60. Tiṅanta pratyayamālā-prakaraṇa — Verbs: garlands of affixes, and which part of a long root is doubled

This chapter is one short passage of Bhaṭṭoji's own prose. It has no sūtras. Bhaṭṭoji calls it the pratyayamālā, "the garland of affixes". It does two things. First, it asks which part is doubled when san is added to a long derived root, such as a root with yak or kyac. Second, it strings affixes one after another: yaṅ, then san, then ṇic, then san again. After this chapter you will be able to build kaṇḍūyiyiṣati from kaṇḍūya-. You will build the three desideratives of putrīya-: puputrīyiṣati, putitrīyiṣati, putrīyiyiṣati. You will know why indidrīyiṣati doubles d but not n. You will form piprāpayiṣati and its partners from priya "dear", and say why sisādhayiṣati keeps its s. Last, you will build the long chains bobhūyiṣayiṣati and bobhūyayiṣayati, one affix at a time.

Before you start

This passage uses the derived roots of chapters 54 to 59. Bring with you the following.

• From chapter 8 you know ādeśapratyayayoḥ (SK 212). It turns an s into ṣ after an iṇ sound or a velar. The s must be a substitute (ādeśa) or part of an affix (pratyaya), and not at the end of a word.
• From chapter 41 you know the substitutes that stems take before the superlative affix iṣṭhan. By SK 2016, pra replaces priya "dear" and var replaces uru "wide". By SK 2014, sādha replaces bāḍha "firm".
• From chapter 44 you know doubling. A single-vowelled part (ekāc) is doubled (SK 2175). In a root that begins with a vowel, the second such part is doubled (SK 2176). Sanyaṅoḥ (SK 2395) doubles a form ending in san or yaṅ, and the doubled part may take in sounds of the affix. The first copy is the abhyāsa (SK 2178). In it only the first consonant stays (SK 2179), the vowel is short (SK 2180), an aspirate loses its aspiration (SK 2182), and a becomes i before san (SK 2317).
• From chapter 44 you also know that SK 2177 says "of a root that is not an abhyāsa" (anabhyāsasya). One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators said there that this stops a second doubling when san follows a yaṅ-form. You know iṭ, the augment i (SK 2184), and that a form ending in san, ṇic, yaṅ, kyac or yak is itself a dhātu, a root (SK 2304). You know that a stem-final a is deleted before an ārdhadhātuka affix (ato lopaḥ, SK 2308).
• From chapter 45 you know na ndrāḥ saṃyogādayaḥ (SK 2446). An n, d or r that follows a vowel and heads a consonant cluster is not doubled: ūrṇunāva, undidiṣati.
• From chapter 53 you know the augment puk (SK 2570): sthāpayati.
• From chapter 54 you know the causative affix ṇic (SK 2576): bhū → bhāvi → bhāvayati. The i of ṇi takes guṇa (SK 2168), and e becomes ay before a vowel (SK 61).
• From chapter 55 you know the desiderative san (SK 2608): paṭh → pipaṭhiṣati. A stem in ṇi takes san with iṭ, and the ṇi then gives -ayiṣa: bibhāvayiṣati. You also met the verse at the end of that chapter: a desiderative san is not wanted after a form that already ends in a desiderative san.
• From chapter 56 you know the intensive yaṅ (SK 2629): bhū → bobhūya → bobhūyate.
• From chapter 58 you know the nominal roots. Kyac (SK 2657) with ī for a (SK 2658) gives putrīyati "he wishes for a son for himself". By the list-rule prātipadikād dhātvarthe bahulam iṣṭhavac ca (chapter 53, under SK 2573), ṇic comes after any noun stem, and the stem behaves as before iṣṭhan (iṣṭhavat). Chapter 58 gives the forms under SK 2677. So priya gives prāpayati, uru gives varayati and vārayati, and bāḍha gives sādhayati.
• From chapter 59 you know kaṇḍvādibhyo yak (SK 2678). It adds the affix yak to kaṇḍū "to rub the limbs" and the rest of its list: kaṇḍūyati.

The passage

Bhaṭṭoji's passage has six steps. The first four deal with long roots made with yak, kyac or ṇic after a noun. For each, san is added, and the question is which part is doubled. The last two steps build chains of three and four affixes on bhū. The passage ends: "Here ends the pratyayamālā."

Bhaṭṭoji's text Which part is doubled in long derived roots, and the chains yaṅ–san–ṇi–san and yaṅ–ṇic–san–ṇic

1. san after kaṇḍūya-: the third part is doubled

Bhaṭṭoji's heading is kaṇḍūyateḥ san, "san after kaṇḍūya-". Kaṇḍūya- is the root kaṇḍū with yak (SK 2678).

