe (5) and vaṣaṭ (2) make the seventeen-syllable chāndasyaḥ. ours = print; this is a print-level doubt, since yat (no ñ/ṇ) should give chandasya.
• 3487 nakṣatrād ghaḥ 4.4.141 — after nakṣatra, gha in its own sense: samūha is not carried, so with no sense named the affix is svārthika (Subodhinī). nakṣatra + gha → (iya) nakṣatriyebhyaḥ svāhā.

II.J. tātil: sarvatāti, devatāti, śivatāti — the close of adhyāya 4 — running example: śiva + tātil → śivatātiḥ ("he makes welfare", 3489; "the state of welfare", 3490)

• 3488 sarvadevāt tātil 4.4.142 — after sarva and after deva (two bases; Subodhinī), tātil in their own sense. savitā naḥ suvatu sarvatātim; pradakṣiṇid devatātim urāṇaḥ. sk.3488.b1 is misfiled BM on SK 1522.
• 3489 śivaśamariṣṭasya kare 4.4.143 — after śiva, śam, ariṣṭa, tātil (from 3488, the translator's identification) in the sense kara, "one who makes". kara is the pacādi ac (SK 2896). The sixth case is that of the object, by ubhayaprāptau karmaṇi (SK 624), through co-reference with kara (Subodhinī). śivaṃ karoti → śivatātiḥ; yābhiḥ śantātī bhavatho dadāśuṣe (dadāśuṣe: class C); atho ariṣṭatātaye.
• 3490 bhāve ca 4.4.144 — tātil also in the sense of the state: śivasya bhāvaḥ → śivatātiḥ, śantātiḥ, ariṣṭatātiḥ. The colophon "[Here ends the fourth adhyāya.]" is supplied from the print. Adhyāya 5 opens in Part III with saptano 'ñ chandasi (SK 3491).

Part III — SK 3491–3542: the Vedic taddhitas and samāsāntas of the fifth adhyāya; reduplication, saṃprasāraṇa and substitutes of 6.1; junction options and prakṛtibhāva; the 6.3 changes to a prior member; and Vedic lengthening, to janitā

Covers SK 3491–3542 (52 sūtras): all present.

• The Aṣṭādhyāyī spine and where the SK moves rules. The run is 5.1.61 – 6.4.53, taken in Aṣṭādhyāyī order across the boundary between the fifth and sixth adhyāyas, with one move: vā chandasi 6.1.106 (3515) stands after 6.1.60 (3514) and before 6.1.70 (3516). That puts it ahead of prakṛtyāntaḥpādam 6.1.115 (3518), which takes its "chandasi" by maṇḍūkapluti (Subodhinī).
• Sūtras outside the range cited inside a unit are not counted in the 52, and appear as sub-lines: SK 1889 (5.2.89) in 3497; SK 2007 (5.3.59) in 3501; SK 1012 (6.3.84) in 3528. Two vārttikas belong to rules outside the range: the one on SK 2175 (6.1.1), which the print puts before 3509 (under 3509), and the one on SK 418 (6.3.92), in 3528.
• AS-refs. All 52 were checked against references/ashtadhyayi/sutraani-data.json, by SK number and by sūtra text, and all match. So does every cross-reference given an AS number below.
• Headings and runs. No chandas adhikāra runs through this part. Bhaṭṭoji's ā caturthasamāpteḥ (SK 3456) stops at the end of adhyāya 4, so each fifth-adhyāya rule names chandasi itself.
• Adhyāya divisions missing from ours are supplied in brackets from the print: the heading pañcamo 'dhyāyaḥ (before 3491), the colophon iti pañcamo 'dhyāyaḥ (after 3508), and the heading ṣaṣṭho 'dhyāyaḥ (before 3509).
• Runs within the part:
• bahulam (3510) runs into 3511 (kaumudī).
• prakṛtyā (3518, with eṅ … ati from SK 86, recast in the first case by the Subodhinī) runs through 3525.
• yajuṣi (3520) runs through 3524, and anudātte (3523) into 3524.
• dīrgha (from ḍhralope…, SK 174) runs through 3533–3540.
• ṛci (3535) runs into 3536.
• The kaumudī supplies "mantre" in 3534, 3537 and 3538.
• Who names the source rule. The kaumudī states each of these conditions. Where the en.yml names the rule a condition comes from without a commentator (3496, 3505, 3520–3524, 3525, 3526, 3530, 3532, 3536, 3541), that identification is the translator's (audits G11, G12). This outline calls such conditions "supplied".
• Print readings followed (NSP 1915, scan-confirmed; collation batch04–06, audits G09–G12):
• 3491–3509:
• 3491 tvāvataḥ (ours tvāvavataḥ). 3492 tad arhati, vidathyam (ours vidarthyam). 3496 nirgatāt.
• 3497: the sūtra is divided thaṭ ca chandasi.
• 3498 chandasīvanipau, maṃhiṣṭham ubhayāvinam. 3501 kariṣṭhaḥ. 3503 prataṃ naya. 3504 yo no, barhiṣadam. 3505 tatpuruṣāṭ.
• 3509: the vārttika passage before it is supplied.
• 3510–3536:
• 3510 saṃprasāraṇam, kim; puṣṭivardhanaḥ (C). 3511 ny anyaṃ. 3512 apaspṛdhethām, āśīrtāḥ. 3513 asya ecaḥ. 3515 sūrmyaṃ.
• 3516: ours has a stray example pair, which is dropped; emannādiṣu.
• 3519 mitramaho. 3520 anantaḥpādārthaṃ. 3524 akārādau. 3525 hiraṇyayaḥ. 3528 viṣvagdevayor adryādeśaḥ. 3534 mantre. 3535 cakrā. 3536 …oruṣubhyaḥ.
• Ours kept, or print undecidable (for the Print Check):
• 3497 mā tvā paripariṇau (a dual in ours and the print; BM on SK 1889 has the plural).
• 3512 āśīraṃ duhe (the Subodhinī has āśiram).
• 3517 hrada / hradayyā (class C, ours hṛda).
• 3524: the anusvāra in trī ruṃdrebhyo (C).
• 3531 sāḷhā, ḷha (C).
• 3535 uruṣyā ṇaḥ (C).
• Where the commentary lies (only the kaumudī is translated, SK-TRANSLATE §25).
• No Bālamanoramā exists for any unit here. Wikisource uttara-4/0085–0089 prints only the mūla. These BM blocks in our layer are misfiled:
• sk3514.b1 is on SK 1667 (6.1.61), and sk3516.b1 on SK 145 (6.1.72).
• sk3529.b1 is on SK 418–419, and sk3530.b1 on SK 417 (6.3.138).
• sk3539.b1 is on SK 846–847. It is used at 3539 only where it glosses this sūtra as cited at SK 846.
• The Subodhinī is filed under neighbours:
• 3491: in sk3489.s1 and sk3491.s1. 3492–3494: in sk3491.s1. 3495–3497: in sk3495.s1.
• SK 1889 (in 3497), 3498–3503, 3505 and 3506: in sk3507.s1, which has nothing on 3507 itself.
• 3507–3512, with the vārttika passage before 3509: in sk3515.s1.
• 3513–3516: in sk3516.s1.
• 3521: tail of sk3520.s1. 3525: tail of sk3523.s1. 3532: tail of sk3531.s1. 3537: tail of sk3536.s1.
• 3540–3542: in sk3538.s1.
• No Subodhinī in the print on 3504, 3524, 3530 or 3539.
• Accent. Accented forms use the IAST convention: udātta acute, independent svarita grave, anudātta and dependent svarita unmarked.
• Two rules are conditioned by accent: 3523 and 3524.
• The Subodhinī makes accent arguments at 3531 (tṛn, giving an ādyudātta) and 3534 (oṣadhi as ādyudātta).
• Elsewhere the mantras are given in plain IAST.
• Where Part III ends. At 3542 janitā mantre (6.4.53), the nipātana of ṇi-loss before iṭ-tṛc. Part IV opens with śamitā yajñe (6.4.54, SK 3543), whose Subodhinī says "nipātanaṃ pūrvavat", referring back to janitā.

III.A. Fifth-adhyāya taddhitas of measure, deserving, accomplishment, season and likeness — running example: saptan + añ → (ṭi lost, nas taddhite) sāpta → sāptāni; saṃvatsara + kha (īna) → saṃvatsarīṇaḥ

• 3491 saptano 'ñ chandasi 5.1.61 — añ after saptan, in the senses "that is its measure" (tad asya parimāṇam, SK 1723) and "a group" (varge; the source SK 1726 is the translator's identification). saptan + añ → (ṭi elided, SK 679) sāpta, then neuter plural sāptāni (śi, num and lengthening, Subodhinī): sapta sāptāni asṛjat. The heading "pañcamo 'dhyāyaḥ" is supplied from the print. Three vārttikas follow:
• ḍini after numerals ending in śan or śat ("that is its measure"). The ḍ causes ṭi-elision: pañcadaśan + ḍini → pañcadaśino 'rdhamāsāḥ, triṃśino māsāḥ.
• ḍini after viṃśati too. ti is elided by SK 844 and a by SK 311: viṃśino 'ṅgirasaḥ ("having twenty lineages", Subodhinī).
• vatup after yuṣmad and asmad, for likeness. tva and ma come by SK 1373, ā by SK 430: tvāvataḥ (print), tvāvān, māvataḥ.
• 3492 chandasi ca 5.1.67 — yat after any nominal stem, in the sense "deserves that" (tad arhati, SK 1728): sadana + yat → sādanyam (lengthening by SK 3539, Subodhinī); vidatha + yat → vidathyam ("deserving of the sacrifice"; print, ours vidarthyam).
• 3493 vatsarāntāc chaś chandasi 5.1.91 — cha (→ īya) after a stem ending in vatsara, in the senses that begin with nirvṛtta (SK 1743–1744, Subodhinī): idvatsara + cha → idvatsarīyaḥ, "accomplished by, or engaged / hired / lasting for, an idvatsara". The idvatsara is a year of the five-year yuga.
• 3494 samparipūrvāt kha ca 5.1.92 — after vatsara-final stems with sam or pari, kha (→ īna), and by ca cha as well: saṃvatsara + kha → saṃvatsarīṇaḥ, + cha → saṃvatsarīyaḥ; likewise parivatsarīṇaḥ, parivatsarīyaḥ.
• 3495 chandasi ghas 5.1.106 — ghas (→ iya) after ṛtu, in the sense "that has come to it" (SK 1768–1769, Subodhinī). The base is a pada by siti ca (SK 1252), so there is no guṇa, and yaṇ comes: ṛtu + ghas → ṛtviyaḥ, as in bhāga ṛtviyaḥ.
• 3496 upasargāc chandasi dhātvarthe 5.1.118 — vati in its own sense (the vati of SK 1778, supplied) after an upasarga that denotes a sādhana qualified by a verbal meaning. The Subodhinī: only where no verb is expressed. ud + vati → udvataḥ, ni + vati → nivataḥ: yad udvato nivataḥ, "from what has gone up (udgata), from what has gone off (nirgata)" (print nirgatāt).

