53. Tiṅanta curādi-prakaraṇa — Verbs: the roots of the cur class, which take ṇic in their own sense
This chapter walks the last of the ten classes of roots, the curādi: the roots that begin with cur "to steal". It runs from root 1534 cura to root 1943 tuttha, and with it the Dhātupāṭha, the list of roots, comes to an end. Every root of this class takes the affix ṇic in its own sense, so its present is corayati, not corati. After this chapter you will be able to form corayati and corayate, and the aorist acūcurat. You will know when a curādi root may drop its ṇic, as in cintati beside cintayati. You will meet the rules that adjust the reduplicated aorist of a ṇic-stem: apīpiḍat or apipīḍat, apaprathat, apīpṛthat or apaparthat, alulokat, ajīgaṇat or ajagaṇat. You will form the short-vowelled jñapayati and the two forms capayati and cayayati. You will handle the roots that end in a, such as katha: kathayati, acakathat. Last, you will see ṇic made from a noun, as in paṭayati and aśvayati, and the narrative form kaṃsaṃ ghātayati, "he tells of the killing of Kaṃsa". The chapter has only twelve sūtras, SK 2563 to SK 2574. Most of its length is the list of roots, which Bhaṭṭoji spreads among them.
Before you start
- From chapter 1 you know a dhātu, a root, and an it, a marker sound that is written but not kept. You know upadeśa, the form as first taught, and anuvṛtti, carrying a word forward from an earlier sūtra.
- From chapter 1 you know guṇa (a, e, o) and vṛddhi (ā, ai, au), and a laghu (light) vowel. From chapter 8 you know the upadhā, the penultimate sound, and SK 254: a vowel-final stem takes vṛddhi before an affix marked with ñ or ṇ.
- From chapter 3 you know SK 50, acaḥ parasmin pūrvavidhau. A substitute for a vowel, caused by what follows, is treated like the original vowel when an operation on what precedes is in question. In this chapter a deleted a still "counts" by this rule.
- From chapter 11 you know SK 358: the h of han becomes gh before an affix marked with ñ or ṇ. You know SK 415: the penultimate n of a stem not marked with i is lost before an affix marked with k or ṅ.
- From chapter 44 you know the verb machinery: the lakāras, the two sets of endings (parasmaipada, ātmanepada), śap, and the ārdhadhātuka affixes. You know SK 2189, guṇa of a light penultimate vowel. You know SK 2304, sanādyantā dhātavaḥ: a form ending in an affix such as ṇic is itself a dhātu. You know SK 2308, ato lopaḥ: the a of a stem is lost before an ārdhadhātuka affix.
- From chapter 44 you know the reduplicated aorist of a stem ending in ṇi (SK 2312–2318). Caṅ replaces cli; the ṇi is lost; the penultimate vowel is shortened; the root is doubled. The first copy, the abhyāsa, is then treated as if the affix san followed it (sanvadbhāva). This happens only when a light syllable follows the abhyāsa and the stem has not lost an ak before ṇi (SK 2316). The abhyāsa then takes i for a (SK 2317), and a light vowel in it is lengthened (SK 2318). The stem kāmi gave
acīkamata. Almost every sūtra in this chapter adjusts this frame. - From chapter 44 you also know the mit roots of the ghaṭādi list, which keep a short vowel before ṇi, and the list-rules that made all roots ending in am mit.
- Chapters 45 to 52 walked the other eight classes: adādi, juhotyādi, divādi, svādi, tudādi, rudhādi, tanādi and kryādi. This chapter often sends a form to one of them: "hinasti belongs to the rudhādi", "mṛṣyati to the divādi". It also cites a few of their rules, such as SK 2446 (no doubling of n, d, r at the head of a cluster), SK 2438, SK 2506 and SK 2509.
A. cur: ṇic in the root's own sense, ātmanepada for the ṇic-stem, and optional ṇic for i-marked roots — running example: cur + ṇic → cor-i → corayati / corayate; acūcurat
This group sets up the class. SK 2563 adds the affix ṇic after every root of the class, in the root's own meaning. The stem cor-i is then a root in its own right, and takes all the lakāras. SK 2564 gives that stem the ātmanepada endings when the fruit of the action goes to the agent. So cur has corayati and corayate, and the aorist acūcurat. Then comes the root citi "to remember". Its marker i shows that ṇic is not always obligatory: beside cintayati there is cintati.
SK 2563 · सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच् · satyāpapāśarūpavīṇātūlaślokasenālomatvacavarmavarṇacūrṇacurādibhyo ṇic (A 3.1.25)
सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच्
satyāpapāśarūpavīṇātūlaślokasenālomatvacavarmavarṇacūrṇacurādibhyo ṇic · A 3.1.25
{$ {!1534 चुर!} स्तेये$} ॥
एभ्यो णिच् स्यात् । चूर्णान्तेभ्यः । (गणसूत्रम् -) प्रातिपदिकाद्धात्वर्थे इत्येव सिद्धे तेषामिह ग्रहणं प्रपञ्चार्थम् । चुरादिभ्यस्तु स्वार्थे । पुगन्त-SK 2189 इति गुणः । सनाद्यन्ताः - SK 2304 इति धातुत्वम् । तिप्शबादि । गुणायादेशौ । चोरयति ॥
Rule. The affix ṇic comes after twelve words: satyāpa, pāśa, rūpa, vīṇā, tūla, śloka, senā, loman, tvaca, varman, varṇa and cūrṇa. It also comes after cur and the other roots of this class, the curādi. Of ṇic only i is added.
After the curādi roots, ṇic comes in the root's own sense (svārthe). It adds no meaning: corayati means "he steals", as the root does.
Example.
root 1534 cura "in stealing" (steye)
→ cur + ṇic → cur-i
→ ṇic is ārdhadhātuka, so the light penultimate u takes guṇa (SK 2189) → cor-i
→ cor-i ends in ṇic, so it is a dhātu (SK 2304)
→ the ending tip and the class-sign śap → cor-i + a + ti
→ guṇa of the i, and ay for the e before a vowel → corayati.
Applies when / blocked by. The word "after a root" (dhātoḥ) is carried forward from SK 2629, which is taught much later. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators draws a consequence. Ṇic is taught after a root, so it is an ārdhadhātuka affix. That is why the root vowel takes guṇa before it.
Why name the twelve words at all? A list-rule (gaṇasūtra) in this chapter, prātipadikād dhātvarthe (under SK 2573), already gives ṇic after any noun stem in the sense of a verb. So the twelve are named only for elaboration (prapañcārtham), Bhaṭṭoji says. One of his commentators adds that satyāpa is named, not satya, for the sake of the augment āpuk: satyāpayati.
Watch out. This ṇic is not the causative. "He makes someone steal" uses another ṇic, the ṇic of the hetu or prompter, taught from SK 2576 (hetumati ca) in the next chapter. The curādi ṇic is simply part of the root.
SK 2564 · णिचश्च · ṇicaś ca (A 1.3.74)
णिचश्च
ṇicaśca · A 1.3.74
णिजन्तादात्मनेपदं स्यात् कर्तृगामिनि क्रियाफले । चोरयते । चोरयामास । चोरयिता । चोर्यात् । चोरयिषीष्ट । णिश्रि - SK 2312 इति चङ् । णौ चङि - SK 2314 इति ह्रस्वः । द्वित्वम् । हलादिः शेषः SK 2179 । दीर्घो लघोः SK 2318 इत्यभ्यासदीर्घः । अचूचुरत् । अचूचुरत ।{$ {!1535 चिति!} स्मृत्याम्$} । चिन्तयति । अचिचिन्तत् । चिन्तेति । पठितव्ये इदित्करणं णिचः पाक्षिकत्वे लिङ्गम् । तेन चिन्त्यात् । चिन्त्यते इत्यादौ नलोपो न । चिन्तति । चिन्तेत् । एतच्च ज्ञापकं सामान्यापेक्षमित्येके । अत एकहल् - SK 2260 इत्यत्र वृत्तिकृता जगाण जगणतुरित्युदाहृतत्वात् विशेषापेक्षमित्यपरे । अत एव (गणसूत्रम् -) आधृषाद्वा इत्यस्य न वैयर्थ्यम् ।{$ {!1536 यत्रि!} संकोचे$} । यन्त्रयति । यन्त्रेति पठितुं शक्यम् । यत्तु इदित्करणाद्यन्त्रतीति माधवेनोक्तं तच्चिन्त्यम् । एवं कुद्रितत्रिमत्रिषु ।{$ {!1537 स्फुडि!} परिहासे$} । स्फुण्डयति । इदित्करणात् । स्फुण्डति । स्फुटीति पाठान्तरम् । स्फुण्टयति ।{$ {!1538 लक्ष!} दर्शनाङ्कनयोः$} ।{$ {!1539 कुद्रि!} अनृतभाषणे$} । कुन्द्रयति ।{$ {!1540 लड!} उपसेवायाम्$} । लाडयति ।{$ {!1541 मिदि!} स्नेहने$} । मिन्दयति । मिन्दति ।{$ {!1542 ओलडि!} उत्क्षेपणे$} । ओलण्डयति । ओलण्डति । ओकार इदित्येके । लण्डयति । लण्डति । उकारादिरयमित्यन्ये । उलण्डयति ।{$ {!1543 जल!} अपवारणे$} । लज इत्येके ।{$ {!1544 पीड!} अवगाहने$} । पीडयति ॥
Rule. After a stem ending in ṇic, the ātmanepada endings come when the fruit of the action goes to the agent. "Ātmanepada" is carried forward from SK 2157, and "when the fruit goes to the agent" from SK 2158. Otherwise the parasmaipada endings come (SK 2159). So every curādi root takes both sets of endings, unless it is marked otherwise.
Example.
cor-i + laṭ, fruit for the agent → corayate "he steals (for himself)".
Other lakāras: liṭ corayāmāsa; luṭ corayitā; āśīrliṅ coryāt, with the ṇi lost by SK 2313; ātmanepada āśīrliṅ corayiṣīṣṭa.
The aorist, luṅ, follows the frame of chapter 44:
cor-i + luṅ → caṅ in place of cli (SK 2312) → cor-i + a + t
→ the ṇi is lost (SK 2313) → cor a t
→ the penultimate o is shortened (SK 2314) → cur a t
→ doubling → cur cur a t
→ only the first consonant stays in the abhyāsa (SK 2179) → cu cur a t
→ a light vowel follows the abhyāsa, so its u is lengthened (SK 2318) → cū cur a t
→ the augment a → acūcurat; ātmanepada acūcurata.
Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji names only dīrgho laghoḥ (SK 2318) for the long ū. One of his commentators stresses the point you met in chapter 44. The lengthening arises where sanvadbhāva holds, but it does not itself depend on sanvadbhāva.
Roots listed after this rule.