By sanyaṅoḥ (SK 2395), the first single-vowelled part of a san-form would be doubled. A vārttika changes this. A vārttika is a supplementary statement added to Pāṇini's rules. It says: "For kaṇḍū and the rest, [doubling] of the third [single-vowelled part] should be stated."

The desiderative of kaṇḍūyati:

kaṇḍūya + san (SK 2608); n is a marker → kaṇḍūya + sa

→ iṭ (SK 2184) → kaṇḍūya + i + sa

→ the a of ya is deleted before the ārdhadhātuka (SK 2308) → kaṇḍūy-isa

→ ṣ for the s of the affix after i (SK 212) → kaṇḍūyiṣa

→ count the vowels: a, ū, i, a. The parts are ka · ṇḍū · yi · ṣa

→ by the vārttika the third part, yi, is doubled → kaṇḍū yi yi ṣa

→ kaṇḍūyiyiṣa ends in san, so it is a dhātu (SK 2304)

→ laṭ, the ending tip, the class-sign śap, and one a for two (SK 191) → kaṇḍūyiyiṣati.

Notice that the doubled yi takes in the i of the augment. That is allowed because SK 2395 speaks of the whole san-form.

One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators, the Tattvabodhinī, adds two points.

• The vārttika also applies where a root of the list begins with a vowel, so that SK 2395 would double the second part.
• Kaṇḍū and the rest are roots in their own right, not nominal roots. So this vārttika does not depend on the free choice for nominal roots in point 2. That is why, the Tattvabodhinī says, Bhaṭṭoji finishes the nominal roots first (chapter 58) and teaches kaṇḍū and the rest separately after them (chapter 59). The same commentator rejects an older grammarian who tied the two together; scholars discuss this.

2. san after a kyac-root: any of the first three parts

Bhaṭṭoji's next heading is kyajantāt san, "san after a root ending in kyac". A second vārttika applies: yatheṣṭaṃ nāmadhātuṣu, "in nominal roots (nāmadhātu), as one wishes".

Bhaṭṭoji explains the vārttika. Any one of the first three single-vowelled parts may be doubled. But if the root begins with a vowel (ajādi), any of them except the first.

putrīya-, a consonant-initial root. Putrīya- is putra "son" with kyac (SK 2657–2658), as in putrīyati.

putrīya + san → iṭ → the a of ya is deleted (SK 2308) → ṣ (SK 212) → putrīyiṣa

→ the vowels are u, ī, i, a. The parts are pu · trī · yi · ṣa. Any of the first three may be doubled:

• pu doubled → pu putrīyiṣa → puputrīyiṣati;
• trī doubled; the abhyāsa keeps only t (SK 2179) and shortens ī (SK 2180) → pu ti trī yiṣa → putitrīyiṣati;
• yi doubled → putrī yi yiṣa → putrīyiyiṣati.

All three are correct.

aśvīya-, a vowel-initial root. Aśvīya- is the kyac-root of aśva "horse", built like putrīya-. The parts of aśvīyiṣa are a · śvī · yi · ṣa. The first, a, may not be doubled. So two forms remain:

• śvī doubled; the abhyāsa keeps ś and a short i → a śi śvī yiṣa → aśiśvīyiṣati;
• yi doubled → aśvīyiyiṣati.

3. indrīya- and candrīya-: n is not doubled, but d is

Before the next pair Bhaṭṭoji makes the reach of SK 2446 precise. That rule bars n, d and r at the head of a consonant cluster (saṃyoga) from doubling. Bhaṭṭoji says the bar holds only for the one that follows a vowel.

indrīya-. Bhaṭṭoji's heading is indrīyateḥ san, "san after indrīya-". This root is indra with kyac, and it begins with a vowel.

indrīya + san → iṭ, loss of a, ṣ → indrīyiṣa

→ the parts are i · ndrī · yi · ṣa. The first, i, may not be doubled.

• The second part is ndrī. Its n follows the vowel i, so it is not doubled. Its d does not follow a vowel, so the bar does not reach it. The part drī is doubled → in di drī yiṣa → indidrīyiṣati.
• Or the third part, yi, is doubled → indrīyiyiṣati.

Bhaṭṭoji sums up: either the part drī or the part yi is doubled. One of his commentators gives the reason for the n: it is not doubled because it follows a vowel.

candrīya-. This root is candra "moon" with kyac. It begins with a consonant, so all of the first three parts are open. The parts are ca · ndrī · yi · ṣa.