III.B. Ordinals, possessives, and pronominal and adverbial affixes (5.2.50 – 5.4.12) — running example: pañcan + ḍaṭ (+ thaṭ augment) → pañcatham; kim + thā → (ka for kim) kathā

• 3497 thaṭ ca chandasi 5.2.50 — the ḍaṭ after an n-final numeral that does not begin with a numeral (SK 1849–1850, Subodhinī) gets the augment thaṭ, and maṭ too: pañcan + ḍaṭ + thaṭ → pañcatham; + maṭ → pañcamam. The print divides the sūtra thaṭ ca chandasi (ours cacchandasi).
• Cited: SK 1889 chandasi paripanthiparipariṇau paryavasthātari 5.2.89. paripanthin and paripariṇ are nipātita for an enemy (paryavasthātṛ = śatru): apa tyaṃ paripanthinam; mā tvā paripariṇau vidan (dual in ours and the print).
• 3498 bahulaṃ chandasi 5.2.122 — vini (from SK 1928, Subodhinī), in the matup sense, comes variously.
• Vārttika: before vin, the final of aṣṭrā, mekhalā, dvaya, ubhaya, rujā and hṛdaya is lengthened: ubhaya + vin → ubhayāvinam (maṃhiṣṭham ubhayāvinam); aṣṭrāvī.
• Vārttika: ī and vanip in the matup sense: ratha + ī → rathīḥ; sumaṅgala + ī → sumaṅgalīḥ; magha + vanip → maghavānam (with matup it would be maghavat; Subodhinī).
• 3499 tayor dārhilau ca cchandasi 5.3.20 — after idam and tad (those of SK 1965 and 1968; sixth case for fifth by vyatyaya, Subodhinī), dā and rhil come respectively: idam + dā → (iś, SK 1949) idā (idā hi va upastutim); tad + rhil → tarhi.
• 3500 thā hetau ca cchandasi 5.3.26 — thā after kim (SK 1973) in the sense of cause, and of manner (SK 1971; Subodhinī). ka comes by SK 342: kim + thā → kathā. Cause: kathā grāmaṃ na pṛcchasi. Manner: kathā dāśema.
• 3501 paśca paścā ca cchandasi 5.3.33 — paśca and paścā are nipātita for avara, in the sense of astāti. The Subodhinī: paśca replaces avara, with the affixes a and ā. Examples: paśca hi saḥ; no te paścā.
• Cited: SK 2007 tuś chandasi 5.3.59. iṣṭhan and īyasun come after tṛc- or tṛn-final words, and tṛ is lost by SK 2008: kartṛ + iṣṭhan → kariṣṭhaḥ (print); dogdhrī + īyasun → (puṃvadbhāva) dohīyasī dhenuḥ.
• 3502 pratnapūrvaviśvemāt thāl chandasi 5.3.111 — thāl in the sense of iva, after pratna, pūrva, viśva and ima: pratnathā, pūrvathā, viśvathā, imathā, as in taṃ pratnathā pūrvathā viśvathemathā.
• 3503 amu ca cchandasi 5.4.12 — amu too, after kim, an e-final word, a tiṅ-final word, an avyaya or a gha-final word (SK 2004), for excess that is not excess of a substance. pra + tarap → pratara + amu → prataram, an avyaya, so its sup has luk (Subodhinī): prataṃ naya prataram (print).

III.C. Svārthika and samāsānta rules to the close of the fifth adhyāya — running example: brahman + sāman + ṭac → (ṭi lost) brahmasāmam; hatā mātā yasya → (kap blocked) hatamātā

• 3504 vṛkajyeṣṭhābhyāṃ tiltātilau ca cchandasi 5.4.41 — til and tātil, in their own sense, after vṛka and jyeṣṭha. They pair in order by yathāsaṃkhyam (SK 128; the translator's point). vṛka + til → vṛkatiḥ (yo no durevo vṛkatiḥ, print); jyeṣṭha + tātil → jyeṣṭhatātim (… barhiṣadam, print). No Subodhinī.
• 3505 anasantān napuṃsakāc chandasi 5.4.103 — the samāsānta ṭac (supplied, from SK 786 and 788) after a neuter tatpuruṣa ending in an or as. an-final: brahmasāmaṃ bhavati. as-final: deva + chandas + ṭac → devacchandasāni.
• 3506 bahuprajāś chandasi 5.4.123 — bahuprajāḥ is nipātita. The Subodhinī: a bahuvrīhi with asic, a elided (SK 311), and lengthening by SK 425. Example: bahuprajā nirṛtim āviveśa.
• 3507 chandasi ca 5.4.142 — datṛ replaces danta in a bahuvrīhi (from SK 880, without "vayasi"; Subodhinī): ubhayato dantā yasya → ubhayatodataḥ (… pratigṛhṇāti).
• 3508 ṛtaś chandasi 5.4.158 — after a ṛ-final bahuvrīhi, the samāsānta kap does not come, although nadyṛtaś ca (SK 833) would make it obligatory: hatā mātā yasya → hatamātā. The colophon "iti pañcamo 'dhyāyaḥ" is supplied from the print.

III.D. Reduplication, saṃprasāraṇa and root and stem substitutes (6.1.7 – 6.1.60) — running example: tuj + liṭ (kānac) → tu-tuj-āna → (abhyāsa lengthened) tūtujānaḥ; ā + hve + laṭ → (saṃprasāraṇa, uvaṅ) āhuve

• 3509 tujādīnāṃ dīrgho 'bhyāsasya 6.1.7 — the abhyāsa of tuj and the rest is lengthened; tujādi is an ākṛtigaṇa. Forms: tūtujānaḥ (liṭ → kānac), māmahānam, dādhāra, tūtāva.
• The print puts two things before this sūtra, missing from ours and supplied: the heading "ṣaṣṭho 'dhyāyaḥ", and on SK 2175 ekāco dve prathamasya 6.1.1 the vārttika chandasi veti vaktavyam: in the Veda doubling is optional. The undoubled forms are jāgāra and dāti (in dāti the ślu, SK 2490, would otherwise make doubling obligatory; Subodhinī).
• 3510 bahulaṃ chandasi 6.1.34 — saṃprasāraṇa of hvā (from SK 2586), variously. After luk of śap by SK 3400: ā + hve → āhuve (indram āhuva ūtaye). Two vārttikas follow:
• With ṛc following, tri undergoes saṃprasāraṇa and the initial of the uttarapada is lost: tri + ṛc → tṛcam sūktam. Outside the Veda: tryṛcāni.
• rayi before matup, variously: revān (v by SK 3600), or neither change: rayimān.
• 3511 cāyaḥ kī 6.1.35 — kī replaces cāy, variously (bahulam carried, kaumudī). liṭ, us, c in the abhyāsa by SK 2245: cikyuḥ (ny anyaṃ cikyuḥ). Not in nicāyya.
• 3512 apaspṛdhethām ānṛcur ānṛhuś cicyuṣe tityāja śrātāḥ śritam āśīr āśīrtāḥ 6.1.36 — nine nipātanas. The secular forms are the Subodhinī's.
• apaspṛdhethām: spardh, laṅ, āthām (secular aspardhethām).
• ānṛcuḥ, ānṛhuḥ: arc and arh, liṭ, us (secular ānarcuḥ, ānarhuḥ).
• cicyuṣe: cyuṅ, liṭ, thās (secular cucyuviṣe).
• tityāja: tyaj, ṇal (secular tatyāja).
• śrātāḥ (śrātās ta indra somāḥ), śritam (śritā no grahāḥ): śrīñ in the niṣṭhā.
• āśīram: kvip (āśīraṃ duhe, print).
• āśīrtaḥ: niṣṭhā, with no n.
• 3513 khideś chandasi 6.1.52 — ā optionally replaces the ec of khid (āt, ecaḥ from SK 2370; vibhāṣā from SK 2509; Subodhinī): khid + liṭ → cikhāda = cikheda.
• 3514 śīrṣaṃś chandasi 6.1.60 — śīrṣan replaces śiras. a is elided by SK 234 and n becomes ṇ by SK 235: śīrṣan + ṅas → śīrṣṇaḥ (śīrṣṇaḥ śīrṣṇo jagataḥ).

III.E. Vedic junction options: pūrvasavarṇadīrgha, loss of śi, and ay before yat — running example: vārāhī + au → vārāhī (pūrvasavarṇadīrgha) or vārāhyau (yaṇ); yāni → (śi lost) yā

• 3515 vā chandasi 6.1.106 (moved; see above) — after a long vowel, before jas or an ic, the pūrvasavarṇadīrgha is optional (from SK 239 and 165, Subodhinī).
• Dual: vārāhī + au → vārāhī / vārāhyau. jas: mānuṣīr īḷate viśaḥ.
• By vākyabheda the option extends to the next two rules:
• Before am, ami pūrvaḥ (SK 194) is optional: śamīm / śamyam, sūrmyam (print).
• After saṃprasāraṇa, saṃprasāraṇāc ca (SK 330) is optional: ijyamānaḥ / yajyamānaḥ.
• 3516 śeś chandasi bahulam 6.1.70 — śi, the substitute for jas and śas after a neuter (SK 312), is elided, variously: yāni → yā (yā te gātrāṇām), tāni tāni → tā tā (tā tā piṇḍānām).
• Vārttika: pararūpa in eman and the rest: apāṃ tveman, apāṃ tvodman.
• 3517 bhayyapravayye ca cchandasi 6.1.83 — bhayya and pravayyā are nipātita, with ay before yat (Subodhinī).
• bhī + yat → bhayyaḥ, "that from which one fears" (apādāna by SK 2841).
• pra + vī + yat → pravayyā, in the feminine only; elsewhere praveyam.
• Outside the Veda: bheyam, praveyam.
• Vārttika: hrada + yat (SK 3456) → hradayyā āpaḥ (hrada read, class C).

III.F. Prakṛtibhāva: eṅ kept before a, inside a pāda and in Yajus, and the nasal āṅ — running example: upaprayantaḥ + adhvaram → upaprayanto adhvaram (o kept; no pūrvarūpa by eṅaḥ padāntād ati, SK 86)