- 1535 citi "in remembering":
cintayati, aorist acicintat. The root ought to have been read as cinta. Bhaṭṭoji says its i-marker is a sign (liṅga) that ṇic is optional (pākṣika) for it. - Why a sign? Without ṇic, the penultimate n would be lost by SK 415 in
cintyāt and cintyate. The i-marker blocks that loss. But if ṇic were always present, the marker would have nothing to block. So the ṇic-less forms exist: cintyāt, cintyate, and also cintati, cintet. - One of his commentators puts the objection sharply. Without such a sign, a curādi form without ṇic would be as unreal as a hare's horn.
- How far does this sign reach? Some say it shows ṇic is optional for all curādi roots. They cite the Vṛtti, which gives
jagāṇa, jagaṇatuḥ from gaṇa under SK 2260. Others say it covers citi only. On that view the later list-rule ā dhṛṣād vā, "optionally, up to dhṛṣ" (under SK 2572), is not useless. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators take the second view. - 1536 yatri "in contracting":
yantrayati. It could have been read as yantra. Here the i is merely useless. The n is not penultimate, so no rule could remove it anyway. Mādhava gave a ṇic-less yantrati "because of the i"; Bhaṭṭoji calls that questionable. Kudri, tatri and matri are the same. - 1537 sphuḍi "in joking":
sphuṇḍayati, and, because of the i, sphuṇḍati. A variant reads sphuṭi: sphuṇṭayati. - 1539 kudri "in speaking untruth":
kundrayati. 1540 laḍa "in fond attendance": lāḍayati. 1541 midi "in being affectionate": mindayati, mindati. - 1542 olaḍi "in throwing up":
olaṇḍayati, olaṇḍati. Some take the o as an it-marker: laṇḍayati, laṇḍati. Others say the root begins with u: ulaṇḍayati. - 1543 jala "in warding off"; some read laja. 1544 pīḍa "in pressing":
pīḍayati. Its aorist needs the next rule.
Watch out. Not every i-marker on a curādi root is such a sign. In yatri the i protects nothing, so it proves nothing. Ask whether the marker would have work to do without ṇic.
B. The caṅ-aorist: optional shortening, a in the abhyāsa, ṛ for a penultimate ṛ — running example: pīḍ-i + caṅ → apīpiḍat / apipīḍat; prath-i + caṅ → apaprathat; pṛth-i + caṅ → apīpṛthat / apaparthat
These three rules adjust the aorist frame of chapter 44. SK 2565 makes the shortening of the penultimate optional for seven roots, pīḍ among them: apīpiḍat or apipīḍat. SK 2566 puts a, not i, in the abhyāsa of seven roots, prath among them: apaprathat. SK 2567 lets a penultimate ṛ stay ṛ before caṅ: apīpṛthat, or else apaparthat. Between them Bhaṭṭoji walks roots 1545 to 1625.
SK 2565 · भ्राजभासभाषदीपजीवमीलपीडामन्यतरस्याम् · bhrājabhāsabhāṣadīpajīvamīlapīḍām anyatarasyām (A 7.4.3)
भ्राजभासभाषदीपजीवमीलपीडामन्यतरस्याम्
bhrājabhāsabhāṣadīpajīvamīlapīḍāmanyatarasyām · A 7.4.3
एषामुपाधाया ह्रस्वो वा स्याच्चङ्परे णौ । अपीपिडत् । अपिपीडत् ।{$ {!1545 नट!} अवस्कन्दने$} । अवस्कन्दनं नाट्यम् ।{$ {!1546 श्रथ!} प्रयत्ने$} । प्रस्थान इत्येके ।{$ {!1547 बध!} संयमने$} । बाधयति । बन्धेति चान्द्रः ।{$ {!1548 पॄ!} पूरणे$} । पारयति । दीर्घोच्चारणं णिचः पाक्षिकत्वे लिङ्गम् । तद्धि सेट्कत्वाय । एवं च पृणातिपिपर्तिभ्यां परितेत्यादिसिद्धावपि परति परत इत्यादिसिद्धिः फलम् ।{$ {!1549 ऊर्ज!} बलप्राणनयोः$} ।{$ {!1550 पक्ष!} परिग्रहे$} ।{$ {!1551 वर्ण!} {!1552 चूर्ण!} प्रेरणे$} । (गणसूत्रम् -) वर्ण वर्णन इत्येके ।{$ {!1553 प्रथ!} प्रख्याने$} । प्राथयति । नान्ये मितोऽहेताविति वक्ष्यमाणत्वान्नास्य मित्त्वम् ॥
Rule. For bhrāj, bhās, bhāṣ, dīp, jīv, mīl and pīḍ, the penultimate vowel is optionally (anyatarasyām) shortened before a ṇi that has caṅ after it. The rest of the wording, ṇau caṅy upadhāyā hrasvaḥ, is carried forward from SK 2314. For other roots that shortening is obligatory.
Example.
pīḍ-i + luṅ → caṅ, and the ṇi is lost → pīḍ a t
With the shortening:
→ piḍ a t → doubling → pi piḍ a t
→ a light vowel follows the abhyāsa, so sanvadbhāva holds and SK 2318 lengthens → pī piḍ a t
→ apīpiḍat.
Without the shortening:
→ doubling → pi pīḍ a t
→ the long ī is not light, so there is no lengthening
→ apipīḍat.
Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators read the two forms as mirror images. In apīpiḍat the second syllable is short and the first long. In apipīḍat the second is long and the first short.
Roots listed after this rule.
- 1545 naṭa "in avaskandana": Bhaṭṭoji glosses avaskandana as nāṭya, dramatic representation.
- 1546 śratha "in effort"; some read "in setting out". 1547 badha "in restraining":
bādhayati. The Cāndra grammar reads bandha. - 1548 pṝ "in filling":
pārayati. Bhaṭṭoji says the long ṝ is a sign that ṇic is optional for this root. A long ṝ only serves to make the root take the augment iṭ (seṭ). Forms like paritā already come from the other roots pṝ, pṛṇāti and piparti. So the gain is the ṇic-less parati, parate. Whether the long vowel really proves this, scholars discuss this. - 1549 ūrja "in strength and in living". Bhaṭṭoji gives no forms. One of his commentators gives two aorists,
aurjijat and aurjījat, by the two construals of SK 2316 met in chapter 44. - 1550 pakṣa "in taking hold". 1551 varṇa, 1552 cūrṇa "in impelling". Some read varṇa "in describing".
- 1553 pratha "in proclaiming":
prāthayati, with vṛddhi. It is not mit, Bhaṭṭoji says, because of nānye mito 'hetau (under SK 2570). One of his commentators explains the doubt. Pratha is in the ghaṭādi, which are mit. But that mit root, with the causative ṇic, gives prathayati; the curādi root does not.
Watch out. "Optional" here means the shortening, not the doubling. Both forms are doubled. What changes is whether a light vowel follows the abhyāsa, and so whether it is lengthened.
SK 2566 · अत् स्मृदॄत्वरप्रथम्रदस्तॄस्पशाम् · at smṛdṝtvaraprathamradastṝspaśām (A 7.4.95)
अत् स्मृदॄत्वरप्रथम्रदस्तॄस्पशाम्
at smṛdṝtvaraprathamradastṝspaśām · A 7.4.95
एषामभ्यासस्य अकारोऽन्तादेशः स्याच्चङ्परे णौ । इत्वापवादः । अपप्रथत् ।{$ {!1554 पृथ!} प्रक्षेपे$} । पर्थयति ॥
Rule. For smṛ, dṝ, tvar, prath, mrad, stṝ and spaś, a replaces the final vowel of the abhyāsa before a ṇi that has caṅ after it. "Of the abhyāsa" comes from SK 2620, and "that has caṅ after it" from SK 2316. The rule is an exception (apavāda) to the i of SK 2317.
Example.
prāth-i + luṅ → caṅ, the ṇi lost, the ā shortened (SK 2314) → prath a t
→ doubling, first consonant kept → pa prath a t
→ sanvadbhāva would give i (SK 2317); this rule gives a instead → pa prath a t
→ the a of pa stands before the cluster pr, so it is heavy, and is not lengthened
→ apaprathat.
Applies when / blocked by. Between the abhyāsa pa and the light a of prath stand two consonants, p and r. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators draws a lesson from this rule. Sanvadbhāva holds even when several consonants intervene. Otherwise there would be no i here for this rule to replace, and the rule would be pointless.
Roots listed after this rule. 1554 pṛtha "in throwing": parthayati, with guṇa of the light penultimate ṛ before ṇic. Its aorist needs the next rule.
Watch out. This rule changes only the vowel of the abhyāsa. It does not stop the doubling, and it does not touch the root syllable.