• ca doubled; a in the abhyāsa becomes i before san (SK 2317) → ci candrīyiṣa → cicandrīyiṣati;
• drī doubled, as with indrīya- → candidrīyiṣati;
• yi doubled → candrīyiyiṣati.

Watch out. In ndrī both n and d head a cluster: n heads ndr, and d heads dr. Only the n follows a vowel. So only the n is kept out, and the d goes into the doubled part.

4. priya, uru and bāḍha with ṇic, then san

Bhaṭṭoji now takes stems made with ṇic after a noun (chapter 58). He glosses the sense first: "he wishes to call [someone] dear (priya), or to prompt one who is calling [someone] dear". He gives one set of forms for both senses.

priya "dear". In chapter 58 you met prāpayati. The Tattvabodhinī, one of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators, gives the first step: before ṇi the stem behaves as before iṣṭhan, so pra replaces priya (SK 2016). The stem then becomes prāpi-, with vṛddhi and puk (SK 2570), exactly as in svāpayati (chapter 58). "Then doubling and the rest," the commentator says.

prāpi + san → iṭ → guṇa of the i of ṇi (SK 2168) and ay (SK 61) → ṣ (SK 212) → prāpayiṣa

→ the parts are prā · pa · yi · ṣa. This is a nominal root, so any of the first three may be doubled:

• prā doubled; the abhyāsa keeps p, shortens ā, and takes i for a (SK 2179, SK 2180, SK 2317) → pi prāpayiṣa → piprāpayiṣati;
• pa doubled; a in the abhyāsa becomes i before san (SK 2317) → prā pi payiṣa → prāpipayiṣati;
• yi doubled → prāpa yi yiṣa → prāpayiyiṣati.

uru "wide". Bhaṭṭoji continues in the same construction: "[so with] uru". Var replaces uru before iṣṭhan (SK 2016). The forms rest on the stem vāri- of vārayati (chapter 58). The parts of vārayiṣa are vā · ra · yi · ṣa:

• vivārayiṣati; vārirayiṣati; vārayiyiṣati. In the first two the abhyāsa takes i for a before san (SK 2317).

bāḍha "firm". By SK 2014 sādha replaces bāḍha, giving sādhayati (chapter 58). Bhaṭṭoji says only: "the three forms sisādhayiṣati and so on". The parts of sādhayiṣa are sā · dha · yi · ṣa.

• sā doubled → si sādhayiṣa → sisādhayiṣati.
• One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators also gives sādidhayiṣati. Here dha is doubled; the abhyāsa loses its aspiration (SK 2182), and its a becomes i before san (SK 2317).
• The third form, which neither Bhaṭṭoji nor his commentator writes out, doubles yi: sādhayiyiṣati, as in vārayiyiṣati.

No ṣ in sisādhayiṣati. Bhaṭṭoji adds: "But there is no ṣ", that is, no ṣatva. The s of the root part follows i of the abhyāsa, so one might expect SK 212. The printed text gives the reason: SK 212 requires an s that is itself a substitute or part of an affix. This s is neither. Here the substitute is the whole of sādha, which replaces bāḍha. The s is only a part of that substitute. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators says the same: the s is a part of a substitute (ādeśāvayava).

Watch out. Do not confuse sisādhayiṣati with siṣādhayiṣati, which you met under SK 2627 in chapter 55. Both are built on a ṇi-stem sādhi, and SK 2627 lets a ṇi-stem take ṣ after the abhyāsa. The difference lies in SK 212 itself. Here the s is only part of the substitute sādha, so SK 212 never reaches it, and its s stays.

5. The chain yaṅ, san, ṇi, san: bobhūyiṣayiṣati

Bhaṭṭoji's heading is yaṅsanṇyantāt san: "san after a root ending in yaṅ, san and ṇi", in that order. The root is bhū "to be, to become". Each affix makes a new dhātu (SK 2304), and the next affix is added to it.

bhū + yaṅ (SK 2629) → doubling (SK 2395) → bhū bhū ya → in the abhyāsa short u (SK 2180) and b for bh (SK 2182) → bu bhū ya → guṇa of the abhyāsa (SK 2630) → bobhūya, the intensive stem

→ + desiderative san (SK 2608) and iṭ (SK 2184) → bobhūya + i + sa

→ the a of ya is deleted (SK 2308); ṣ (SK 212) → bobhūyiṣa

→ + causative ṇic (SK 2576) → bobhūyiṣa + i

→ the final a is deleted (SK 2308) → bobhūyiṣi

→ + desiderative san and iṭ → bobhūyiṣi + i + sa

→ guṇa of the i of ṇi (SK 2168) and ay (SK 61); ṣ → bobhūyiṣayiṣa

→ laṭ, tip, śap, one a for two (SK 191) → bobhūyiṣayiṣati.