• 3518 prakṛtyā 'ntaḥpādam avyapare 6.1.115 — within a ṛk-pāda, an eṅ stays as it is before an a that is not followed by v or y. eṅ comes from SK 86, recast in the first case; chandasi comes from 3515 by maṇḍūkapluti (Subodhinī). Examples: upaprayanto adhvaram, sujāte aśvasūnṛte. Not across a pāda boundary: etāsa ete 'rcanti. Not before av- or ay-: te 'vadan.
• 3519 avyādavadyādavakramuravratāyamavantvavasyuṣu ca 6.1.116 — before these seven, eṅ stays even when v or y follows the a.
• Examples: vasubhir no avyāt, mitramaho avadyāt (print), mā śivāso avakramuḥ (unreduplicated, by the chandasi vā vārttika), te no avrata, śatadhāro ayaṃ maṇiḥ, te no avantu, kuśikāso avasyavaḥ.
• The Bahvṛcas recite te no 'vantu and the like with pūrvarūpa. Bhaṭṭoji puts this down to bāhulaka; the Prātiśākhya states it expressly.
• 3520 yajuṣy uraḥ 6.1.117 — in Yajus, uras ending in eṅ (uro) stays before a: uro antarikṣam. The rule is needed because Yajus has no pādas, so this is for an eṅ not inside a pāda.
• 3521 āpojuṣāṇovṛṣṇovarṣiṣṭhe 'mbe 'mbāle 'mbikepūrve 6.1.118 — in Yajus, these stay before a: āpo asmān, juṣāṇo agniḥ, vṛṣṇo aṃśubhyām, varṣiṣṭhe adhi nāke, and ambe and ambāle before ambike: ambe ambāle ambike. The sūtra's own wording shows that the vocative is not shortened by SK 267.
• 3522 aṅga ityādau ca 6.1.119 — in Yajus, the eṅ of aṅga, and any eṅ before the initial a of aṅga, stays (two separate conditions by ca, Subodhinī): prāṇo aṅge aṅge adīdhyat.
• 3523 anudātte ca kudhapare 6.1.120 — in Yajus, eṅ stays before an anudātta a that is followed by ku or dh.
• ayáṃ só agníḥ: udātta yáṃ, só and gní. The initial a of agníḥ is anudātta and is followed by g, so the o of só stays.
• ayáṃ só adhvaráḥ: udātta rá in adhvaráḥ. Its initial a is anudātta (a dependent svarita after só, left unmarked) and is followed by dh.
• Counter-example for "anudātta": atho 'gre. agra is ādyudātta (ágra, udātta a; Subodhinī), so pūrvarūpa comes.
• Counter-example for "ku/dh": so 'yam, where the a is followed by y.
• 3524 avapathāsi ca 6.1.121 — in Yajus, eṅ stays before avapathāḥ when its initial a is anudātta.
• trī́ rudrébhyo avapathāḥ: udātta trī́ and dré. avapathāḥ (vap, laṅ, thās) is wholly anudātta by tiṅṅatiṅaḥ (SK 3935, 8.1.28).
• Counter-example: yád rudrébhyo 'vapathāḥ: udātta yád and dré. nipātair yadyadi- (SK 3937, 8.1.30) blocks the nighāta, so the verb keeps its augment-udātta. The translator identifies it as ávapathāḥ, by SK 2206 (6.4.71). The initial a is therefore not anudātta, and pūrvarūpa comes.
• 3525 āṅo 'nunāsikaś chandasi 6.1.126 — before an ac, āṅ becomes anunāsika and stays: abhra ā̃ apaḥ, gabhīra ā̃ ugraputre. The Subodhinī, following the Bhāṣya: ā is āṅ everywhere except in a sentence and in recollection.
• Vārttika: prakṛtibhāva for īṣā akṣa and the like: īṣā akṣo hiraṇyayaḥ (print), jyā iyam, pūṣā aviṣṭu.

III.G. Loss of su in sya, and suṭ before candra — running example: syaḥ + bhānuḥ → (su lost before a hal) sya bhānuḥ; hari + candra → (suṭ) hariścandraḥ

• 3526 syaś chandasi bahulam 6.1.133 — the su of sya (tyad) is elided before a hal, variously: eṣa sya bhānuḥ. The Subodhinī: eṣa loses its su by SK 176, sya by this rule.
• 3527 hrasvāc candrottarapade mantre 6.1.151 — in a mantra, suṭ (from SK 2553, Subodhinī) comes to candra as uttarapada after a short vowel: hariścandro marudgaṇaḥ, suścandra dasma.

III.H. Changes to the prior member in compounds (6.3), with the nipātanas sāḍhyai, sāḍhvā and sāḍhā — running example: saha + māda → (sadha for saha) sadhamāde; aṣṭan + pāda → (ā for the final) aṣṭāpadī

• 3528 pitarāmātarā ca chandasi 6.3.33 — pitarāmātarā is a nipātita dvandva. The Subodhinī: āṅ in the pūrvapada; in the uttarapada, ā for the case ending (SK 3561) with guṇa (SK 275). Example: ā mā gantāṃ pitarā mātarā ca. By ca the reverse order too: mātarā pitarā.
• Cited: SK 1012 samānasya chandasy amūrdhaprabhṛtyudarkeṣu 6.3.84. sa (from SK 1009) replaces samāna, except before mūrdhan, prabhṛti and udarka: samāna-garbha → sagarbha + yat → sagarbhyaḥ.
• Vārttika on SK 418 (6.3.92): in the Veda, in the feminine, the substitute adri for the ṭi of viṣvak and deva comes variously. With adri: devadrīcī. Without it: viśvācī, ghṛtācī. Extended to kim: kadrīcī (print adryādeśaḥ).
• 3529 sadha mādasthayoś chandasi 6.3.96 — sadha replaces saha (from SK 422, Subodhinī) before māda or stha: sadhamāde (indra cāsmin sadhamāde), sadhastham.
• 3530 pathi ca cchandasi 6.3.108 — before pathin, kava and kā replace ku (supplied, from SK 1027, 1033 and 1030): kavapathaḥ, kāpathaḥ; also kupathaḥ. No Subodhinī.
• 3531 sāḍhyai sāḍhvā sāḍheti nigame 6.3.113 — nipātanas from sah: sāḍhyai and sāḍhvā with ktvā, and sāḍhā with tṛn: marudbhir ugraḥ pṛtanāsu sāḷhā.
• Accent (Subodhinī): tṛn, not tṛc, because tṛc would give an antodātta, and the mantra has an ādyudātta: sā́ḷhā, udātta sā.
• Prātiśākhya: ḍ between vowels becomes ḷ, and ḍh becomes ḷh (ḷ read, class C).
• 3532 chandasi ca 6.3.126 — ā replaces the final of aṣṭan before an uttarapada (supplied, from SK 1046). The final of pāda is elided by SK 879 and ṅīp comes by SK 457: aṣṭan + pāda → aṣṭāpadī.

III.I. Vedic lengthening of finals and penultimates (6.3.131–137, 6.4.5, 6.4.9), and the nipātana janitā — running example: aśva + matup → (a lengthened) aśvāvatī; abhi + su + naḥ → (i lengthened) abhī ṣu ṇaḥ

• 3533 mantre somāśvendriyaviśvadevyasya matau 6.3.131 — in a mantra, before matup, the final of soma, aśva, indriya and viśvadevya is lengthened: aśvāvatīṃ somāvatīm, indriyāvān, viśvadevyāvatā.
• 3534 oṣadheś ca vibhaktāv aprathamāyām 6.3.132 — oṣadhi is lengthened before a case ending other than the first: oṣadhībhyaḥ, oṣadhīṣu.
• Accent (Subodhinī): the ī cannot come from ṅīṣ, which would make the word antodātta. The word is ādyudātta, udātta o, by phiṭ 42.
• 3535 ṛci tunughamakṣutaṅkutroruṣyāṇām 6.3.133 — in a ṛc, the final of tu, nu, gha, makṣu, taṅ, ku, tra and uruṣya is lengthened.
• Particles and adverbs: ā tū na indra, nū martaḥ, ghā, makṣū gomantam.
• gha is the word itself, not the saṃjñā (Subodhinī).
• taṅ is the ṅit substitute ta for tha (SK 2198–2199): bharatā jātavedasam. Not tap: śṛṇota grāvāṇaḥ.
• The rest: kūmanāḥ, atrā, yatrā naś cakrā (print), uruṣyā ṇaḥ.
• 3536 ikaḥ suñi 6.3.134 — in a ṛc, a word ending in ik is lengthened before the nipāta su (suñ). ṣ comes by SK 3644 and ṇ by SK 3649 (print oruṣubhyaḥ): abhi + su + naḥ → abhī ṣu ṇaḥ.
• 3537 dvyaco 'tas tiṅaḥ 6.3.135 — in a mantra, the a of a two-vowel tiṅ-form is lengthened: vidma → vidmā (ma by SK 2464), cakra → cakrā, as in vidmā hi cakrā jarasam. The Subodhinī says "ṛci".
• 3538 nipātasya ca 6.3.136 — the final of a nipāta is lengthened in a mantra: eva → evā (evā hi te).
• 3539 anyeṣām api dṛśyate 6.3.137 — lengthening (from SK 174) is seen for others too, beyond SK 1037 and the rules after it, in a prior member: pūruṣaḥ, daṇḍādaṇḍi (SK 846). BM is read via the misfiled block sk3539.b1. No Subodhinī.
• 3540 chandasy ubhayathā 6.4.5 — before nām (from SK 209), lengthening is optional (Subodhinī): dhātā dhātṝṇām (Bahvṛcas), dhātṛṇām (Taittirīyas).
• 3541 vā ṣapūrvasya nigame 6.4.9 — in the nigama, a penultimate vowel after ṣ is optionally lengthened before a strong ending other than the vocative (cf. SK 250). i becomes a by SK 366: ṛbhukṣin → ṛbhukṣan + am → ṛbhukṣāṇam / ṛbhukṣaṇam. Outside the nigama only the long form: takṣā, takṣāṇau.
• 3542 janitā mantre 6.4.53 — janitā is nipātita, with ṇi-loss before iṭ-tṛc (ṇer aniṭi, SK 2313, deletes ṇi only before an affix without iṭ): jani (ṇic) + iṭ + tṛc → janitā = janayitā, as in yo naḥ pitā janitā.

Part IV — SK 3543–3594: the Vedic aṅga rules of 6.4 to the close of adhyāya 6; the Vedic endings of 7.1 (ruṭ, the sup and tiṅ substitutes, ktvā forms, asuk, nuṭ, anaṅ, num); the iṭ nipātanas of 7.2; leṭ, īṭ, kyac and the i of dhā in 7.3–7.4

Covers SK 3543–3594 (52 sūtras): all present.