SK 2567 · उर्ऋत् · ur ṛt (A 7.4.7)
उर्ऋत्
urṛt · A 7.4.7
उपधाया ऋवर्णस्य स्थाने ऋत्स्याद्वा चङ्परे णौ । इररारामपवादाः । अपीपृथत् । अपपर्थत् । पथ इत्येके । पाथयति ।{$ {!1555 षम्ब!} सम्बन्धने$} । सम्बयति- अससम्बत् ।{$ {!1556 शम्ब!} च$} । अशशम्बत् । साम्ब इत्येके ।{$ {!1557 भक्ष!} अदने$} ।{$ {!1558 कुट्ट!} छेदनभर्त्सनयोः$} । पूरण इत्येके । कुट्टयति ।{$ {!1559 पुट्ट!} {!1560 चुट्ट!} अल्पीभावे$} ।{$ {!1561 अट्ट!} {!1562 षुट्ट!} अनादरे$} । अट्टयति । अयं दोपधः । ष्टुत्वस्यासिद्धत्वात् नन्द्राः - SK 2246 इति निषेधः । आट्टिटत् ।{$ {!1563 लुण्ठ!} स्तेये$} । लुण्ठति । लुण्ठतीति । लुठि स्तेये इति भौवादिकस्य ।{$ {!1564 शठ!} {!1565 श्वठ!} असंस्कारगत्योः$} । श्वठि इत्येके ।{$ {!1566 तुजि!} {!1567 पिजि!} हिंसाबलादाननिकेतनेषु $}। तुञ्जयति । पिञ्जयति । इदित्करणात्तुञ्जति । पिञ्जति । तुज पिजेति केचित् । लजि लुजि इत्येके ।{$ {!1568 पिस!} गतौ$} । पेसयति । पेसतीति तु शपि गतम् ।{$ {!1569 षान्त्व!} सामप्रयोगे$} ।{$ {!1570 श्वल्क!} {!1571 वल्क!} परिभाषणे$} ।{$ {!1572 ष्णिह!} स्नहने$} । स्फिट इत्येके ।{$ {!1573 स्मिट!} अनादरे$} । अषोपदेशत्वान्न षः । असिस्मिटत् । ष्मिङ् अनादर इत्येके । ङित्त्वस्यावयवेऽचरितार्थत्वाण्णिजन्तात्तङ् । स्माययते ।{$ {!1574 श्लिष!} श्लेषणे$} ।{$ {!1575 पथि!} गतौ$} । पन्थयति । पन्थति ।{$ {!1576 पिच्छ!} कुट्टने$} ।{$ {!1577 छदि!} संवरणे$} । छन्दयति । छन्दति ।{$ {!1578 श्रण!} दाने$} । प्रायेणायं विपूर्वः । विश्राणयति ।{$ {!1579 तड!} आघाते$} । ताडयति ।{$ {!1580 खड!} {!1581 खडि!} {!1582 कडि!} भेदने$} । खाडयति । खण्डयति । खण्डति । कण्डयति । कण्डति ।{$ {!1583 कुडि!} रक्षणे$} ।{$ {!1584 गुडि!} वेष्टने$} । रक्षण इत्येके । कुठि इत्यन्ये । अवकुण्ठयति अकुण्ठति । गुठि इत्यपरे ।{$ {!1585 खुडि!} खण्डने$} ।{$ {!1586 वटि!} विभाजने$} । वडि इत्येके ।{$ {!1587 मडि!} भूषायां हर्षे च$} ।{$ {!1588 भडि!} कल्याणे$} ।{$ {!1589 छर्द!} वमने$} ।{$ {!1590 पुस्त!} {!1591 बुस्त!} आदरानादरयोः$} ।{$ {!1592 चुद!} संचोदने {!1593 नक्क!} {!1594 धक्क!} नाशने$} । णोपदेशलक्षणे पर्युदस्तोऽयम् । प्रनक्कयति ।{$ {!1595 चक्क!} {!1596 चुक्क!} व्यथने$} ।{$ {!1597 क्षल!} शौचकर्मणि$} ।{$ {!1598 तल!} प्रतिष्ठायाम्$} ।{$ {!1599 तुल!} उन्माने$} । तोलयति । लोलयामास । अतूतुलत् । कथं तुलयति तुलना इत्यादि । तुलोपमाभ्याम् - SK 630 इति निपातनादङन्तस्य तुलाशब्दस्य सिद्धौ ततो णिच् ।{$ {!1600 दुल!} उत्क्षेपणे$} । दोलयति । दोलयामास । अदूदुलत् ।{$ {!1601 पुल!} महत्त्वे$} ।{$ {!1602 चुल!} समुच्छ्राये$} ।{$ {!1603 मूल!} रोहणे$} ।{$ {!1604 कल!} {!1605 बिल!} क्षेपे$} । कालयति ।{$ {!1606 बिल!} भेदने$} ।{$ {!1607 तिल!} स्नेहने$} ।{$ {!1608 चल!} भृतौ$} ।{$ {!1609 पाल!} रक्षणे$} ।{$ {!1610 लूष!} हिंसायाम्$} ।{$ {!1611 शुल्ब!} माने$} ।{$ {!1612 शूर्प!} च$} ।{$ {!1613 चुट!} छेदने$} ।{$ {!1614 मुट!} संचूर्णने$} ।{$ {!1615 पडि!} {!1616 पसि!} नाशने$} । पण्डयति । पण्डति । पंसयति । पंसति ।{$ {!1617 व्रज!} {!1618 मार्ग!} संस्कारगत्योः$} ।{$ {!1619 शुल्क!} अतिस्पर्शने$} ।{$ {!1620 चपि!} गत्याम्$} । चम्पयति । चम्पति ।{$ {!1621 क्षपि!} क्षान्त्याम्$} । क्षम्पयति । क्षम्पति ।{$ {!1622 छजि!} कृच्छ्रजीवने$} ।{$ {!1623 श्वर्त!} गत्याम्$} ।{$ {!1624 श्वभ्र!} च$} ।{$ {!1625 ज्ञप!} मिच्च $}। अयं ज्ञाने ज्ञापने च वर्तते ॥
Rule. Before a ṇi that has caṅ after it, a penultimate ṛ-vowel is optionally replaced by ṛ. "Optionally" (vā) comes from SK 2589, taught later, and "before a caṅ-followed ṇi, of the penultimate" from SK 2314. The rule is the exception to ir, ār and ar.
Example.
pṛth "to throw", luṅ.
With ṛ:
→ the guṇa due before ṇic is set aside; ṛ stays → pṛth a t
→ doubling → pṛth pṛth a t
→ the ṛ of the abhyāsa becomes a (SK 2244), first consonant kept → pa pṛth a t
→ a light vowel follows: i by sanvadbhāva → pi pṛth a t
→ lengthening (SK 2318) → apīpṛthat.
Without ṛ:
→ doubling comes first → pṛth pṛth a t → pa pṛth a t
→ guṇa of the root's ṛ before ṇic → pa parth a t
→ no light vowel follows, so neither i nor lengthening
→ apaparthat.
Applies when / blocked by. Why replace ṛ by ṛ? Bhaṭṭoji's commentators answer with the three things it prevents. In kṛt (SK 2571) the ṛ would become ir: compare acīkṛtat. In mṛj it would become ār. In pṛth it would become ar by guṇa. This rule sets each of these aside, optionally. Some read the root as patha: pāthayati.
Roots listed after this rule. The list runs from 1555 to 1625. The useful forms:
- 1555 ṣamba "in connecting":
sambayati, aorist asasambat. 1556 śamba: aśaśambat. - 1558 kuṭṭa "in cutting and reviling":
kuṭṭayati. - 1561 aṭṭa "in disregarding":
aṭṭayati. Bhaṭṭoji says the root's penultimate is really d. The change of that d to a retroflex (ṣṭutva) is asiddha, not yet in effect, when the root is doubled. So SK 2446 (na ndrāḥ saṃyogādayaḥ) stops the d, which heads a cluster, from being doubled. Only ṭi is doubled, and the aorist is āṭṭiṭat. One of his commentators adds that a root taught with ṭ would give the wrong āṭiṭṭat. - 1563 luṇṭha "in stealing":
luṇṭhayati. luṇṭhati belongs to the bhvādi root luṭhi. - 1566 tuji, 1567 piji:
tuñjayati, piñjayati; because of the i, also tuñjati, piñjati. - 1568 pisa "in going":
pesayati. pesati belongs to the root with śap. - 1573 smiṭa "in disregarding". It is not taught with ṣ (aṣopadeśa), so its s does not become ṣ:
asismiṭat. Some read ṣmiṅ. Its ṅ has no purpose in the bare root, which never appears without ṇic. So the ṅ gives the ātmanepada (taṅ) to the ṇic-stem: smāyayate. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators adds that this ātmanepada comes even when the fruit does not go to the agent. - 1575 pathi:
panthayati, panthati. 1577 chadi "in covering": chandayati, chandati. - 1578 śraṇa "in giving" mostly has vi before it:
viśrāṇayati. 1579 taḍa "in striking": tāḍayati. - 1580–1582 khaḍa, khaḍi, kaḍi "in breaking":
khāḍayati; khaṇḍayati, khaṇḍati; kaṇḍayati, kaṇḍati. Under 1584 some read kuṭhi: avakuṇṭhayati, avakuṇṭhati. - 1593 nakka "in destroying" is excluded from the roots taught with ṇ (ṇopadeśa). So pra does not make its n into ṇ:
pranakkayati. - 1599 tula "in weighing":
tolayati, tolayāmāsa, aorist atūtulat. How, then, tulayati and tulanā? They come from the noun tulā, which SK 630 establishes by its very wording (nipātana). Ṇic is then added to that noun. - 1600 dula "in throwing up":
dolayati, adūdulat. 1603 mūla: mūlayati. 1604 kala: kālayati. - 1615 paḍi, 1616 pasi:
paṇḍayati, paṇḍati; paṃsayati, paṃsati. 1620 capi: campayati, campati. 1621 kṣapi: kṣampayati, kṣampati. - 1617 vraja, 1618 mārga "in adorning and going". Bhaṭṭoji's commentators note that some take mārga as no separate root.
- 1625 jñapa "and it is mit" (mic ca). Bhaṭṭoji adds that it means both knowing and making known. Its mit status brings the next rule.
Watch out. Look at the list of i-marked roots: tuji, pathi, chadi, khaḍi, paḍi, capi and others. Each has a ṇic-less form beside its ṇic form, as citi did.
C. The mit roots jñapa … ciñ: shortening before ṇi, ā for ci, and puk — running example: jñap + ṇic → jñāp-i → jñap-i → jñapayati; ci + ṇic → cā-i → cāp-i → cap-i → capayati, or without ā cāy-i → cay-i → cayayati
Five roots of this stretch are mit: jñapa, yama, caha (or capa, or raha), bala and ciñ. They are called the jñapādi, "jñapa and the rest". SK 2568 shortens the penultimate vowel of a mit root before ṇi: jñapayati, not jñāpayati. SK 2569 lets ci and sphur take ā before ṇi. SK 2570 adds the augment puk (p) to a root ending in ā, among others. Together they give capayati. Without the ā, ci gives cayayati. A list-rule then denies mit status to every other curādi root.
SK 2568 · मितां ह्रस्वः · mitāṃ hrasvaḥ (A 6.4.92)
मितां ह्रस्वः
mitāṃ hrasvaḥ · A 6.4.92
मितामुपधायाह्रस्वः स्याण्णौ परे । ज्ञपयति ।{$ {!1626 यम!} परिवेषणे$} । चान्मित् । पिरवेषणमिह वेष्टनम् । न तु भोजनानापि वेष्टना । यमयति चन्द्रम् । परिवेष्टत इत्यर्थः ।{$ {!1627 चह!} परिकल्कने$} । चहयति । अचीचहत् । कथादौ वक्ष्यमाणस्य तु अदन्तात्वेनाग्लोपित्वाद्दीर्घसन्वद्भावौ न । अचचहत् । चप इत्येके । चपयति ।{$ {!1628 रह!} त्यागे इत्येके$} । अरीरहत् । कथादेस्तु अररहत् ।{$ {!1629 बल!} प्राणने$} । बलयति ।{$ {!1630 चिञ्!} चयने$} ॥
Rule. The penultimate vowel of a mit root is shortened (hrasva) before ṇi. "Penultimate" (upadhāyāḥ) is carried forward from SK 2364, and "before ṇi" (ṇau) from SK 2604, taught later.
Example.
root 1625 jñapa, which is mit
→ jñap + ṇic → the penultimate a takes vṛddhi before ṇic → jñāp-i
→ this rule shortens it → jñap-i
→ jñapayati.
Roots listed after this rule.
- 1626 yama ca pariveṣaṇe. The ca "and" makes it mit too (cān mit). Pariveṣaṇa here means surrounding (veṣṭana). It does not mean serving food, nor causing to surround. Bhaṭṭoji's example is
yamayati candram, "it surrounds the moon". - Bhaṭṭoji's commentators link this to a list-rule of chapter 44, yamo 'pariveṣaṇe: "yam is not mit, except in serving food". That rule would deny mit status in the sense "surround". This entry gives it back.
- 1627 caha "in deceiving". From here up to ciñ the ca, and with it mit status, is carried forward. So:
cahayati, aorist acīcahat. A second caha will be taught among the roots ending in a (group F, root 1867). That one has lost an a before ṇi, so its aorist has neither lengthening nor sanvadbhāva: acacahat. Some read capa here: capayati. - 1628 raha "in abandoning", according to some:
arīrahat. The raha of the a-final roots gives ararahat. - 1629 bala "in living":
balayati. 1630 ciñ "in gathering" leads into the next two rules.