Read the form from the root outward: bo-bhū-y (yaṅ) -iṣ (san) -ay (ṇi) -iṣa (san) -ti.

As the form shows, no new doubling is made after the first. The abhyāsa bo- from yaṅ is the only one. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators ties this to the word anabhyāsasya in SK 2177, which must be kept for this purpose. The Bhāṣya, the great commentary on Pāṇini's rules, calls that word unnecessary, since a rule applies to a target only once. The commentator calls this a mere bold assertion (prauḍhivāda); scholars discuss this.

Watch out. The two *san*s here do not stand next to each other: ṇi comes between them. The verse at the end of chapter 55 excludes a desiderative san only after a form ending in a desiderative san. Here the base of the second san ends in ṇi, so the verse does not reach it.

6. The chain yaṅ, ṇic, san, ṇic: bobhūyayiṣayati

The last heading is yaṅṇicsannantāṇ ṇic: "ṇic after a root ending in yaṅ, ṇic and san".

bhū + yaṅ → bobhūya

→ + ṇic → the final a is deleted (SK 2308) → bobhūyi

→ + san and iṭ → guṇa and ay of the ṇi (SK 2168, SK 61); ṣ → bobhūyayiṣa

→ + ṇic → the final a is deleted → bobhūyayiṣi

→ laṭ, tip, śap → guṇa and ay of the last ṇi → bobhūyayiṣayati.

Read it from the root outward: bo-bhū-y (yaṅ) -ay (ṇi) -iṣ (san) -ay (ṇi) -a-ti.

Bhaṭṭoji writes "bobhūyayiṣayati and so on": the other lakāras follow in the usual way. The digital text used here drops one syllable and reads bobhūyayiṣati; the printed edition reads bobhūyayiṣayati, the form the heading requires, with ṇic last.

Terms used in this chapter

• pratyayamālā — "garland of affixes": a chain of affixes added one after another to a root.
• iṇ — the vowels other than a and ā, plus h, y, v, r, l (chapter 8).
• san — the desiderative affix sa, "wishes to" (SK 2608); the n is a marker.
• yak — the affix ya added in their own sense to kaṇḍū and the rest of its list (SK 2678).
• kyac — the affix ya added to a noun in the sense "wishes for, for oneself" (SK 2657).
• ṇic — the affix i of the causative (SK 2576), and of nominal roots by the list-rule prātipadikād dhātvarthe bahulam iṣṭhavac ca (chapter 53, under SK 2573).
• yaṅ — the affix ya of the intensive, for repeated or intense action (SK 2629).
• dhātu — a root; every form ending in one of these affixes is one (SK 2304).
• ekāc — a single-vowelled part of a form; doubling works on such parts (SK 2175).
• abhyāsa — the first copy made by doubling (SK 2178).
• vārttika — a supplementary statement added to Pāṇini's rules.
• iṭ — the augment i before an ārdhadhātuka affix beginning with certain consonants (SK 2184).
• ārdhadhātuka — the name of the affixes taught after a root other than the sārvadhātuka ones (SK 2187); san is one. A stem-final a is deleted before it (SK 2308).
• nāmadhātu — a nominal root: a root made from a noun, such as putrīya- or prāpi-.
• kaṇḍvādi — kaṇḍū and the rest: the list of roots that take yak (SK 2678).
• ajādi — beginning with a vowel.
• saṃyoga — a consonant cluster; its first sound is the saṃyogādi.
• iṣṭhan / iṣṭhavat — the superlative affix / "as before iṣṭhan": the stem takes the same substitutes before ṇi (the list-rule of chapter 53, under SK 2573; forms under SK 2677).
• vṛddhi / guṇa — the strong vowel grades ā, ai, au / a, e, o.
• puk — the augment p added to certain stems before ṇi (SK 2570).
• ṣatva — the substitution of ṣ for s (SK 212).
• ādeśa — a substitute: what replaces something else.
• ādeśāvayava — a part of a substitute, as the s of sādha.
• anabhyāsasya — "of what is not an abhyāsa": the word of SK 2177 that stops a second doubling.
• Bhāṣya — the great commentary on Pāṇini's rules.
• prauḍhivāda — a mere bold assertion: the Tattvabodhinī's word for the Bhāṣya's dismissal of anabhyāsasya.
• laṭ — the present tense; tip is the third-person singular (parasmaipada) ending, and śap the class-sign before it.
• parasmaipada — one of the two sets of nine endings; tip belongs to it.
• lakāra — one of the ten tense-and-mood affixes named with l: laṭ and the rest.

Summary