• The Aṣṭādhyāyī spine and where the SK moves rules.
• The run is 6.4.54–6.4.175 (3543–3556), then 7.1.8–7.4.45 (3557–3594). Only the Vedic rules of each pāda are taken, in Aṣṭādhyāyī order. The non-Vedic rules between them are taught in their own sections.
• One rule pulled in. 3.4.88 vā chandasi (3552) sits between 6.4.102 and 6.4.103. A hi that is optionally apit lets aṅitaś ca (3553) work, because an apit hi counts as ṅit (SK 2234). This is the translator's account; no commentator states it.
• AS-refs. All 52 were checked against references/ashtadhyayi/sutraani-data.json, by SK number and by sūtra text, and all match. The one difference is that the reference text of 7.2.34 (3582) includes kṣamiti. Bhaṭṭoji gives kṣamiti only as some readers' reading. Every SK cross-reference cited below was checked the same way.
• Where Part IV ends. It ends at 3594 (7.4.45, the i of dhā, with the vārttikas on mās, svavas, svatavas and uṣas). Its closing citation na kavater yaṅi (SK 2641) is the frame for SK 3595.
• Headings and frames.
• The chandasi adhikāra of SK 3456 covers the whole range, and many sūtras restate chandasi.
• Neither Bhaṭṭoji nor the Subodhinī states the Vedic setting for 3565, 3567, 3568, 3570–3572, 3576, 3581–3584 and 3589. For these, sutra_en brackets "[in the Veda]" and a translator note owns the bracket (audits G14–G16). For 3562 and 3594 it is not supplied.
• Frame quotations. Bhaṭṭoji ends a unit by quoting the Aṣṭādhyāyī rule that frames the next sūtra, rendered "[Next, recall]":
• 3544 → āḍ ajādīnām (SK 2254); 3545 → na māṅyoge (SK 2228); 3550 → hujhalbhyo her dhiḥ (SK 2425).
• 3557 opens under śīṅo ruṭ (SK 2442) and ends with ato bhisa ais (SK 203). 3559 → SK 3332; 3577 → udoṣṭhyapūrvasya (SK 2494).
• 3585 → astisico 'pṛkte (SK 2225); 3586 → hrasvasya guṇaḥ (SK 242) and jasi ca (SK 241), for its vārttika.
• 3592 → dadhāter hiḥ (SK 3076) and jahāteś ca ktvi (SK 3331); 3594 → apo bhi (SK 442) for its vārttikas, and na kavater yaṅi (SK 2641) for SK 3595.
• 3582 brings in SK 2527 (babhūthātatantha…) with its own examples as a related rule, not as a frame.
• Adhyāya marks. The print has "iti ṣaṣṭho 'dhyāyaḥ" after 3556 and the heading "saptamo 'dhyāyaḥ" before 3557. Ours lacks both, and both are supplied in brackets.
• Print readings followed (NSP pp. 603–608, scans 613–618; collation batch06–08; audits G13–G16 found no MUST-FIX, and their MINORs have been applied):
• 3546 aḍāṭau (dual). 3548 vibhvam; navya magne is = ours, the mark over vya is a svarita, and the English divides it navyam agne (G13 withdrew [Y15]'s "anusvāra"). 3550 hujhalbhyo. 3555 rajiṣṭham anu neṣi.
• 3556 striyāṃ. 3557 duhrate. 3561 natād brāhmaṇam, and iyā with short i. 3562 vadhīṃ. 3567 pacata, dadhātana, viśve devāso, chāndaso. 3579 hvareḥ niṣṭhāyāṃ. 3580 aparihvṛtāḥ.
• 3582 uṭ ūṭ, ujjvalati, ābabhūtha, jagṛhima. 3584 agnaye. 3586 śatakratvaḥ, jujoṣat. 3590 etayoḥ … chandasi. 3591 havāmahe. 3594 dhāsīya, na kavater yaṅi, and two passages missing from ours, supplied in brackets.
• Ours kept. 3551 pṝ (class C). 3552 hirapidvā: the print has a stray anusvāra. 3563 aduhata (class C). 3582 skabdha, stabdha: the print's skabdho- is a slip. 3575: the Subodhinī's lemma is asthabhiḥ in the print, and only our OCR has asthābhiḥ (G15).
• Accent. Only 3561 makes accent statements:
• sarasī́ is antodātta: the final sī is udātta. The kaumudī puts that final udātta down to vyatyaya on the "ī for ṅi" view.
• nāváyā: the penultimate va is udātta, by the rit accent (upottamaṃ riti, SK 3733).
• Everywhere else the mantras are in plain IAST.
• Where the Subodhinī lies (only the kaumudī is translated, SK-TRANSLATE §25). There is no BM in this range. Our layer has none, and Wikisource uttara-4/0089–0093 gives the mūla only. Three b-blocks are misfiled and were not used: sk3543.b1 is the BM on SK 2008, sk3553.b1 on SK 414 and sk3581.b1 on SK 327.
• Filed under a neighbour. sk.3543.s1 carries 3545. sk.3557.s1 carries 3546–3551, 3553, 3555 and 3556. sk.3559.s1 carries 3560. sk.3560.s1 carries the opening on 3561. sk.3561.s1 carries 3562, and the head of sk.3565.s1 carries 3564's example. sk.3570.s1 carries 3571–3573. sk.3577.s1 carries 3578–3579. sk.3582.s1 carries 3583–3586. sk.3587.s1 is on 3588. sk.3593.s1 carries 3594 (and 3595–3596).
• No Subodhinī in print on 3544, 3552, 3554, 3558, 3576 and 3587.

IV.A. Augments and nipātanas on the aṅga (6.4): śamitā, a long vowel before lyap, aṭ and āṭ in the Veda, re for ire — running example: naś + luṅ → (āṭ for an aṅga not beginning with a vowel) ānaṭ; dhā + liṭ, jha → ire → re → dadhre

• 3543 śamitā yajñe 6.4.54 — in the sacrifice, śamitā is nipātita "as before" (SK 3542, janitā; Subodhinī). It is śam + ṇic + iṭ + tṛc with the ṇi dropped, and means śamayitā.
• 3544 yupluvor dīrghaś chandasi 6.4.58 — before lyap (from lyapi laghupūrvāt, SK 3336), the u of yu and plu is lengthened: vi + yu + lyap → viyūya; viplūya.
• 3545 chandasy api dṛśyate 6.4.73 — āṭ (SK 2254) is seen also on aṅgas not beginning with a vowel. naś + luṅ: cli is lost by mantre ghasa… (SK 3402), and ś → ṣ (SK 294) → ḍ → ṭ; with āṭ the form is ānaṭ. Likewise vṛñ + luṅ → (guṇa; r → visarga) āvaḥ (Subodhinī).
• 3546 bahulaṃ chandasy amāṅyoge 'pi 6.4.75 — aṭ and āṭ are variable: they may be absent without māṅ and present with it. janiṣṭhā ugraḥ is luṅ of jan + thās, with no aṭ and no māṅ. mā vaḥ kṣetre parabījāny avāpsuḥ has aṭ although it is construed with mā. The Subodhinī says this example follows the Kāśikā, the recitation has vāpsuḥ, and another example is wanted.
• 3547 irayo re 6.4.76 — re replaces ire: dhā + liṭ, jha → ire (SK 2241) → re. Re-bhāva falls in the ābhīya section, so it is asiddha, and the ā of dhā is still deleted (SK 2372): dadhre (prathamaṃ dadhra āpaḥ). When iṭ is added to re (i + re = ire again), re-bhāva applies again. That is why the sūtra names irayoḥ in the dual.

IV.B. yaṇ beside iyaṅ/uvaṅ, the loss of the upadhā before kit/ṅit, and dhi for hi — running example: vibhū + am → vibhvam / vibhuvam; pat + liṭ ma (+ iṭ) → (upadhā lost) paptima; śru + hi → (dhi; lengthened) śrudhī

• 3548 chandasy ubhayathā 6.4.86 — for bhū and sudhī, which na bhūsudhiyoḥ (SK 273) bars from yaṇ, both yaṇ and iyaṅ/uvaṅ occur. Forms: vibhvam / vibhuvam; sudhyo3 navyam agne / sudhiyaḥ.
• Vārttika: for tanū and the rest, iyaṅ/uvaṅ are variable: tanvam / tanuvam; tryambakam / triyambakam. The Subodhinī explains tanvam as yaṇ, taken where vā chandasi (SK 3515) withholds the single pūrva substitute in am.
• 3549 tanipatyoś chandasi 6.4.99 — the upadhā (a) of tan and pat is lost before a kit/ṅit affix.
• vi + tan + liṭ ire → vitatnire. Because the loss is enjoined, there is no e-substitution and no abhyāsa-loss (SK 2260).
• pat + liṭ ma + iṭ → paptima. In the bhāṣā the forms are vitenire and petima (Subodhinī).
• 3550 ghasibhasor hali ca 6.4.100 — the same upadhā-loss for ghas and bhas, before a consonant-initial kit/ṅit affix and also (ca) a vowel-initial one.
• sagdhiḥ: ad → ghas (SK 3398) + ktin → ghs-ti; s is lost (SK 2281), t → dh (SK 2280), and gh → g by jaśtva. samāna → sa (SK 1012) gives sagdhiḥ.
• babdhām: bhas + loṭ tām with ślu; by bāhulaka the doubling comes first, giving babdhām.
• 3551 śruśṛṇupṝkṛvṛbhyaś chandasi 6.4.102 — dhi for hi after śru, śṛṇu, pṝ, kṛ and vṛ.
• śru + hi: śap is lost (SK 3400), and the vowel is lengthened by SK 3539, giving śrudhī havam.
• śṛṇudhī giraḥ: hi is not lost by SK 2334, because the rule names śṛṇu.
• pṝ → pūr (SK 2494, 354) gives rāyaspūrdhi. uruṇaskṛdhi.
• Neither ours nor the print has an example for vṛ (Wikisource adds apāvṛdhi).
• 3552 vā chandasi 3.4.88 — hi, the substitute of sip (ser hy apic ca, SK 2201), is optionally apit. There is no worked form, and it is placed here to feed 3553.
• 3553 aṅitaś ca 6.4.103 — dhi for hi (SK 2425) also when hi is not ṅit.
• ram + hi: parasmaipada by vyatyaya, śap → ślu, and the abhyāsa is lengthened (tujādi, SK 3509): ra-ram → rā-ram + dhi → rārandhi. The m stays, because SK 2428 needs a ṅit affix.
• prayandhi (yam, with luk of śap); yuyodhi (yu, with ślu).

IV.C. The last aṅga rules of adhyāya 6: tmanā, rajiṣṭham, and the nipātanas ṛtvya … hiraṇyaya — running example: ātman + āṅ (= ṭā) → (initial ā lost) tmanā; ṛju + iṣṭhan → (ra for ṛ) rajiṣṭham

• 3554 mantreṣv āṅy āder ātmanaḥ 6.4.141 — in mantras, the initial sound of ātman is lost before āṅ, the old name for ṭā (cf. SK 244): ātman + ā → tmanā deveṣu.
• 3555 vibhāṣarjoś chandasi 6.4.162 — for ṛju, ra optionally replaces the ṛ. ra ṛtaḥ comes from SK 1785, and the affixes iṣṭhan, iman and īyasun from SK 2008. ṛju + iṣṭhan → rajiṣṭham (tvaṃ rajiṣṭham anu neṣi) / ṛjiṣṭham.
• 3556 ṛtvyavāstvyavāstvamādhvīhiraṇyayāni cchandasi 6.4.175 — five nipātanas.
• yaṇ for the stem's u: ṛtu + yat → ṛtvyam, vāstu + yat → vāstvyam, vāstu + aṇ → vāstvam, and madhu + aṇ in the feminine → mādhvīḥ. Ordinary derivation would give ṛtavya, vāstavya and mādhavī.
• Loss of the ma of mayaṭ: hiraṇya + mayaṭ → hiraṇyayena savitā rathena.
• Adhyāya 6 closes here.

IV.D. Vedic endings at the head of adhyāya 7: ruṭ, bhis kept, no adḍ, ktvā beside lyap — running example: duh + laṭ jha → ate → (ruṭ) duh-r-ate → (t lost, SK 3563) duhre / duhrate; deva + bhis → devebhiḥ

• 3557 bahulaṃ chandasi 7.1.8 — the augment ruṭ (frame śīṅo ruṭ, SK 2442) comes variably.
• duh + ate → duh-r-ate. t is optionally lost (SK 3563), and a + e becomes e by pararūpa (SK 191): dhenavo duhre. Without the loss: ghṛtaṃ duhrate.
• adṛśram asya: luṅ, with mip standing for the third-person plural by vyatyaya, plus ruṭ (Subodhinī).
• 3558 bahulaṃ chandasi 7.1.10 — ais for bhis after a (SK 203) comes only variably, so bhis may stay: deva + bhis → (e, SK 205) devebhiḥ (agnir devebhiḥ), against devaiḥ.
• 3559 netarāc chandasi 7.1.26 — after itara, adḍ (SK 315) does not replace su and am: itara + am → (ato 'm, SK 309) itaram (vārtraghnam itaram). In ordinary language: itarat kāṣṭham.
• 3560 ktvāpi chandasi 7.1.38 — in a compound not headed by nañ (SK 3332), ktvā also stands where lyap would come: pari + dhā + ṇic + ktvā → paridhāpayitvā. Subodhinī: because of api, lyap can also come outside a compound (ājyenākṣiṇī ajya).