Watch out. A mit root still takes vṛddhi before ṇic, and then loses it again by this rule. Do not skip the vṛddhi step: for ci it is what produces āy in cayayati.
SK 2569 · चिस्फुरोर्णौ · cisphuror ṇau (A 6.1.54)
चिस्फुरोर्णौ
cisphurorṇau · A 6.1.54
आत्वं वा स्यात् ॥
Rule. For ci and sphur, ā optionally replaces the root vowel before ṇi. "ā" (āt) is carried forward from SK 2370, and "optionally" (vibhāṣā) from SK 2509. Bhaṭṭoji's whole gloss is "let there optionally be ā".
Example.
ci + ṇic → ci-i
→ with this rule → cā-i.
The finished forms come with the next rule.
Applies when / blocked by. Which ṇi and which ci are meant? A note in the printed edition records two views. One takes only the curādi ṇic and the curādi ci; the other takes both *ṇic*s and both *ci*s. Scholars discuss this.
Watch out. The rule is optional. Keep both branches open: one with ā, one without.
SK 2570 · अर्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ · artihrīvlīrīknūyīkṣmāyyātāṃ puṅ ṇau (A 7.3.36)
अर्तिह्रीव्लीरीक्नूयीक्ष्माय्यातां पुङ्णौ
artihrīvlīrīknūyīkṣmāyyātāṃ puṅṇau · A 7.3.36
चपयति । चययति । ञित्करणसामर्थ्यादस्य णिज्विकल्पः । चयति । चयते । प्रणिचयति । प्रनिचयति । (गणसूत्रम् -) नान्ये मितोऽहेतौ । अहेतौ स्वार्थे णिचि ज्ञपादिभ्योऽन्ये मितो न स्युः । तेन शमादीनाममन्तत्वप्रयुक्तं मित्त्वं न ।{$ {!1631 घट्ट!} चलने$} ।{$ {!1632 मुस्त!} संघाते$} ।{$ {!1633 खट्ट!} संवरणे$} ।{$ {!1634 षट्ट!} {!1635 स्फिट्ट!} {!1636 चुबि!} हिंसायाम्$} ।{$ {!1637 पुल!} सङ्घाते$} । पूर्ण इत्येके । पुण इत्यन्ये ।{$ {!1638 पुंस!} अभिवर्धने$} ।{$ {!1639 टकि!} बन्धने$} । टङ्कयति । टङ्कति ।{$ {!1640 धूस!} कान्तिकरणे$} । धूसयति । दन्त्यान्तः । मूर्धन्यान्त इत्येके । तालव्यान्त इत्यपरे ।{$ {!1641 कीट!} वर्णे$} ।{$ {!1642 चूर्ण!} संकोचने$} ।{$ {!1643 पूज!} पूजायाम्$} ।{$ {!1644 अर्क!} स्तवने$} । तपन इत्येके ।{$ {!1645 शुठ!} आलस्ये$} ।{$ {!1646 शुठि!} शोषणे$} । शुण्ठयति । शुण्ठति ।{$ {!1647 जुड!} प्रेरणे$} ।{$ {!1648 गज!} {!1649 मार्ज!} शब्दार्थौ$} । गाजयति । मार्जयति ।{$ {!1650 मर्च!} च$} । मर्चयति ।{$ {!1651 घृ!} प्रस्रवणे$} । स्रावण इत्येके ।{$ {!1652 पचि!} विस्तारवचने$} । पञ्चयति । पञ्चति । पञ्चते इति व्यक्तार्थस्य शपि गतम् ।{$ {!1653 तिज!} निशाने$} । तेजयति ।{$ {!1654 कॄत!} संशब्दने$} ॥
Rule. Before ṇi, the augment puk is added to ṛ (named arti), hrī, vlī, rī, knūyī, kṣmāyī, and to roots ending in ā. The k of puk is an it-marker and the u is for pronunciation; so p is added at the end of the root. The sūtra's puṅ ṇau is puk ṇau: the k becomes ṅ before the nasal ṇ.
Example.
With ā (SK 2569):
cā-i → puk, since the root now ends in ā → cāp-i
→ ciñ is mit, so the ā is shortened (SK 2568) → cap-i
→ capayati.
Without ā:
ci-i → vṛddhi → cai-i → āy before the vowel → cāy-i
→ shortened as mit → cay-i
→ cayayati.
Applies when / blocked by. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators says puk comes first, before guṇa. It is the later rule and the more internal one (antaraṅga). So: arpayati, hrepayati, vlepayati, repayati, knopayati, kṣmāpayati, and sthāpayati. He also says puk reaches an ā that a rule has produced, as in cā here.
Ciñ is marked with ñ. That marker would be useless if ṇic always came, since SK 2564 already gives the ṇic-stem both sets of endings. So, by force of the marker, ṇic is optional for ciñ: cayati, cayate. With pra and ni: praṇicayati or pranicayati.
List-rule nānye mito 'hetau. "Others are not mit when the ṇic is not that of the hetu." When ṇic is in the root's own sense, curādi roots other than the jñapādi are not mit. The hetu ṇic is the causative ṇic of SK 2576. In chapter 44 a list-rule made every root ending in am mit. This rule cancels that for the curādi śama, ama and the rest. So śāmayate, āmayati keep their vṛddhi.
Roots listed after this rule. The list runs from 1631 to 1654.
- 1637 pula: some read pūrṇa, others puṇa. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators says such readings cannot be settled.
- 1639 ṭaki "in binding":
ṭaṅkayati, ṭaṅkati. - 1640 dhūsa "in beautifying":
dhūsayati. It ends in the dental s; some say ṣ, others ś. - 1646 śuṭhi "in drying":
śuṇṭhayati, śuṇṭhati. - 1648 gaja, 1649 mārja, in the sense of sound:
gājayati, mārjayati. 1650 marca: marcayati. - 1652 paci "in expanding":
pañcayati, pañcati. pañcate belongs to the root meaning "be manifest", which takes śap. - 1653 tija "in sharpening":
tejayati. - 1654 kṝta "in naming" leads into the next rule.
Watch out. Puk goes on an ā-final root, and ci is ā-final only after SK 2569. That is why capayati has a p and cayayati does not.
D. kṝt: i for a penultimate ṝ; the ātmanepadin roots up to kusma, and the transitive roots from grasa — running example: kṝt-i → kir-t-i → kīrt-i → kīrtayati; acīkṛtat / acikīrtat
SK 2571 extends a rule of chapter 44 (SK 2390): i replaces a ṝ that is the penultimate of a root, as well as a final one. So kṝta gives kīrtayati. With SK 2567 its aorist is acīkṛtat or acikīrtat. After this sūtra Bhaṭṭoji walks roots 1655 to 1783. Two list-rules mark off stretches. Roots 1674 to 1712 take the ātmanepada (ā kusmāt). From 1750 to svad, ṇic comes only from roots that can take an object (ā svadaḥ sakarmakāt).
SK 2571 · उपधायाश्च · upadhāyāś ca (A 7.1.101)
उपधायाश्च
upadhāyāśca · A 7.1.101
धातोरुपधाभूतस्य ऋत इत्स्यात् । रपरत्वम् । उपधायां च SK 2265 इति दीर्घः । कीर्तयति । उर्ऋत् SK 2567 । अचीकृतत् । अचिकार्तत् ।{$ {!1655 वर्ध!} छेदनपूरणयोः$} ।{$ {!1656 कुबि!} आच्छादने$} । कुम्बयति । कुम्बति । कुभि इत्येके ।{$ {!1657 लुबि!} {!1658 तुबि!} अदर्शने$} । अर्दन इत्येके ।{$ {!1659 ह्लप!} व्यक्तायां वाचि$} । क्लप इत्येके ।{$ {!1660 चुटि!} छेदने$} ।{$ {!1661 इल!} प्रेरणे$} । एलयति । ऐलिलत् ।{$ {!1662 म्रक्ष!} म्लेच्छने$} ।{$ {!1663 म्लेच्छ!} अव्यक्तायां वाचि$} ।{$ {!1664 ब्रूस!} {!1665 बर्ह!} हिंसायाम्$} । केचिदिह गर्ज गर्द शब्दे, गर्ध अभिकाङ्क्षायामिति पठन्ति ।{$ {!1666 गुर्द!} पूर्वनिकेतने$} ।{$ {!1667 जसि!} रक्षणे$} । मोक्षण इति केचित् । जंसयति । जंसति ।{$ {!1668 ईड!} स्तुतौ$} ।{$ {!1669 जसु!} हिंसायाम्$} ।{$ {!1670 पिडि!} संघाते$} ।{$ {!1671 रुष!} रोषे$} । रुट इत्येके ।{$ {!1672 डिप!} क्षेपे$} ।{$ {!1673 ष्टुप!} समुच्छ्राये$} ॥ आ कुस्मादात्मनेपदिनः । कुस्मनाम्नो वेति वक्ष्यते तमभिव्याप्येत्यर्थः । अकर्तृगामिफलार्थमिदम् ।{$ {!1674 चित!} संचेतने$} । चेतयते । अचीचितत ।{$ {!1675 दशि!} दंशने$} । दंशयते । अददंशत । इदित्त्वाण्णिजभावे । दंशति । आकुस्मीयमात्मनेपदं णिच्सन्नियोगेनैवेति व्याख्यातारः । नलोपे सञ्जिसाहचर्याद् भ्वादेरेव ग्रहणम् ।{$ {!1676 दसि!} दर्शनदंशनयोः$} । दंसयते । दंसति । दसेत्यप्येके ।{$ {!1677 डप!} {!1678 डिप!} संघाते$} ।{$ {!1679 तत्रि!} कुटुम्बधारणे$} । तन्त्रयते । चान्द्रास्तु धातुद्वयमिति कृत्वा कुटुम्बयते इत्युदाहरन्ति ।{$ {!1680 मत्रि!} गुप्तपरिभाषणे$} ।{$ {!1681 स्पश!} ग्रहणसंश्लेषणयोः$} ।{$ {!1682 तर्ज!} {!1683 भर्त्स!} तर्जने$} ।{$ {!1684 बस्त!} {!1685 गन्ध!} अर्दने$} । बस्तयते । गन्धयते ।{$ {!1686 विष्क!} हिंसायाम्$} । हिष्केत्येके ।{$ {!1687 निष्क!} परिमाणे$} ।{$ {!1688 लल!} ईप्सायाम्$} ।{$ {!1689 कूण!} सङ्कोचे$} ।{$ {!1690 तूण!} पूरणे$} ।{$ {!1691 भ्रूण!} आशाविशङ्कयोः$} ।{$ {!1692 शठ!} श्लाघायाम्$} ।{$ {!1693 यक्ष!} पूजायाम्$} ।{$ {!1694 स्यम!} वितर्के$} ।{$ {!1695 गूर!} उद्यमने$} ।{$ {!1696 शम!} {!1697 लक्ष!} आलोचने$} । नान्ये मित इति मित्त्वनिषेधः । शामयते ।{$ {!1698 कुत्स!} अवक्षेपणे$} ।{$ {!1699 त्रुट!} छेदने$} । कुट इत्येके ।{$ {!1700 गल!} स्नवणे$} ।{$ {!1701 भल!} आभण्डने$} ।{$ {!1702 कूट!} आप्रदाने$} । अवसादने इत्येके ।{$ {!1703 कुट्ट!} प्रतापे$} ।{$ {!1704 वञ्चु!} प्रलम्भने$} ।{$ {!1705 वृष!} शक्तिबन्धने$} । शक्तिबन्धनं प्रजननसामर्थ्यं शक्तिबन्धश्च । वर्षयते ।{$ {!1706 मद!} तृप्तियोगे$} । मादयते ।{$ {!1707 दिवु!} परिकूजने$} ।{$ {!1708 गृ!} विज्ञाने$} । गारयते ।{$ {!1709 विद!} चेतनाख्याननिवासेषु $}। वेदयते । विन्दति प्राप्तौ श्यन्लुक्श्नम्शेष्विदं क्रमात् ।{$ {!1710 मान!} स्तम्भे$} । मानयते ।{$ {!1711 यु!} जुगुप्सायाम्$} । यावयते । (गणसूत्रम् -){$ {!1712 कुस्म!} नाम्नोवा$} । कुस्मेति धातुः कुत्सितस्मयने वर्तते । कुस्मयते । अचुकुस्मत । अथवा कुस्मेति प्रातिपदिकं ततो धात्वर्थो णिच् । इत्याकुस्मीयाः ॥ {$ {!1713 चर्च!} अध्ययने$} ।{$ {!1714 बुक्क!} भषणे$} ।{$ {!1715 शब्द!} उपसर्गादाविष्कारे च$} । चाद्भषणे । प्रतिशब्दयति । प्रतिश्रुतमाविष्करोतीत्यर्थः । अनुपसर्गाच्च । आविष्कारे इत्येव । शब्दयति ।{$ {!1716 कण!} निमीलने$} । काणयति । णौ चङ्युपाधाया ह्रस्वः SK 1324 ॥
काण्यादीनां वेति विकल्प्यते
(वार्तिकम्) ॥ अचीकणत् । अचकाणत् ।{$ {!1717 जभि!} नाशने$} । जम्भयति । जम्भति ।{$ {!1718 षूद!} क्षरणे$} । सूदयति । असूषुदत् ।{$ {!1719 जसु!} ताडने$} । जासयति । जसति ।{$ {!1720 पश!} बन्धने$} । पासयति ।{$ {!1721 अम!} रोगे$} । आमयति । नान्ये मित इति निषेधः । अम गत्यादौ शपि गतः । तस्माद्धेतुमण्णौ न कम्यमिचमामिति निषेधः । आमयति ।{$ {!1722 चट!} {!1723 स्फुट!} भेदने$} । विकासे शशपोः स्फुटति स्फोटते इत्युक्तम् ।{$ {!1724 घट!} सङ्घाते$} । घाटयति हन्त्यर्थाश्च (गणसूत्रम् -) नवगण्यामुक्ता अपि हन्त्यर्थाः स्वार्थे णिचं लभन्ते इत्यर्थः ।{$ {!1725 दिवु!} मर्दने$} । उदित्त्वादेवतीत्यपि ।{$ {!1726 अर्ज!} प्रतियत्ने$} । अयमर्थान्तरेऽपि । द्रव्यमर्जयति ।{$ {!1727 घुषिर्!} विशब्दने$} । घोषयति । घुषिरवि शब्दने SK 3063 इति सूत्रेऽविशब्देन इति निषेधाल्लिङ्गादनित्योऽस्य णिच् । घोषति । इरित्वादङ्वा । अघुषत् । अघोषीत् । ण्यन्तस्य तु अजूघुषत् ।{$ {!1728 आङः!} क्रन्द सातत्ये$} । भौवादिकः क्रन्दधातुराह्वानाद्यर्थे उक्तः स एवाङ्पूर्वो णिचं लभते । सातत्ये । आक्रन्दयति । अन्ये तु आङ्पूर्वो घुषिः क्रन्दसातत्ये इत्याहुः । आघोषयति ।{$ {!1729 लस!} शिल्पयोगे$} ।{$ {!1730 तसि!} {!1731 भूष!} अलंकरणे$} । अवतंसयति । अवतंसति । भूषयति ।{$ {!1732 अर्ह!} पूजायाम्$} ।{$ {!1733 ज्ञा!} नियोगे$} । आज्ञापयति ।{$ {!1734 भज!} विश्राणने$} ।{$ {!1735 शृधु!} प्रहसने$} । अशशर्धत् । अशीशृधत् ।{$ {!1736 यत!} निकारोपस्कारयोः$} ।{$ {!1737 रक!} {!1738 लग!} आस्वादने$} । रघ इत्येके । रग इत्यन्ये ।{$ {!1739 अञ्चु!} निशेषणे$} । अञ्चयति । उदित्त्वमिड्विकल्पार्थम् । अत एव विभाषितो णिच् । अञ्चति । एवं शृधुजसुप्रभृतीनामपि बोध्यम् ।{$ {!1740 लिगि!} चित्रीकरणे$} । लिङ्गयति । लिङ्गति ।{$ {!1741 मुद!} संसर्गे$} । मोदयति सक्तून् घृतेन ।{$ {!1742 त्रस!} धारणे$} । ग्रहण इत्येके । वारण इत्यन्ये ।{$ {!1743 उध्रस!} उञ्छे$} । उकारो धात्ववयव इत्येके । नेत्यन्ये । ध्रासयति । ध्रसति । उध्रासयति ।{$ {!1744 मुच!} प्रमोचने मोदने च$} ।{$ {!1745 वस!} स्नेहच्छेदापहरणेषु $}।{$ {!1746 चर!} संशये$} ।{$ {!1747 च्यु!} सहने$} । हसने चेत्येके । च्यावयति । च्युसेत्येके । च्योसयति ।{$ {!1748 भुवो!} ऽवकल्कने$} । अवकल्कनं मिश्रीकरणमित्येके । चिन्तनमित्यन्ये । भावयति ।{$ {!1749 कृपेश्च!} (अवकल्कने) $}। कल्पयति ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) आ स्वदः सकर्मकात् ॥ स्वदिमभिव्याप्य संभवत्कर्मभ्य एव णिच् ।{$ {!1750 ग्रस!} ग्रहणे$} । ग्रासयति फलम् ।{$ {!1751 पुष!} धारणे$} । पोषयत्याभरणम् ।{$ {!1752 दल!} विदारणे$} । दालयति ।{$ {!1753 पट!} {!1754 पुट!} {!1755 लुट!} {!1756 तुजि!} {!1757 मिजि!} {!1758 पिजि!} {!1759 लुजि!} {!1760 भजि!} {!1761 लघि!} {!1762 त्रसि!} {!1763 पिसि!} {!1764 कुसि!} {!1765 दशि!} {!1766 कुशि!} {!1767 घट!} {!1768 घटि!} {!1769 बृहि!} {!1770 बर्ह!} {!1771 वल्ह!} {!1772 गुप!} {!1773 धूप!} {!1774 विच्छ!} {!1775 चीव!} {!1776 पुथ!} {!1777 लोकृ!} {!1778 लोचृ!} {!1779 णद!} {!1780 कुप!} {!1781 तर्क!} {!1782 वृतु!} {!1783 वृधु!} भाषार्थाः$} । पाटयति । पोटयति । लोटयति । तुञ्जयति । पिञ्जति । एवं परेषाम् । घाटयति । घण्टयति ॥
Rule. I also replaces a ṝ that is the penultimate of a dhātu. The words "ṝ", "i" and "of a dhātu" are carried forward from SK 2390, ṝta id dhātoḥ. As there, the i is followed by r (raparatva).
Example.
root 1654 kṝta "in naming": kṝt + ṇic
→ i followed by r for the penultimate ṝ → kirt-i
→ the i before r and a consonant is lengthened (SK 2265) → kīrt-i
→ kīrtayati.
In the aorist:
→ with ṛ by SK 2567 → kṛt a t → ka kṛt a t (SK 2244) → i and lengthening → kī kṛt a t
→ the velar of the abhyāsa becomes a palatal (SK 2245) → cī kṛt a t → acīkṛtat
→ without it → kīrt a t → doubling → kī kīrt a t
→ the abhyāsa is shortened, and its velar becomes a palatal (SK 2245) → ci kīrt a t
→ the long ī is not light, so no lengthening → acikīrtat.
Applies when / blocked by. Why is this rule needed? One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators raises the doubt. SK 2390 could be read as "a ṝ belonging to a root", and then cover the penultimate too. But that reading would wrongly give i in ṛkārīyati. So SK 2390 means a root ending in ṝ, and this rule is needed for the penultimate.
Roots listed after this rule.
Roots 1655–1673, with parasmaipada.
- 1656 kubi "in covering":
kumbayati, and without ṇic kumbati. 1667 jasi: jaṃsayati, jaṃsati. - 1661 ila "in impelling":
elayati, aorist aililat. - 1666 gurda pūrvaniketane. This is either two roots, gurda and pūrva, "in dwelling", or one root gurda, "dwelling first". One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators takes it as two roots, and reports others who read one; the question is left open.
List-rule ā kusmād ātmanepadinaḥ: roots 1674–1712. "The roots up to kusma are ātmanepadin." The ā "up to" includes kusma itself (abhividhi). These roots take the ātmanepada even when the fruit does not go to the agent. SK 2564 already covers the case where it does. They are called the ākusmīya.
- 1674 cita "in becoming conscious":
cetayate, aorist acīcitata. - 1675 daśi "in biting":
daṃśayate, adadaṃśata. It is i-marked, so without ṇic there is daṃśati. Bhaṭṭoji explains both features. He cites the commentators: the ātmanepada of these roots holds only together with ṇic. Hence the parasmaipada daṃśati. And the n is not lost by SK 2396, which takes only the bhvādi daṃś, the one named with sañj. - 1676 dasi:
daṃsayate, daṃsati. 1679 tatri "in maintaining a household": tantrayate. The Cāndra grammarians make two roots of it and give kuṭumbayate. - 1684 basta, 1685 gandha:
bastayate, gandhayate. - 1696 śama "in observing": nānye mito 'hetau (SK 2570) denies it mit status, so
śāmayate. - 1705 vṛṣa "in śaktibandhana", the power to procreate:
varṣayate. 1706 mada: mādayate. 1708 gṛ "in knowing": gārayate. - 1709 vida "in perceiving, declaring and dwelling":
vedayate. Bhaṭṭoji adds a verse on the other roots vid. In the sense "to exist" it is vidyate; "to know", vetti; "to deliberate", vinte; "to obtain", vindate and vindati. The class-signs are śyan, luk, śnam and śa, in that order. - 1710 māna "in pride":
mānayate. 1711 yu "in censure": yāvayate. - 1712, a list-rule: kusma nāmno vā. Ṇic comes from the root kusma, or from kusma as a noun. The root means "to smile with contempt":
kusmayate, aorist acukusmata. Or kusma is a noun stem, and ṇic comes from it in a verbal sense. Here end the ākusmīya.