IV.E. The Vedic substitutes for sup endings — running example: panthānaḥ → (su) panthāḥ; vyoman + ṅi → (luk) vyoman; dhīti + ṭā → (pūrvasavarṇa) dhītī

• 3561 supāṃ sulukpūrvasavarṇā''ccheyāḍāḍyāyājālaḥ 7.1.39 — in the Veda, any of eleven substitutes replaces a sup ending. Each is shown against the ordinary form it replaces:
• su: ṛjavaḥ santu panthāḥ (for panthānaḥ).
• luk: parame vyoman (for vyomani).
• pūrvasavarṇa: dhītī matī suṣṭutī (for dhītyā …).
• ā: yā surathā … aśvinā (for yau surathau …); yā deva vidma tā tvā (for yam [and tam]; that ā is the substitute is the translator's inference).
• āt: natād brāhmaṇam (for natam).
• śe: na yuṣme, asme indrābṛhaspatī (for yuṣmāsu, asmabhyam).
• yā: uruyā, dhṛṣṇuyā.
• ḍā: nābhā pṛthivyāḥ, with ṭi lost (for nābhau).
• ḍyā: anuṣṭhyā (anu + sthā + aṅ, as in vyavasthā; ḍyā for ṭā).
• yāc: sādhuyā.
• āl: vasantā yajeta (for vasante).
• Vārttika 1 adds iyā, ḍiyāc and ī: urviyā, dārviyā; sukṣetriyā; sarasī́ with ī for ṅi.
• sarasī́ is antodātta (final sī udātta). On the "ī for ṅi" view the word would have been ādyudātta, so its final udātta is put down to vyatyaya.
• Bhaṭṭoji's own account is a ṅīṣ-stem with luk of ṅi, so another example of ī is wanted.
• Vārttika 2 adds āṅ, ayāc and ayār:
• pra bāhavā: bāhu + ā, with guṇa by SK 245, gives bāhavā.
• svapnayā.
• nāváyā (for nāvā): the penultimate va is udātta, by the rit accent (SK 3733).

IV.F. The Vedic substitutes in the tiṅ endings — running example: kṛṇuta → (tāt for ta) kṛṇutāt; as + mas → (final i) smasi; vadh-i-s + am → (maś) m → (īṭ; sic lost) vadhīm

• 3562 amo maś 7.1.40 — maś replaces the am that substitutes for mip. Being śit, it replaces the whole of am.
• han → vadh (SK 2433–2434), + luṅ, sic, iṭ, mip → am → m. Then īṭ (SK 2225), sic is lost (SK 2266), and there is no aṭ: vadhīṃ vṛtram, for avadhiṣam.
• 3563 lopas ta ātmanepadeṣu 7.1.41 — the t of an ātmanepada ending is lost.
• duh + laṅ jha → at (SK 2258) + ruṭ → a-duh-r-ata → (t lost; pararūpa) aduhra, for aduhata.
• śete → śaye.
• A parasmaipada ending is untouched: utsaṃ duhanti.
• 3564 dhvamo dhvāt 7.1.42 — dhvāt replaces dhvam: vṛ + ṇic + loṭ → vārayadhvāt (antar evoṣmāṇaṃ vārayadhvāt), for vārayadhvam.
• 3565 yajadhvainam iti ca 7.1.43 — the m of dhvam is lost before enam, by nipātana: yajadhvam + enam → yajadhva + enam → (vṛddhi) yajadhvainam. Bhaṭṭoji calls the vṛttikāra's "y for v" a slip.
• 3566 tasya tāt 7.1.44 — tāt replaces ta, the second-person plural ending. It is not the third-person singular ta, by association with dhvam and mas (Subodhinī). kṛṇuta → kṛṇutāt; gamayata → gamayatāt.
• 3567 taptanaptanathanāś ca 7.1.45 — tap, tanap, tana and thana also replace ta (tasya from 3566).
• tap: śṛṇuta → śṛṇota. tap is pit and so not ṅit, which allows guṇa.
• tanap: sunotana, dadhātana. The ā is kept, because SK 2483 needs a ṅit affix.
• tana: jujuṣṭana stands for juṣadhvam, with parasmaipada by vyatyaya and ślu. It is presumably tana's example, though the text does not say so.
• thana: yatiṣṭhana, from yad + ḍati with thana for the ta of as.
• 3568 idanto masi 7.1.46 — mas gets a final i, in effect the augment ik: i + mas → imasi (for imaḥ; the mantra has emasi); as + mas → (a lost, SK 2469) smasi (for smaḥ).

IV.G. ktvā in the Veda: yak, īnam, ī — running example: gam + ktvā → (nasal lost, SK 2428) gatvā → (yak) gatvāya; pā + ktvā → (ī, SK 2462) pītvā → (ī for ā) pītvī

• 3569 ktvo yak 7.1.47 — ktvā takes the augment yak: divaṃ suparṇo gatvāya.
• 3570 iṣṭvīnam iti ca 7.1.48 — after yaj, īnam replaces the final of ktvā, by nipātana. yaj + tvā → (saṃprasāraṇa, SK 2409) ij-tvā → (ṣ, SK 294; ṣṭutva) iṣṭvā → iṣṭvīnaṃ devān.
• 3571 snātvyādayaś ca 7.1.49 — in snātvī and forms like it, ī replaces the ā of ktvā: snātvā → snātvī; pītvā → pītvī somasya.

IV.H. Nominal stems in the Veda: asuk, nuṭ, anaṅ, ī, num — running example: deva + jas → (asuk) deva-as-as → devāsaḥ; go + ām → (nuṭ, at the end of a pāda) gonām

• 3572 ājjaser asuk 7.1.50 — after an aṅga ending in a, jas takes asuk: devāsaḥ, brāhmaṇāsaḥ.
• 3573 śrīgrāmaṇyoś chandasi 7.1.56 — after śrī and grāmaṇī, ām takes nuṭ.
• śrīṇām (śrīṇām udāraḥ) illustrates śrī where it is not a nadī, by the option of SK 304. As a nadī it would get nuṭ by SK 208 anyway.
• sūtagrāmaṇīnām.
• 3574 goḥ pādānte 7.1.57 — after go, ām takes nuṭ at the end of a ṛk-pāda: gopatiṃ śūra gonām.
• Not at the end of a pāda: gavāṃ śatā.
• Even at the end of a pāda nuṭ sometimes fails, since all rules are optional in chandas: gopatiṃ gavām.
• 3575 chandasy api dṛśyate 7.1.76 — anaṅ for asthi and the rest (SK 322) is also seen where that rule's conditions fail. Before a consonant-initial ending: asthi + bhis → asthan- → asthabhiḥ (indro dadhīco asthabhiḥ). Subodhinī: even with no vibhakti at all, as in asthanvantam.
• 3576 ī ca dvivacane 7.1.77 — ī replaces the final of asthi and the rest before a dual ending: akṣi + bhyām → akṣībhyām.
• 3577 dṛksvavassvatavasāṃ chandasi 7.1.83 — dṛk, svavas and svatavas take num (SK 445) before su (SK 332).
• kīdṛś + su → kīdṛ-n-ś: ś is lost, n → ṅ by the k-substitution, and the ṅ is doubled by ṅamuṭ (SK 134): kīdṛṅṅ indraḥ.
• svavas + num + su: the vowel is lengthened by SK 317 and the s lost, giving svavān; likewise svatavān.

IV.I. Root vowels and iṭ by nipātana: ut for ṝ, hru for hvṛ, the grasita list, sasanivāṃsam — running example: hvṛ + kta → (hru) hruta → ahrutam; gras + kta → (iṭ by nipātana) grasita

• 3578 bahulaṃ chandasi 7.1.103 — ut (SK 2494) replaces a dhātu-final ṝ (SK 2390) variably, even when no labial precedes.
• tṝ + kin (SK 3151) → tur-, doubled through sthānivadbhāva (SK 2243), with urat (SK 2244) in the abhyāsa: taturiḥ.
• jaguriḥ.
• 3579 hru hvareś chandasi 7.2.31 — hru replaces hvṛ before a niṣṭhā (SK 3039): a + hru + ta → ahrutam asi havirdhānam.
• 3580 aparihvṛtāś ca 7.2.32 — no hru in aparihvṛtāḥ, by nipātana: aparihvṛtāḥ sanuyāma vājam. The sūtra is plural because that is the attested form.
• 3581 some hvaritaḥ 7.2.33 — of Soma: iṭ and guṇa, and no hru. hvṛ + iṭ + kta → hvaritaḥ (mā naḥ somo hvaritaḥ).
• 3582 grasitaskabhita…amitīti ca 7.2.34 — eighteen nipātanas:
• iṭ for the udit roots grasu, skambhu and stambhu, against SK 3025 (iṭ being optional before ktvā, SK 3328): grasitām, viṣkabhite, stabhitam, uttabhitā. uttabhita is named separately so that iṭ does not come when another upasarga precedes.
• No iṭ before kta for cat and kas: catto … cattām, vikastam. The plural vikastāḥ in the sūtra refers to the many nipātanas, so a singular use is also correct.
• No iṭ before tṛc for śas, śaṃs and śās: viśastā, śaṃstā, praśāstā.
• uṭ / ūṭ to tṛc for tṛ, vṛṅ and vṛñ: tarutāram, tarūtāram, varūtāram. varūtrībhiḥ is ṅīp (SK 306) added to varūtṛ.
• i for śap: ujjvaliti, kṣariti, vamiti, amiti. Some read kṣamiti as well.
• In the bhāṣā: grasta, skabdha, stabdha, uttabdha, catita, vikasita, …, ujjvalati.
• SK 2527 is brought in with its own examples: ābabhūtha, ātatantha, jagṛbhma, vavartha, all without iṭ. The bhāṣā forms are babhūvitha, ātenitha, jagṛhima and vavaritha.
• 3583 saniṃsasanivāṃsam 7.2.69 — after san with sanim before it, two things by nipātana. kvasu takes iṭ, against SK 2981, and there is no e-substitution or abhyāsa-loss (SK 2260): saniṃ sasanivāṃsam.
• Vārttika: pāvaka and the rest take no i before an affix's k (SK 463): pū + ṇvul + ṭāp → pāvakāḥ (not pāvikāḥ).

IV.J. leṭ, mī, īṭ, guṇa and caṅ (7.3–7.4) — running example: dhā + leṭ tip → (ślu doubling) dadhā-ti → (ā lost) dadh-ti → (aṭ; i lost) dadhat; as + laṅ tip → (āṭ; no īṭ; t lost) ās → ā idam

• 3584 ghor lopo leṭi vā 7.3.70 — before leṭ, the final ā of a ghu (dā or dhā, SK 2373) is optionally lost. The steps are aṭ by SK 3427 and loss of i by SK 3426. dadhad ratnāni; somo dadat; without the loss: yad agnir agnaye dadāt.
• 3585 mīnāter nigame 7.3.81 — before a śit affix, a short vowel (pvādīnāṃ hrasvaḥ, SK 2558) replaces the ī of mī: pra + mī + śnā + anti → (ṇ, SK 2530) pramiṇanti vratāni. In ordinary language: pramīṇanti.
• 3586 bahulaṃ chandasi 7.3.97 — īṭ (SK 2225) comes variably.
• as + laṅ tip, with āṭ and no īṭ, gives ās-t. The apṛkta t is lost (SK 252), then ru and y (SK 167), and the y is lost (SK 67): sarvam ā idam, for āsīt.
• gobhir akṣāḥ: here the absence of iṭ to sic is Vedic usage.
• Vārttika 1: in chandas, jasi ca (SK 241) and rules of its kind, down to ṇau caṅy upadhāyāḥ (SK 2314), are optional. śatakratvaḥ (no guṇa, then yaṇ) for śatakratavaḥ; paśve for paśave.
• Vārttika 2: where nābhyastasyāci (SK 2503) prohibits [guṇa], read bahulam: anuṣag jujoṣat (juṣ, leṭ).
• 3587 nityaṃ chandasi 7.4.8 — before caṅ, ṛ replaces an ṛ-vowel in the upadhā always. Outside chandas it is optional (SK 2567): avīvṛdhat.