Roots 1713–1749, parasmaipada again.
- 1715 śabda, with a prefix, "in making manifest".
pratiśabdayati means "he makes manifest what was promised". A further line, anupasargāc ca, gives it without a prefix too, still meaning "making manifest": śabdayati. - 1716 kaṇa "in closing one eye":
kāṇayati. In the aorist, SK 2314 would shorten the ā. A vārttika, a supplementary statement, makes this optional: kāṇyādīnāṃ vā, "optionally for kāṇi and the rest". So acīkaṇat, with shortening and lengthening, or acakāṇat, with neither. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators says the vārttika is read in the Bhāṣya on SK 2565, which names six such roots: kāṇi, rāṇi, śraṇi, bhaṇi, heṭhi and lopi. - 1717 jabhi:
jambhayati, jambhati. 1718 ṣūda "in oozing": sūdayati, aorist asūṣudat. 1719 jasu: jāsayati, jasati. 1720 paśa: pāśayati. - 1721 ama "in disease":
āmayati, with mit status denied by nānye mito 'hetau. The bhvādi ama "to go" with the causative ṇic also gives āmayati; there na kamyamicamām (chapter 44) denies mit status. - 1723 sphuṭa "in splitting". In the sense "to blossom",
sphuṭati and sphoṭate have been given, with śa and śap. - 1724 ghaṭa "in massing":
ghāṭayati. - A list-rule, hantyarthāś ca: roots meaning "to strike" (the sense of han) also take ṇic in their own sense, though they are listed in the other nine classes. So
ghātayati means the same as hanti. - 1725 divu "in crushing": being u-marked, also
devati. 1726 arja: also in other senses, dravyam arjayati, "he acquires wealth". - 1727 ghuṣir "in proclaiming":
ghoṣayati. SK 3063, ghuṣir aviśabdane, bars iṭ before the participle in -ta (the niṣṭhā) of ghuṣ, except in the sense "proclaiming". That exclusion would be pointless if ṇic always stood between this root and the affix. So it is a sign that ṇic is optional here: ghoṣati. Bhaṭṭoji adds that the root is ir-marked, so its aorist takes aṅ optionally: aghuṣat or aghoṣīt; scholars discuss this. With ṇic the aorist is ajūghuṣat. - 1728 kranda after āṅ "in continuity":
ākrandayati. Others read ghuṣi after āṅ: āghoṣayati. - 1730 tasi:
avataṃsayati, avataṃsati. 1731 bhūṣa: bhūṣayati. - 1733 jñā "in commanding":
ājñāpayati, with puk, since the root ends in ā (SK 2570). - 1735 śṛdhu "in mocking": aorist
aśaśardhat or aśīśṛdhat, the two branches of SK 2567. - 1739 añcu "in distinguishing":
añcayati. The u-marker is for an optional iṭ before the affix ktvā, taught later (udito vā, SK 3328). That option can only arise without ṇic. So ṇic is optional: añcati. The same holds for śṛdhu, jasu and the rest. - 1740 ligi:
liṅgayati, liṅgati. 1741 muda "in mixing": modayati saktūn ghṛtena, "he mixes the barley-meal with ghee". - 1743 udhrasa "in gleaning". Some count the u as part of the root, others not:
dhrāsayati, dhrasati, udhrāsayati. - 1747 cyu:
cyāvayati; some read cyusa: cyosayati. - 1748 bhuvo 'vakalkane: bhū in the sense avakalkana (mixing, or thinking):
bhāvayati. 1749 kṛpeś ca, kṛp in the same sense: kalpayati, with l by SK 2350.
List-rule ā svadaḥ sakarmakāt: from 1750 up to svad. "Up to and including svad, ṇic comes only from roots that can take an object." These are the āsvadīya.
- 1750 grasa:
grāsayati phalam, "he seizes the fruit". 1751 puṣa: poṣayaty ābharaṇam, "he wears the ornament". 1752 dala: dālayati. - 1753–1783, thirty-one roots "having the sense of speaking" (bhāṣārtha), from paṭa to vṛdhu:
pāṭayati, poṭayati, loṭayati, tuñjayati, piñjati, ghāṭayati, ghaṇṭayati. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators says ghaṭa is listed again for a different meaning. - The list closes with lokṛ, locṛ, vṛtu and vṛdhu, whose forms need the next rule.
Watch out. A list-rule with ā "up to" includes the root it names. The ākusmīya end with kusma; the āsvadīya end with svad.
E. No shortening for an ak-deleted stem, for śās or for an ṛ-marked root; the optional-ṇic roots up to dhṛṣ; the roots ending in a begin — running example: lokṛ → lok-i + caṅ → alulokat; katha-i → kath-i → kathayati, acakathat
SK 2572 takes the shortening of SK 2314 away from three kinds of stem. One is a stem that has lost a vowel of the group ak before ṇic. The others are śās and the roots marked with ṛ. So lokṛ gives alulokat, with the o kept. Then Bhaṭṭoji finishes the transitive stretch and reaches a list-rule: from yuja to dhṛṣa, ṇic is optional. Last, the roots ending in a begin, with katha: kathayati, acakathat.
SK 2572 · नाग्लोपिशास्वृदिताम् · nāglopiśāsvṛditām (A 7.4.2)
नाग्लोपिशास्वृदिताम्
nāglopiśāsvṛditām · A 7.4.2
णिच्यग्लोपिनः शास्तेर्ऋदितां च उपधाया ह्रस्वो न स्याच्चङ्परे णौ । अलुलोकत् । अलुलोचत् । वर्तयति । वर्धयति । उदित्त्वाद्वर्तति । वर्धति ।{$ {!1784 रुट!} {!1785 लजि!} {!1786 अजि!} {!1787 दसि!} {!1788 भृशि!} {!1789 रुशि!} {!1790 शीक!} {!1791 रुसि!} {!1792 नट!} {!1793 पुटि!} {!1794 जि!} {!1795 चि!} {!1796 रघि!} {!1797 लघि!} {!1798 अहि!} {!1799 रहि!} {!1800 महि!} भाषार्थाः$} ।{$ {!1801 लडि!} {!1802 तड!} {!1803 नल!} भाषार्थाः$} ।{$ {!1804 पूरी!} आप्ययने$} । ईदित्त्वं निष्ठायामिण्निषेधाय । अत एव णिज्वा । पूरयति । पूरति ।{$ {!1805 रुज!} हिंसायाम्$} ।{$ {!1806 ष्वद!} आस्वादने$} । स्वाद इत्येके । असिष्वदत् । दीर्घस्य त्वषोपदेसत्वात् । असिस्वदत् । इत्यास्वदीयाः ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) आ धृषाद्वा । इत उर्ध्वं विभाषितणिचो धृषधातुमभिव्याप्य ।{$ {!1807 युज!} {!1808 पृच!} संयमने$} । योजयति । योजति । अयौक्षीत् । पर्चयति । पर्चति । पर्चिता । अपर्चीत् ।{$ {!1809 अर्च!} पूजायाम्$} ।{$ {!1810 षह!} मर्षणे$} । साहयति । स एवातं नागः सहति कलभेभ्यः परिभवम् ।{$ {!1811 ईर!} क्षेपे$} ।{$ {!1812 ली!} द्रवीकरणे$} । लाययति । लयति । लेता ।{$ {!1813 वृजी!} वर्जने$} । वर्जयति । वर्जति ।{$ {!1814 वृञ्!} आवरणे$} । वारयति । वरति । वरते । वरिता । वरीता ।{$ {!1815 जॄ!} वयोहानौ$} । जारयति । जरति । जरिता । जरीता ।{$ {!1816 ज्रि!} च $}। ज्राययति । ज्रयति । ज्रेता ।{$ {!1817 रिच!} वियोजनंपर्चनयोः$} । रेचयति । रेचति । रेक्ता ।{$ {!1818 शिष!} असर्वोपयोगे$} । शेषयति । शेषति । शेष्टा । अशिक्षत् । अयं विपूर्वोऽतिशये ।{$ {!1819 तप!} दाहे$} । तापयति । तपति । तप्ता ।{$ {!1820 तृप!} तृप्तौ$} । संदीपन इत्येके । तर्पयति । तर्पति । तर्पिता ।{$ {!1821 छृदी!} सन्दीपने$} ॥ छर्दयति । छर्दति । छर्दिता । छर्दिष्यति । सेसिचि - SK 250 इति विकल्पो न । साहचर्यात्तत्र रौधादिकस्यैव ग्रहणात् । चृप छृप तृप दृप संदीपन इत्येके । चर्पयति । छर्पयति ।{$ {!1822 दृभी!} भये$} । दर्भयति । दर्भति । दर्भिता ।{$ {!1823 दृभ!} संदर्भे$} ॥ अयं तुदादावीदित् ।{$ {!1824 श्रथ!} मोक्षणे$} । हिंसायां इत्येके ।{$ {!1825 मी!} गतौ$} । माययति-मयति । मेता ।{$ {!1826 ग्रन्थ!} बन्धने$} । ग्रन्थयति-ग्रन्थति ।{$ {!1827 शीक!} आमर्षणे$} ।{$ {!1828 चीक!} च$} ।{$ {!1829 अर्द!} हिंसायाम्$} । स्वरितेत् । अर्दयति । अर्दति । अर्दते ।{$ {!1830 हिसि!} हिंसायाम्$} । हिंसयति । हिंसति । हिनस्तीति श्नमि गतम् ।{$ {!1831 अर्ह!} पूजायाम्$} ।{$ {!1832 आङः!} षद पद्यर्थे$} । आसादयति । आसीदति । पाघ्रा - SK 2360 इति सीदादेशः । आसत्ता । आसात्सीत् ।{$ {!1833 शुन्ध!} शौचकर्मणि$} । शुन्धिता । अशुन्धीत् । अशुन्धिष्टाम् ।{$ {!1834 छद!} अपवारणे$} । स्वरितेत् ।{$ {!1835 जुष!} परितर्कणे$} । परितर्कणमूहो हिंसा वा । परितर्पण इत्यन्ये । परितर्पणं परितृप्तिक्रिया । जोषयति । जोषति । प्रीतिसेवनयोर्जुषते इति तुदादौ ।{$ {!1836 धूञ्!} कम्पने$} । णावित्यधिकृत्य ।
धूञ्प्रीञोर्नुग्वक्तव्यः
(वार्तिकम्) ॥ धूनयति । धवति । धवते । केचित्तु धूञ्प्रीणोरिति पठित्वा प्रीणातिसाहचर्याद्धुनातेरेव नुकमाहुः । धावयति । अयं स्वादौ क्र्यादौ तुदादौ च । स्वादौ क्र्यादौ तुदादौ च । स्वादौ ह्रस्वश्च । तथा च कविरहस्ये ॥ धूनोतिचम्पकवनानि धुनोत्यशोकं चूतं धुनाति धुवति स्फुटितातिमुक्तिम् ॥ वायुर्विधूनयति चम्पकपुष्परेणून्यत्कानने धवति चन्दनमञ्जरीश्च ।{$ {!1837 प्रीञ्!} तर्पणे$} ॥ प्रीणयति । धूञ्प्रीणोरिति हरदत्तोक्तपाठे तु । प्राययति । प्रयति । प्रयते ।{$ {!1838 श्रन्थ!} {!1839 ग्रन्थ!} सन्दर्भे$} ।{$ {!1840 आप्लृ!} लम्भने$} । आपयति । आपिपत् । आपति । आप्ता । आपत् । स्वरितेदयमित्येके । आपते ।{$ {!1841 तनु!} श्रद्धोपकरणयोः$} ॥ उपसर्गाच्च दैर्घ्ये ॥ तानयति । वितानयति । तनति । वितनति । चन श्रद्धोपहननयोरित्येके । चानयति । चनति ।{$ {!1842 वद!} संदेशवचने$} ॥ वादयति । स्वरितेत् । वदति । वदते । अनुदात्तेदित्येके । ववदतुः । ववदिथ । ववदे । वद्यात् ।{$ {!1843 वच!} परिभाषणे$} । वाचयति । वचति । वक्ता । अवाक्षीत् ।{$ {!1844 मान!} पूजायाम्$} । मानयति । मानति । मानिता । विचारणे तु भौवादिको नित्यसन्नन्तः । स्तम्भे मानयते । इत्याकुस्मीयाः । मन्यते इति दिवादौ । मनुते इति तनादौ च ।{$ {!1845 भू!} प्राप्तावात्मनेपदी $}। भावयते । भवते । णिच्सन्नियोगेनैवात्मनेपदमित्येके । भवति ।{$ {!1846 गर्ह!} विनिन्दने$} ।{$ {!1847 मार्ग!} अन्वेषणे$} ।{$ {!1848 कठि!} शोके$} । उत्पर्वोऽयमुत्कण्ठायाम् । कण्ठते इत्यात्मनेपदी गतः ।{$ {!1849 मृजू!} शौचालंकारयोः$} । मार्जयति । मार्जति । मार्जिता । मार्ष्टा ।{$ {!1850 मृष!} तितिक्षायाम्$} । स्वरितेत् । मर्षयति । मर्षति । मर्षते । मृष्यति मृष्यते इति दिवादौ । सेचने शपि मर्षति ।{$ {!1851 धृष!} प्रहसने$} । धर्षयति । धर्षति । इत्याधृषीयाः ॥ अथादन्ताः ॥{$ {!1852 कथ!} वाक्यप्रबन्धे$} । अल्लोपस्य स्थानिवद्भावान्नवृद्धिः । कथयति । अग्लोपित्वान्न दीर्घसन्वद्भावौ । अचकथत् ।{$ {!1853 वर!} ईप्सायाम्$} । वरयति । वारयतीति गतम् ।{$ {!1854 गण!} संख्याने$} । गणयति ॥
Rule. The penultimate vowel is not shortened before a ṇi that has caṅ after it in three cases:
- a stem that has lost a vowel of the group ak (a, i, u, ṛ, ḷ) before ṇic; such a stem is an aglopin;
- the root śās;
- a root marked with ṛ (ṛdit).
The shortening is carried forward from SK 2314. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators says the word ṇau is read twice: once with the loss of the ak, once as the following condition.
Example.
root 1777 lokṛ, marked with ṛ: lok-i + luṅ
→ caṅ, and the ṇi is lost → lok a t
→ this rule: the o is not shortened
→ doubling; the abhyāsa keeps one consonant and a short vowel → lu lok a t
→ the heavy o follows the abhyāsa, not a light vowel, so no sanvadbhāva and no lengthening
→ alulokat. Likewise locṛ: alulocat.
Roots listed after this rule.
- 1782 vṛtu, 1783 vṛdhu:
vartayati, vardhayati. Being u-marked, they also have vartati, vardhati. - 1784–1803: more roots in the sense of speaking.
- 1804 pūrī "in swelling". Its ī-marker bars iṭ before the niṣṭhā. That too could only happen without ṇic. So ṇic is optional:
pūrayati, pūrati. - 1806 ṣvada "in tasting": aorist
asiṣvadat. Some read svāda, with a long vowel. That root is not taught with ṣ, so its aorist is asisvadat. Here end the āsvadīya.
List-rule ā dhṛṣād vā: roots 1807–1851. "Up to and including dhṛṣ, optionally." From here the roots have optional ṇic. They are called the ādhṛṣīya. Bhaṭṭoji now gives the ṇic-less forms beside the ṇic forms.
- 1807 yuja:
yojayati, yojati, aorist ayaukṣīt; without ṇic the root takes no iṭ (it is aniṭ). 1808 pṛca: parcayati, parcati, luṭ parcitā, aorist aparcīt. - 1810 ṣaha "in enduring":
sāhayati. Without ṇic, in a verse: sa evāyaṃ nāgaḥ sahati kalabhebhyaḥ paribhavam, "this same elephant endures insult from the young elephants". - 1812 lī "in melting":
lāyayati, layati, luṭ letā. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explain the absences. There is no n by līlor nuk (SK 2591), which serves only the causative ṇic. There is no ā in letā, because SK 2509 takes only the lī of the kryādi and the divādi. - 1814 vṛñ "in covering":
vārayati, varati, varate, luṭ varitā or varītā (SK 2391). 1815 jṝ: jārayati, jarati, jaritā, jarītā. 1816 jri: jrāyayati, jrayati, jretā. - 1817 rica:
recayati, recati, and, being aniṭ, rektā. 1818 śiṣa: śeṣayati, śeṣati, śeṣṭā, aorist aśikṣat with ksa (SK 2336). With vi it means "to excel". - 1819 tapa:
tāpayati, tapati, taptā. 1820 tṛpa: tarpayati, tarpati, and tarpitā with iṭ. - 1821 chṛdī:
chardayati, chardati, charditā, chardiṣyati. The option of SK 2506 does not apply; that rule takes only the rudhādi root. - 1822 dṛbhī:
darbhayati, darbhati, darbhitā. 1825 mī: māyayati, mayati, metā. 1826 grantha: granthayati, granthati. - 1829 arda, marked with a svarita it-vowel:
ardayati, ardati, ardate. - 1830 hisi:
hiṃsayati, hiṃsati. hinasti belongs to the rudhādi. - 1832 ṣada after āṅ, "to go":
āsādayati; without ṇic āsīdati, with sīda by SK 2360; āsattā, āsātsīt. - 1833 śundha:
śundhitā, aśundhīt, aśundhiṣṭām. 1835 juṣa: joṣayati, joṣati; juṣate is tudādi. - 1836 dhūñ "in shaking". Here a vārttika applies before ṇi: dhūñprīñor nug vaktavyaḥ, "the augment nuk should be stated for dhūñ and prīñ". So
dhūnayati; without ṇic, dhavati, dhavate. Some read dhūñprīṇoḥ, and give nuk only to the kryādi dhū: then dhāvayati. - The root dhū is also in the svādi (with a short u as well), the kryādi and the tudādi. A verse of the Kavirahasya uses all its forms of "shaking":
dhūnoti and dhunoti (svādi), dhunāti (kryādi), dhuvati (tudādi), and vidhūnayati and dhavati (curādi). - 1837 prīñ "in pleasing":
prīṇayati, with nuk. On Haradatta's reading of the vārttika: prāyayati, prayati, prayate. - 1840 āpḷ "in obtaining":
āpayati, aorist āpipat; without ṇic āpati, āptā, and āpat with aṅ, the root being ḷ-marked. Some make it svarita-marked: āpate. - 1841 tanu. A further line, upasargāc ca dairghye, adds it after a prefix in the sense "lengthen":
tānayati, vitānayati, tanati, vitanati. - 1842 vada:
vādayati; svarita-marked, so vadati, vadate; liṭ vavadatuḥ, vavaditha, vavade; āśīrliṅ vadyāt. - 1843 vaca:
vācayati, vacati, vaktā, aorist avākṣīt. There is no aṅ, because SK 2438 names vac in its form vakti. - 1844 māna "in honouring":
mānayati, mānati, mānitā. Compare māna "in pride", among the ākusmīya: mānayate. - 1845 bhū "in obtaining", ātmanepadin:
bhāvayate, bhavate. Some say the ātmanepada holds only with ṇic: then bhavati. - 1849 mṛjū:
mārjayati, mārjati, mārjitā, mārṣṭā. 1850 mṛṣa, svarita-marked: marṣayati, marṣati, marṣate. - 1851 dhṛṣa:
dharṣayati, dharṣati. Here end the ādhṛṣīya.
The roots ending in a (athādantāḥ). "Now the roots ending in a." In these roots the final a is part of the root. It is not an it-marker and not for pronunciation. They are called adanta, or kathādi.
- 1852 katha "in composing speech". Before ṇi its a is lost (SK 2308). That loss counts as the a itself by SK 50. With the a in place, the root's a is not penultimate, so it takes no vṛddhi:
kathayati. - The stem has lost an ak before ṇic: it is an aglopin. So the aorist has neither the lengthening (SK 2318) nor sanvadbhāva (SK 2316):
acakathat. - 1853 vara "in desire":
varayati. (vārayati was vṛñ.) - 1854 gaṇa "in counting":
gaṇayati. Its aorist needs the next rule.
Applies when / blocked by. The deleted a does two jobs. It "counts" (SK 50), so the penultimate takes no vṛddhi. And it was lost, so the stem is an aglopin, and SK 2316 gives no sanvadbhāva. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators adds that the lengthening, though it lives where sanvadbhāva lives, does not depend on it. That is why Bhaṭṭoji names both.
Watch out. kathayati has a short a, but not because katha is mit. The vṛddhi never applies, because the lost a still counts.
F. gaṇa: ī or a in the abhyāsa; the a-final roots and the āgarvīya; ṇic from a noun — running example: gaṇ-i + caṅ → ga gaṇ a t → ajīgaṇat / ajagaṇat
Gaṇa is an a-final root, so its aorist would be like acakathat: ajagaṇat. SK 2573 lets its abhyāsa also take ī: ajīgaṇat. Bhaṭṭoji then walks roots 1855 to 1915. Most of his forms show the two effects of the lost a. He also argues out the aorist of ūna, aunanat. Last come list-rules that make verbs from noun stems: paṭayati "he calls him clever", aśvayati "he outstrips on a horse". A vārttika then sets up the narrative form kaṃsaṃ ghātayati.