IV.K. Denominatives in kyac: no ī and no lengthening; ā, or loss, for the final — running example: mitra + kyac → (no ī, no dīrgha) mitraya- → (u, SK 3150) mitrayuḥ; aśva + kyac → (ā) aśvāya- → aśvāyantaḥ

• 3588 na cchandasy aputrasya 7.4.35 — for an a-stem other than putra, neither ī (SK 2658) nor lengthening (SK 2298) comes before kyac: mitrayuḥ.
• putra keeps the ī: putrīyantaḥ.
• Vārttika aputrādīnām: janīyantaḥ also keeps it.
• 3589 durasyur draviṇasyur vṛṣaṇyati riṣaṇyati 7.4.36 — nipātanas before kyac: duras for duṣṭa, draviṇas for draviṇa, vṛṣaṇ for vṛṣa and riṣaṇ for riṣṭa. The forms are durasyuḥ, draviṇasyuḥ, vṛṣaṇyati, riṣaṇyati. In ordinary language: duṣṭīyati, draviṇīyati, vṛṣīyati, riṣṭīyati.
• 3590 aśvāghasyāt 7.4.37 — ā replaces the final of aśva and agha before kyac: aśvāyanto maghavan; aghāyavaḥ (u by SK 3150).
• This rule is the jñāpaka that 3588 bars lengthening as well as ī. Otherwise lengthening alone would give the ā.
• 3591 devasumnayor yajuṣi kāṭhake 7.4.38 — ā replaces the final of deva and sumna in the Kaṭha Yajus: devāyantaḥ, sumnāyantaḥ.
• Here yajus stands for the Yajurveda, so a ṛk-form mantra in it counts too.
• Counter-example: devāñ jigāti sumnayuḥ. Haradatta places it in the Bahvṛcas' own Kaṭha branch.
• 3592 kavyadhvarapṛtanasyarci lopaḥ 7.4.39 — in a Ṛk, the final of kavi, adhvara and pṛtanā is lost before kyac: kavi → kavya- (kavyatāyoḥ); adhvara → adhvarya- → adhvaryum; pṛtanā → pṛtanya- → pṛtanyum. Subodhinī: the adhvaryu of the mṛgayvādi list is a separate derivation.

IV.L. hi for hā and i for dhā; t (voiced to d) for the final s before bh — running example: hā + ktvā → (hi) hitvā / hītvā; su + dhā + kta → (i for ā) sudhitam

• 3593 vibhāṣā chandasi 7.4.44 — hi optionally replaces hā before ktvā (SK 3331): hitvā śarīram. Without it the form is hītvā, with ī by SK 2462. Some copies read hātvā.
• 3594 sudhitavasudhitanemadhitadhiṣvadhiṣīya ca 7.4.45 — i for the ā of dhā, by nipātana.
• Before kta, after su, vasu and nema: sudhitam, vasudhitam, nemadhitā. It is also seen with ktin: vasudhitim.
• dhiṣva vajram stands for dhatsva.
• dhiṣīya stands for dhāsīya: āśīrliṅ with the ending iṭ, which a replaces (SK 2257).
• The frame is apo bhi (SK 442). Vārttika 1 extends it to mās in chandas: mās + bhis → mādbhiḥ (śaradbhiḥ is cited beside it). Vārttika 2 extends it to svavas, svatavas and uṣas: svavadbhiḥ, svatavadbhiḥ, samuṣadbhiḥ.
• The kaumudī closes on na kavater yaṅi (SK 2641) as the frame for SK 3595.

Part V — SK 3595–3649: the last abhyāsa nipātanas of book 7; book 8's Vedic rules: pādapūraṇa doubling, matup and gha augments, ru-or-r, the pluta set and its accents, ru for n, s for visarga, ṣ for s and ṇ for n, to the close of the vaidikī prakriyā

Covers SK 3595–3649 (55 sūtras): all present.

• The Aṣṭādhyāyī spine and where the SK moves rules. The part runs from the tail of 7.4 through 8.4, and only the rules that are restricted to chandas, or that the SK did not need earlier, come here:
• 7.4.64, 65, 74, 78 (3595–3598). The rest of 7.4.62–79 was taught in the tiṅanta (e.g. kuhoś cuḥ SK 2245, na kavater yaṅi SK 2641, bhṛñām it SK 2496, artipipartyoś ca SK 2493). 3598 closes adhyāya 7.
• 8.1.6 (3599), then 8.2.15–17 (3600–3602, matup and gha; 8.2.9 is SK 1897), 8.2.61 (3603), 8.2.70–71 (3604–3605).
• The pluta run 8.2.87–108 (3606–3627) is taken complete and in order. Its head, 8.2.82–86 (vākyasya ṭeḥ pluta udāttaḥ … guror anṛto…), was taught in ac-sandhi as SK 93–97.
• 8.3.1 (3628). Then 6.1.12 (3629) is pulled in "prasaṅgāt" (Subodhinī), because mīḍhvaḥ is the sambuddhi of a kvasu-stem with the ru of 3628. Then 8.3.8, 8.3.9 (3630–3631), then 8.3.3 (3632) is placed after 8.3.9 because 3631's examples need it, then 8.3.11 (3633). 8.3.2, 4–7, 10, 12 are SK 136, 137, 135, 139, 140, 141, 143.
• 8.3.49–54 (3634–3639). 8.3.48 is SK 144. 8.3.103–109 (3640–3646), after 8.3.101–102 (SK 1325, 2403, the latter re-cited as a frame at the end of 3639). 8.3.119 (3647), whose "na" comes from 8.3.110 (SK 3168). 8.4.26–27 (3648–3649).
• AS-refs. All 55 are checked against references/ashtadhyayi/sutraani-data.json by SK number and sūtra text, and all match. So does every SK cross-reference cited below.
• The headings and how far they run.
• The print's colophon iti saptamo 'dhyāyaḥ is supplied at the end of 3598 and the heading aṣṭamo 'dhyāyaḥ at the head of 3599 (collation class M). At 3649 the print closes with ity aṣṭamo 'dhyāyaḥ and iti vaidikī prakriyā; the second is supplied in brackets.
• The pluta adhikāra vākyasya ṭeḥ pluta udāttaḥ (SK 93) stands behind 3606–3627: the pluta falls on the ṭi of the sentence and is udātta, until 3619–3624 change its accent. Where a sutra_en names SK 93, or names SK 3619 or 3622 as the source of "anudāttam" or "svaritam" (3621–3624, 3626), that is the translator's identification. The kaumudī gives the content ("svaritaḥ plutaḥ" etc.) and names no source (audit G19).
• yajñakarmaṇi (3607) runs into 3608–3610 (Subodhinī at 3608; Bhaṭṭoji's glosses at 3609, 3610), not into 3611. ādeḥ 3610 → 3611. vibhāṣā 3612 → 3613 (kaumudī "vā"). bhartsane 3614 → 3615. vicāryamāṇānām 3616 → 3617.
• saṃhitāyām (3627) is an adhikāra to the end of adhyāya 8 (kaumudī). ubhayathā 3630 → 3631. chandasi of 3642 is "for the following" (Subodhinī), carried by the translator through 3646, before the restated chandasi of 3647.
• Print readings followed (NSP 1915, scan-confirmed; collation batch08–09, audits G17–G20):
• 3596: the eye-skip in ours (ślau → ślau) is supplied from the print: tarateḥ śatari ślau abhyāsasya rigāgamaḥ, suhorjā taritrataḥ, sṛpeḥ śatari ślau …; ete 'ṣṭādaśa; januṣam (C). 3597 suṣuve (C). 3599 praprāyam, harṣase (C). 3601 syāt. 3602 bhūridāvan: ours and the print bhūridānnaḥ, but the form needs bhūridāvnaḥ (C). 3603 niṣattam (C). 3605 bhuvar iti.
• 3608 jivanto3m is kept as transmitted (= print). The print's own Subodhinī reads jinvato3m (laṭ tip of jinv), and the gloss follows it. 3609 jihvām agne, ceṣyate. 3618 ṭeḥ. 3623 putrāṃś. 3626 stomair, adūrāddhūta, śobhane māle. 3627 savarṇadīrgha-.
• 3631 devā̃, mahā̃ (candrabindu; ours anusvāra). 3633 bhuvas, svatavā̃ḥ. 3635 cārũ. 3638 bhandamānaḥ. 3639 iḻāyās (ours ilāyās). 3640 tat punar āhār.
• Where the Subodhinī and BM lie (only the kaumudī is translated, SK-TRANSLATE §25):
• BM. None. Our BM layer is empty for all 55 units, and Wikisource uttara-4/0093–0096 prints only the mūla. sk.3640.b1, sk.3647.b1 and sk.3649.b1 are misfiled BM (on SK 1325, 2524 and 859), not used.
• Subodhinī filed under a neighbour: 3595 and 3596 in the second half of sk.3593.s1 (3596's stops at davidyutat). 3598 and 3599 in sk.3597.s1, with the Subodhinī's own 7th-adhyāya colophon between them. 3602's gha gloss at the end of sk.3601.s1. 3604 in sk.3603.s1. 3606 in sk.3605.s1. 3625 and 3626's parigaṇana in sk.3623.s1. 3627, 3628, 3629 and the head of 3630 in sk.3626.s1. 3632 in sk.3631.s1. 3636 at the end of sk.3635.s1. 3644 in sk.3642.s1. 3649 at the tail of sk.3648.s1 and head of sk.3649.s1, the rest of which is the Subodhinī on SK 3650.
• No Subodhinī in print on 3610, 3624, 3641, 3643 (only the pūrvapada remark under 3642), 3646; none on 3596's last five forms.
• Audit corrections (G17–G20; one MUST-FIX, applied to en.yml):
• 3642: nṛbhiṣṭutasya is undivided. The ṣ is the initial s of stuta made retroflex, not the visarga of nṛbhiḥ, and the rule is optional (pairs with "[or]").
• 3596: the last mantra is vakṣyantīved āganīganti, with the ā of āṅ inside the nipātana. 3602: the Subodhinī decides that ī replaces the i left after n-deletion in rathin. 3608: singular subject (jinvati). 3640: āhār jātavedā; "tādau" from SK 1325 per the Subodhinī. 3648: Subodhinī and Bhaṭṭoji analyse ṛdavagraha differently with the same result.

V.A. The last abhyāsa nipātanas of book 7 — running example: kṛṣ + yaṅ → (abhyāsa ka keeps its k; rīk) karīkṛṣyate

• 3595 kṛṣeś chandasi 7.4.64 — in chandas, the cutva of the abhyāsa before yaṅ does not occur for kṛṣ (na kavater yaṅi, SK 2641, cited at the end of 3594 for the anuvṛtti, Subodhinī). The abhyāsa ka would become ca by kuhoś cuḥ (SK 2245); here it stays k: karīkṛṣyate. Ordinary usage: carīkṛṣyate kṛṣīvalaḥ (Subodhinī).
• 3596 dādharti … āganīgantīti ca 7.4.65 — eighteen nipātanas, mostly yaṅluk or ślu forms with irregular abhyāsas:
• dādharti, dardharti, dardharṣi from dhṛṅ or dhāri.
• bobhūtu: yaṅluk loṭ of bhū with no guṇa. As a jñāpaka it shows guṇa in bhāṣā: bobhavīti (Subodhinī).
• tetikte: tij in yaṅluk with ātmanepada. alarṣi: ṛ, laṭ sip, l for r in the abhyāsa (against SK 2179) and no i (SK 2493): alarṣi yudhma; sip is not binding (alarti dakṣa uta).
• āpanīphaṇat (nīk), saṃsaniṣyadat (nik; ṣ for the root's s), karikrat (no cutva), kanikradat (luṅ, aṅ, nik; = akrandīt), bharibhrat (no jaśtva), davidhvataḥ (vik; ṛ lost), davidyutat (no saṃprasāraṇa; vik).
• taritrataḥ (rik), sarīsṛpatam (rīk; accusative), varīvṛjat (rīk), all śatṛ with ślu; marmṛjya (liṭ ṇal, ruk + yuk); āganīganti (āṅ + gam, ślu, nīk, no cutva): vakṣyantīved āganīganti karṇam.
• 3597 sasūveti nigame 7.4.74 — sū + liṭ (parasmaipada) → (vuk; a for the abhyāsa's u) sasūva: gṛṣṭiḥ sasūva sthaviram. Bhāṣā suṣuve. Subodhinī: it belongs among the forms of 3596.
• 3598 bahulaṃ chandasi 7.4.78 — in the Veda, i variously for the abhyāsa (the it of SK 2496). vaś + laṭ tip → (ślu; doubling) va-vaś → (i) vi-vaś → (ṣ by SK 294; ṣṭutva) vivaṣṭi: pūrṇāṃ vivaṣṭi. [End of adhyāya 7.]

V.B. Book 8 opens: doubling for the metre, and the Vedic stems before matup and gha — running example: akṣi + matup → (anaṅ) akṣan-mat → (n lost; nuṭ, asiddha) akṣaṇ-vat → akṣaṇvantaḥ

• 3599 prasamupodaḥ pādapūraṇe 8.1.6 — pra, sam, upa, ud are doubled (sarvasya dve, SK 2139) to fill the pāda: pra prāyam agniḥ, saṃsam id yuvase, upopa me parā mṛśa, kiṃ nod ud u harṣase. The doubling adds no meaning (Subodhinī). [Heading: adhyāya 8.]
• 3600 chandasīraḥ 8.2.15 — in the Veda, after an i-vowel or r, v for the m of matup (from SK 1897): hari + matup → harivat, dative harivate haryaśvāya; gir + matup → (v; lengthening, SK 433) gīrvān.
• 3601 ano nuṭ 8.2.16 — after an an-final stem, matup takes the augment nuṭ. With akṣi: anaṅ (SK 322 via SK 3575), the stem's n is lost, then nuṭ comes (asiddha, so it does not block v for m) with ṇatva: akṣaṇvantaḥ; asthanvantaṃ yad anasthā. karṇavantaḥ in the same pāda is not an instance.
• 3602 nād ghasya 8.2.17 — after an n-final stem, gha (tarap, tamap; SK 2003) takes nuṭ: supathin + tarap → (n lost; nuṭ) supathintaraḥ.
• Vārttika: after bhūridāvan, tuṭ for gha: bhūridāvan + tarap → (n lost; tuṭ) bhūridāvattaro janaḥ.
• Vārttika: ī for rathin: rathin + tarap → (n lost) rathi- → (ī for the i) rathītaraḥ, rathītamaṃ rathīnām. The Subodhinī rejects ī as a replacement of the n (it would be asiddha and block the single substitute).

V.C. Vedic niṣṭhā nipātanas, and ru-or-r for amnas, ūdhas, avas and bhuvas — running example: amnas eva → (ru → y → lost) amna eva / (r) amnar eva

• 3603 nasattaniṣattānuttapratūrtasūrtagūrtāni chandasi 8.2.61 — nipātanas. For sad with nañ or ni, the niṣṭhā keeps its t (no n by SK 3016): nasattam añjasā, niṣattam asya carataḥ (bhāṣā asannam, niṣaṇṇam). Also anuttam (und; bhāṣā anunnam), pratūrtam (tvar or turvī), sūrtam (sṛ), gūrtam (gurī; bhāṣā gūrṇam).
• 3604 amnarūdharavarityubhayathā chandasi 8.2.70 — amnas, ūdhas, avas take either ru or r for their final. Since ru is already due by SK 162, the rule is for r (Subodhinī). With ru → y (SK 167) → lost (SK 67): amna eva, ūdha eva, ava eva. With r: amnar eva, ūdhar eva, avar eva.
• 3605 bhuvaś ca mahāvyāhṛteḥ 8.2.71 — the same for bhuvas as the middle mahāvyāhṛti (the indeclinable for the mid-region): bhuva iti (ru), bhuvar iti (r). Not the verb in bhuvo viśveṣu bhuvaneṣu (Subodhinī).

V.D. The udātta pluta in ritual and dialogue — running example: ye yajāmahe → (ṭi e pluta, udātta by SK 93) ye3 yajāmahe; akārṣaṃ hi → akārṣaṃ hi3

Accent: every pluta in this group is udātta, from pluta udāttaḥ (SK 93). The udātta syllable is the pluta itself (yé3, hí3, …). The rest of each sentence keeps its own accent, which the units do not mark.

• 3606 om abhyādāne 8.2.87 — om is pluta at a commencement: o3m agnim īḷe purohitam; the udātta is the pluta ó3. Only the vowel is prolated, so o3m is 3½ morae (Subodhinī, by acaś ca, SK 35). Counterexample: om ity ekākṣaram.
• 3607 ye yajñakarmaṇi 8.2.88 — in a sacrificial act, the word ye is pluta: ye3 yajāmahe (udātta yé3). Outside the rite: ye yajāmahe.
• 3608 praṇavaṣ ṭeḥ 8.2.89 — in a sacrificial act, om replaces the whole ṭi of the sentence. "ṭeḥ" is restated so that the substitute does not take only the final sound by SK 42: jinvati → (ṭi i → o3m) jinvato3m (the Subodhinī's reading; the kaumudī, = print, has apāṃ retāṃsi jivanto3m).
• 3609 yājyā 'ntaḥ 8.2.90 — of a yājyā mantra, only the ṭi of the last sentence is pluta: … havyavāham → havyavāhā3m (udātta hā́3m).
• 3610 brūhipreṣyaśrauṣaḍvauṣaḍāvahānām ādeḥ 8.2.91 — of brūhi, preṣya, śrauṣaṭ, vauṣaṭ, āvaha, the first vowel is pluta: agnaye 'nubrū3hi, pre3ṣya, astu śrau3ṣaṭ, vau3ṣaṭ, agnim ā3vaha.
• 3611 agnītpreṣaṇe parasya ca 8.2.92 — in the agnīdh's directive, the first vowel and the next are pluta: o śrāvaya → o3śrā3vaya.
• 3612 vibhāṣā pṛṣṭaprativacane heḥ 8.2.93 — in an answer, hi is optionally pluta: akārṣīḥ kaṭam? → akārṣaṃ hi3 / akārṣaṃ hi. Not in a non-answer (kaṭaṃ kariṣyati hi), nor with nanu (kaṭaṃ karoti nanu).
• 3613 nigṛhyānuyoge ca 8.2.94 — optionally, the ṭi of a sentence used to question someone after refuting him: adyāmāvāsyety āttha → āttha3.
• 3614 āmreḍitaṃ bhartsane 8.2.95 — in a threat, the doubled expression (the āmreḍita stands for both members) is pluta: dasyo3 dasyo3 ghātayiṣyāmi tvām, caura3 caura3.
• 3615 aṅgayuktaṃ tiṅ ākāṅkṣam 8.2.96 — in a threat, a tiṅanta with aṅga that expects more: aṅga kūja → aṅga kūja3, idānīṃ jñāsyasi jālma. Not a non-tiṅ (aṅga devadatta mithyā vadasi), not without expectancy (aṅga paca), not without a threat (aṅgādhīṣva, bhaktaṃ tava dāsyāmi).
• 3616 vicāryamāṇānām 8.2.97 — the ṭi of sentences under deliberation: hotavyaṃ dīkṣitasya gṛhā3i, na hotavya3m iti (gṛhe split by SK 3626, Subodhinī).
• 3617 pūrvaṃ tu bhāṣāyām 8.2.98 — in bhāṣā, only the first of the alternatives (a niyama, Subodhinī): ahir nu3 rajjur nu. So 3616 is for the Veda.
• 3618 pratiśravaṇe ca 8.2.99 — in acceptance, affirmation, readiness to listen: hanta te dadāmi3; nityaḥ śabdo bhavitum arhati3; datta kim āttha3.

V.E. The pluta's accent and shape: anudātta and svarita plutas, the split of ec, and y/v — running example: agnibhūte (end of a question) → (e = a+i; a → pluta ā, + i) agnibhūta3i (anudātta pluta); agna3i āśā → (i → y) agna3yāśā

• 3619 anudāttaṃ praśnāntābhipūjitayoḥ 8.2.100 — at the end of a question and in praise, a pluta already given by another rule (SK 95, 3624) is anudātta. It sets the accent only. In agamaḥ pūrvān grāmān agnibhūte paṭo the closing words become agnibhūta3i, paṭa3u, the pluta ta3, ṭa3 anudātta (unmarked). Praise: śobhanaḥ khalv asi māṇavaka3, the pluta ka3 anudātta.
• 3620 cid iti copamārthe prayujyamāne 8.2.101 — when cit is used for comparison, the sentence's ṭi becomes an anudātta pluta. Here pluta itself is prescribed (Subodhinī): agnicid bhāyāt → agnicid bhāyā3t (= agnir iva bhāyāt); the pluta yā3 is anudātta and falls on bhāyāt, not on cit. Not kathaṃcid āhuḥ (hardship), nor agnir māṇavako bhāyāt (cit not used).
• 3621 uparisvid āsīd iti ca 8.2.102 — in upari svid āsīt, the pluta that 3616 gives is anudātta: upári svid āsī3t. The udātta is pá; the pluta sī3 is anudātta (pracaya after the svarita ri). Contrast adháḥ svid āsī́3t, with udātta dhá and the pluta sī́3 udātta by 3616.
• 3622 svaritam āmreḍite 'sūyāsammatikopakutsaneṣu 8.2.103 — before an āmreḍita, in envy, approval, anger or contempt, the pluta is svarita (doubling by SK 2143). Envy: abhirūpaka3 abhirūpaka, riktaṃ te ābhirūpyam, with the first member's pluta svarita (abhirūpakà3). Approval: … śobhano 'si. Anger: avinītaka3 avinītaka. Contempt: śāktīka3 śāktīka.
• 3623 kṣiyāśīḥpraiṣeṣu tiṅ ākāṅkṣam 8.2.104 — in a breach of conduct, a wish or a direction, an expectant tiṅanta's ṭi becomes a svarita pluta: svayaṃ ha rathena yāti3 (yātì3), upādhyāyaṃ padātiṃ gamayati; putrāṃś ca lapsīṣṭa3 dhanaṃ ca tāta; kaṭaṃ kuru3 grāmaṃ gaccha. Not expectant: dīrghāyur asi, agnīd agnīn vihara. Kṣiyā has no counterexample, being always expectant (Subodhinī).
• 3624 anantyasyāpi praśnākhyānayoḥ 8.2.105 — in a question or narration, the ṭi of every pada, non-final as well, becomes a svarita pluta: question agamaḥ3 pūrvā3n grāmā3n (each pluta svarita, pūrvà3n grāmà3n); narration agama3m pūrvā3n grāmā3n.
• 3625 plutāv aica idutau 8.2.106 — where ai, au are due to be pluta, their i, u take the pluta: ai3tikāyana, au3pagava (pluta by SK 97, Subodhinī), four morae in all.
• 3626 eco 'pragṛhyasyādūrāddhūte pūrvasyārdhasyād uttarasyedutau 8.2.107 — in a pluta context other than a call from afar, a non-pragṛhya e/o splits: the first half becomes pluta ā, the latter i/u: agnibhūte → agnibhūta3i, paṭo → paṭa3u.
• Vārttika (parigaṇana): only at the end of a question, in praise, in deliberation, in a return greeting (SK 94) and at the end of a yājyā (SK 3609): agnibhūta3i, karoṣi paṭa3u, gṛha3i, āyuṣmān edhi agnibhūta3i, stomair vidhemāgnayā3i. Not viṣṇubhūte ghātayiṣyāmi tvām, so "adūrāddhūte" is redundant. "At a pada end" must be stated: not bhadraṃ karoṣi gauḥ. Not a pragṛhya: śobhane māle (SK 100).
• Vārttika: in chandas, also for an āmantrita where pluta is not otherwise due: agna3i patnīvaḥ.
• 3627 tayor yvāv aci saṃhitāyām 8.2.108 — those i, u become y, v before an ac, in saṃhitā: agna3i + āśā → agna3yāśā, paṭa3vāśā, agna3yindram, paṭa3vudakam. Not before a consonant (agnā3i varuṇau) or outside saṃhitā (agna3i indraḥ). Purpose: i/u are asiddha, and the rule shuts out savarṇadīrgha (SK 85) and Śākalya's rule (SK 91). Or, y/v being asiddha, it blocks the svarita of the yaṇ by udāttasvaritayor yaṇaḥ… (SK 3657). saṃhitāyām is an adhikāra to the end of the adhyāya.

V.F. ru for n: in the vocative, before chav and aṭ, and before pāyu — running example: harivan (sambuddhi) → (n → ru) harivaḥ → (u by SK 166) harivo medinam; devān acchā → (n → ru; ā nasalized) devā̃ acchā

• 3628 matuvaso ru sambuddhau chandasi 8.3.1 — in chandas, in the sambuddhi, the final n of a matup- or vasu-stem becomes ru (by SK 42): marutvan → marutva iha (indra marutva iha pāhi somam); harivo medinaṃ tvā. The v of harivaḥ is by SK 3600.
• 3629 dāśvān sāhvān mīḍhvāṃś ca 6.1.12 — dāśvān, sāhvān, mīḍhvān, kvasu forms, are nipātita. It is brought in "prasaṅgāt" (Subodhinī): mīḍhvas tokāya tanayāya is a kvasu sambuddhi with ru.
• Vārttika: van is to be included (in matuvasoḥ), covering kvanip and vanip alike: prātar + i + kvanip → (tuk) prātaritvan → (ru) prātaritvaḥ: yas tvāyantaṃ vasunā prātaritvaḥ.
• 3630 ubhayatharkṣu 8.3.8 — in the ṛcs, the n of naś chavy apraśān (SK 140) optionally becomes ru before a chav followed by an am: paśūn tān cakre → (n of tān → ru → visarga → s, SK 138) paśūn tāṃś cakre. The n of paśūn shows the option not taken (translator).
• 3631 dīrghād aṭi samānapāde 8.3.9 — an n after a long vowel optionally becomes ru before an aṭ, both in one pāda: devān acchā → devā̃ acchā sumatī, mahān indraḥ → mahā̃ indro ya ojasā (ā nasalized by 3632). Option not taken: ādityān yāciṣāmahe.
• 3632 āto 'ṭi nityam 8.3.3 — before an aṭ, the ā before ru is obligatorily nasal (against the option of SK 136): mahā̃ indraḥ. The Taittirīyas recite an anusvāra, which the prāñcaḥ call a Vedic vyatyaya, so the sūtra's purpose is "cintya". The Subodhinī: with a fixed-scope option, dropping the sūtra is much simpler.
• 3633 svatavān pāyau 8.3.11 — the n of svatavān optionally becomes ru before pāyu: svatavān pāyuḥ → bhuvas tasya svatavā̃ḥ pāyur agne. The num is by SK 3577 (Subodhinī).

V.G. s for visarga before ku and pu — running example: vācaḥ patim → (visarga → s before p, ṣaṣṭhī) vācas patim

• 3634 chandasi vā 'prāmreḍitayoḥ 8.3.49 — in chandas, visarga optionally becomes s before a ku or pu, except before pra and an āmreḍita: ṛtaḥ kaviḥ → agne trātar ṛtas kaviḥ; girir na viśvatas pṛthuḥ. "Not here": vasunaḥ pūrvyas patiḥ, read as the option not taken on vasunaḥ (translator). Excluded: agniḥ pra vidvān; paruṣaḥ paruṣaḥ (vīpsā doubling).
• 3635 kaḥkaratkaratikṛdhikṛteṣv anaditeḥ 8.3.50 — s for visarga before the kṛ-forms kaḥ, karat, karati, kṛdhi, kṛta, except that of aditi: pradivo apas kaḥ; vasyasas karat; supeśasas karati; uruṇas kṛdhi; nas kṛtam. Not: yathā no aditiḥ karat. The Subodhinī derives all five from kṛ (kaḥ = luṅ with luk of cli, SK 3402; kṛdhi with dhi by SK 3551).
• 3636 pañcamyāḥ parāv adhyarthe 8.3.51 — a fifth-case visarga becomes s before pari meaning "above": divaḥ pari → divas pari prathamaṃ jajñe. Not where pari means "all round": divas pṛthivyāḥ pary ojaḥ.
• 3637 pātau ca bahulam 8.3.52 — variously before pātu (a form of pā), still of a fifth-case word: sūryo no divas pātu. The Subodhinī records two views of pātau: it names the root, or it imitates the loṭ form.
• 3638 ṣaṣṭhyāḥ patiputrapṛṣṭhapārapadapayaspoṣeṣu 8.3.53 — a sixth-case visarga becomes s before pati, putra, pṛṣṭha, pāra, pada, payas, poṣa: vācas patim (aluk by SK 972), divas putrāya, divas pṛṣṭham, tamasas pāram, iḻas pade, divas payaḥ, rāyas poṣam.
• 3639 iḍāyā vā 8.3.54 — for iḍāyāḥ, optionally: iḻāyās putraḥ / iḻāyāḥ putraḥ, iḻāyās pade / iḻāyāḥ pade. The unit ends with the frame-quote nisas tapatāv anāsevane (SK 2403): niṣṭaptaṃ rakṣaḥ, but nistapati for repetition. It leads into the ṣ rules.

V.H. ṣ for s and ṇ for n — running example: tribhis tvam → (s → ṣ before t-initial yuṣmad; t → ṭ) tribhiṣ ṭvam; abhi su naḥ → (abhi lengthened, SK 3536) abhī su naḥ → (ṣ, 3644) abhī ṣu naḥ → (ṇ, 3649) abhī ṣu ṇaḥ

• 3640 yuṣmattattatakṣuḥṣv antaḥpādam 8.3.103 — within a pāda, s becomes retroflex before yuṣmad forms beginning with t (tvam, tvā, te, tava; "tādau" from SK 1325, Subodhinī), tat and tatakṣuḥ: tribhiṣ ṭvaṃ deva savitaḥ, tebhiṣ ṭvā, ābhiṣ ṭe, sadhiṣ ṭava, agniṣ ṭad viśvam, niṣ ṭatakṣuḥ. Not at a pāda's end: tad agnis tad aryamā; … agnis tat punar āhār jātavedā vicarṣaṇiḥ.
• 3641 yajuṣy ekeṣām 8.3.104 — in the Yajus, optionally (in the view of some): arcibhiṣ ṭvam / arcibhis tvam, agniṣ ṭe agram, arcibhiṣ ṭatakṣuḥ.
• 3642 stutastomayoś chandasi 8.3.105 — in chandas, the s of stuta and stoma optionally becomes ṣ after a conditioning sound: nṛbhiḥ stutasya → nṛbhiṣṭutasya / nṛbhiḥ stutasya; goṣṭomam / gostomam. Already given by 3643, so this is for elaboration. The "chandasi" is for the following rules (Subodhinī).
• 3643 pūrvapadāt 8.3.106 — an s after a conditioning sound in a prior word (any preceding word, Subodhinī) optionally becomes ṣ: divi sthaḥ → yad indrāgnī diviṣṭhaḥ; option not taken: yuvaṃ hi sthaḥ svarpatī.
• 3644 suñaḥ 8.3.107 — the s of the particle su (suñ) after a conditioning sound in the prior word becomes ṣ: ūrdhva ū ṣu ṇaḥ, abhī ṣu ṇaḥ (the length by SK 3536, the ṇ by 3649, Subodhinī).
• 3645 sanoter anaḥ 8.3.108 — the s of san becomes ṣ when san has lost its n: go + san + viṭ → (n → ā, SK 2982) go-sā → goṣāḥ: goṣā indo nṛṣā asi. With n kept, no ṣ: gosaniḥ (in, SK 3408).
• 3646 saheḥ pṛtanartābhyāṃ ca 8.3.109 — the s of sah after pṛtanā and ṛta: pṛtanāṣāham, ṛtāṣāham; by "ca" also ṛtīṣāham.
• 3647 nivyabhibhyo 'ḍvyavāye vā chandasi 8.3.119 — after ni, vi, abhi, with aṭ intervening, the ban "na" (SK 3168) holds optionally, so ṣ is optional: ni + a-sīdat → nyaṣīdat / nyasīdat, vyaṣīdat / vyasīdat, abhyaṣṭaut / abhyastaut (vṛddhi by SK 2443).
• 3648 chandasy ṛdavagrahāt 8.4.26 — in chandas, n after an avagraha ending in ṛ becomes ṇ (the no ṇaḥ of SK 235): nṛ-manāḥ → nṛmaṇāḥ, pitṛ-yānam → pitṛyāṇam. The Subodhinī: the ṛ is called avagraha because it is fit for it (ṇ is a saṃhitā operation).
• 3649 naś ca dhātusthoruṣubhyaḥ 8.4.27 — the n of nas (asmad's substitute) becomes ṇ after a conditioning sound in a dhātu, after uru and after ṣu: agne rakṣā ṇaḥ (r of rakṣ; length by SK 3537), śikṣā ṇo asmin; uru ṇas kṛdhi; abhī ṣu ṇaḥ, mo ṣu ṇaḥ. Not after the locative su: gṛheṣu naḥ (Subodhinī). [End of adhyāya 8; iti vaidikī prakriyā.]