SK 2573 · ई च गणः · ī ca gaṇaḥ (A 7.4.97)
ई च गणः
ī ca gaṇaḥ · A 7.4.97
गणेरभ्यासस्य ई स्याच्चाच्चङ्परे णौ । अजीगणत् । अजगणत् ।{$ {!1855 शठ!} {!1856 श्वठ!} सम्यगवभाषणे$} ।{$ {!1857 पठ!} {!1858 वठ!} ग्रन्थे$} ।{$ {!1859 रह!} त्यागे$} । अररहत् ।{$ {!1860 स्तन!} {!1861 गदी!} देवशब्दे$} । स्तनयति । गदयति अजगदत् ।{$ {!1862 पत!} गतौ वा$} । वा णिजन्तः । वाऽदन्त इत्येके । आद्ये । पतयति । पतति । पतांचकार । अपतीत् । द्वितीये । पातयति । अपीपतत् ।{$ {!1863 पष!} अनुपसर्गात्$} । गतावित्येव । पषयति ।{$ {!1864 स्वर!} आक्षेपे$} । स्वरयति ।{$ {!1865 रच!} प्रतियत्ने$} । रचयति ।{$ {!1866 कल!} गतौ संख्याने च$} ।{$ {!1867 चह!} परिकल्कने$} । परिकल्कनं दम्भः शाठ्यं च ।{$ {!1868 मह!} पूजायाम्$} । महयति । महतीति शपि गतम् ।{$ {!1869 सार!} {!1870 कृप!} {!1871 श्रथ!} दौर्बल्ये$} । सारयति । कृपयति । श्रथयति ।{$ {!1872 स्पृह!} ईप्सायाम्$} ।{$ {!1873 भाम!} क्रोधे$} । अबभामत् ।{$ {!1874 सूच!} पैशून्ये$} ॥ सूचयति । अषोपदेशत्वान्न षः । असूसुचत् ।{$ {!1875 खेट!} भक्षणे$} ॥ तृतीयान्त इत्येके । खोट इत्यन्ये ।{$ {!1876 क्षोट!} क्षये$} ।{$ {!1877 गोम!} उपलेपने$} । अजुगोमत् ।{$ {!1878 कुमार!} क्रीडायाम्$} । अचुकुमारत् ।{$ {!1879 शील!} उपधारणे$} । उपधारणमभ्यासः ।{$ {!1880 साम!} सान्त्वप्रयोगे$} । अससामत् । साम सान्त्वने इत्यतीतस्य तु असीषमत् ।{$ {!1881 वेल!} कालोपदेशे$} । वेलयति । काल इति पृथग्धातुरित्येके । कालयति ।{$ {!1882 पल्पूल!} लवनपवनयोः$} ।{$ {!1883 वात!} सुखसेवनयोः$} । वातयति । अववातत् ।{$ {!1884 गवेष!} मार्गणे$} । अजगवेषत् ।{$ {!1885 वास!} उपसेवायाम् $}।{$ {!1886 निवास!} आच्छादने$} । अनिनिवासत् ।{$ {!1887 भाज!} पृथक्कर्मणि$} ।{$ {!1888 सभाज!} प्रीतिदर्शनयोः$} । प्रीतिसेवनयोरित्यन्ये । सभाजयति ।{$ {!1889 ऊन!} परिहाणे$} । ऊनयति । ओः पुयण्जि SK 2577 इति सूत्रे पययोरिति वक्तव्ये वर्गप्रत्याहारजग्रहोलिङ्गं णिच्यच आदेशो न स्याद्द्वित्वे कार्ये इति । यत्र द्विरुक्तावभ्यासोत्तरखण्डस्याद्योऽच् प्रक्रियायां परिनिष्ठिते रूपे वाऽवर्णो लभ्यते तत्रैवायं निषेधः । ज्ञापकस्य सजातीयापेक्षत्वात् । तेनाचिकीर्तदिति सिद्धम् । प्रकृते तु नशब्दस्य द्वित्वं तत उत्तरखण्डेऽल्लोपः । औननत् । माभवानूननत् ।{$ {!1890 ध्वन!} शब्दे$} । अदध्वनत् ।{$ {!1891 कूट!} परितापे$} । परिदाहे इत्यन्ये ।{$ {!1892 सङ्केत!} {!1893 ग्राम!} {!1894 कुण!} {!1895 गुण!} चामन्त्रणे$} । चात्कूटोऽपि । कूटयति । सङ्केतयति । ग्रामयति । कुणयति । गुणयति । पाठान्तरम् - केत श्रावणे निमन्त्रणे च । केतयति । अभिकेतयति । कुण गुण चामन्त्रणे । चकारात्केतेति ।{$ {!1896 कूण!} सङ्कोचने इति$} ।{$ {!1897 स्तेन!} चौर्ये$} ॥ अतिस्तेनत् ॥ आ गर्वादात्मनेपदिनः ॥{$ {!1898 पद!} गतौ$} । पदयते । अपपदत ।{$ {!1899 गृह!} ग्रहणे$} । गृहयते ।{$ {!1900 मृग!} अन्वेषणे$} । मृगयते । मृग्यतीति कण्ड्वादिः ।{$ {!1901 कुह!} विस्मापने$} ।{$ {!1902 शूर!} {!1903 वीर!} विक्रान्तौ$} ।{$ {!1904 स्थूल!} परिबृंहणे$} । स्थूलयते । अतुस्थूलत ।{$ {!1905 अर्थ!} उपायाच्ञायाम्$} । अर्थयते । आर्तथत ।{$ {!1906 सत्र!} सन्तानक्रियायाम्$} । अससत्रत । अनेकाच्त्वान्न षोपदेशः । सिसत्रयिषते ।{$ {!1907 गर्व!} माने$} ॥ गर्वयते । अदन्तत्वसामर्थ्याण्णिज्विकल्पः । धातेरन्त उदात्तो लिट्याम् च फलम् । एवमग्रेऽपि । इत्यागर्वीयाः ॥ {$ {!1908 सूत्र!} वेष्टने$} । सूत्रयति । असुसूत्रत् ।{$ {!1909 मूत्र!} प्रस्रवणे$} । मूत्रयति । मूत्रति ।{$ {!1910 रूक्ष!} पारुष्ये$} ।{$ {!1911 पार!} {!1912 तीर!} कर्मसमाप्तौ$} । अपपारत् । अतितीरत् ।{$ {!1913 पुट!} संसर्गे$} । पुटयति ।{$ {!1914 धेक!} दर्शन इत्येके$} । अदिधेकत् ।{$ {!1915 कत्र!} शैथिल्ये$} । कत्रयति । कत्रति । कर्तेत्यप्येके । कर्तयति । कर्तति ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) प्रातिपदिकाद्धात्वर्थे बहुलमिष्ठवच्च ॥ प्रातिपदिकाद्धात्वर्थे णिच् स्यादिष्ठे यथा प्रातिपदिकस्य पुंवद्भाव-रभाव-टिलोप-विन्मतुब्लोप-यणादिलोपप्रस्थ-स्फाद्यादेश-भसंज्ञास्तद्वण्णावपि स्युः । पटुमाचष्टे पटयति । परत्वाद्वृद्धौ सत्यां टिलोपः । अपीपटत् । णौ चङि - SK 2314 इत्यत्र भाष्ये तु वृद्धेर्लोपो बलीयानिति स्थितम् । अपपटत् । (गणसूत्रम् -) तत्करोति तदाचष्टे ॥ पूर्वस्य प्रपञ्चः । करोत्याचष्ट इति धात्वर्थमात्रं णिजर्थः ॥ लडर्थस्त्वविक्षितः ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) तेनातिक्रामति । अश्वेनातिक्रामति अश्वयति । हस्तिनातिक्रामति हस्तयति ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) धातुरूपं च ॥ णिच्प्रकृतिर्धातुरूपं प्रतिपद्यते ॥ चशब्दोऽनुक्तसमुच्चयार्थः । तथा च वार्तिकम् ।
आख्यानात्कृतसतदाचष्टे कृल्लुक्प्रकृतिप्रत्यापत्तिः प्रकृतिवच्च कारकमिति
(वार्तिकम्) ॥ कंसवधामाचष्टे कंसं घातयति । इह कंसं हन् इ इति स्थिते ॥
Rule. For the abhyāsa of gaṇa, ī comes before a ṇi that has caṅ after it. By ca "and", a also comes. "Of the abhyāsa" is carried forward from SK 2620, and "caṅ after it" from SK 2316. The a is drawn in by ca from SK 2566, Bhaṭṭoji's commentators say.
Example.
gaṇ-i + luṅ → caṅ, the ṇi lost → gaṇ a t
→ doubling → ga gaṇ a t
→ this rule, ī → gī gaṇ a t
→ the velar of the abhyāsa becomes a palatal (SK 2245) → jī gaṇ a t → ajīgaṇat
→ or a → ga gaṇ a t → palatal (SK 2245) → ja gaṇ a t → ajagaṇat.
Applies when / blocked by. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators says why the rule is needed. Gaṇa is an aglopin. So without this rule it would have neither lengthening nor sanvadbhāva, and only ajagaṇat.
Roots listed after this rule. The list runs from 1855 to 1915. Sort the forms by what the lost a does.
The lost a counts as present (SK 50): no vṛddhi, no guṇa, no shortening.
- No guṇa: 1899 gṛha:
gṛhayate; 1900 mṛga: mṛgayate. (mṛgyati is a form of another group.) - No shortening before caṅ: 1873 bhāma:
ababhāmat; 1880 sāma: asasāmat; 1884 gaveṣa: ajagaveṣat. Bhaṭṭoji adds that the sāma read earlier, which is not a-final, gives asīṣamat; which earlier entry he means, scholars discuss this. - 1870 kṛpa "in weakness":
kṛpayati. Its r does not become l (SK 2350); this a-final root is a different root.
The stem is an aglopin: no sanvadbhāva, no lengthening.
ararahat (1859 raha), ajagadat (1861 gadī), acacahat (1867 caha, given under SK 2568), ajugomat (1877 goma), acukumārat (1878 kumāra), avavātat (1883 vāta), aninivāsat (1886 nivāsa), adadhvanat (1890 dhvana).- In the ātmanepada:
apapadata (1898 pada), atusthūlata (1904 sthūla), asasatrata (1906 satra). - Also
apapārat, atitīrat (1911 pāra, 1912 tīra) and adidhekat (1914 dheka).
Deletion beats vṛddhi.
- 1905 artha "in requesting":
arthayate. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators cite the maxim vṛddher lopo balīyān, "deletion is stronger than vṛddhi". There is no augment āpuk either. Aorist ārtathata.
Roots of more than one syllable are not taught with ṣ. A root with more than one vowel (anekāc) is never a ṣopadeśa root. So its s stays s after the abhyāsa.
- 1897 stena:
atistenat. 1906 satra: desiderative sisatrayiṣate. 1908 sūtra: asusūtrat. - 1874 sūca:
sūcayati, aorist transmitted as asūsucat; the a-final pattern would give asusūcat (compare asusūtrat).
Other entries.
- 1860 stana, 1861 gadī "in thundering":
stanayati, gadayati. - 1862 pata gatau vā, "to go, optionally". Two views. On the first, ṇic is optional:
patayati (no vṛddhi, the a counting), patati, liṭ patāṃcakāra, aorist apatīt. On the second, the a-final status is optional: pātayati, with vṛddhi, and apīpatat. - 1863 paṣa, without a prefix, still "to go":
paṣayati. 1864 svara: svarayati. 1865 raca: racayati. 1868 maha: mahayati; mahati is the bhvādi root. - 1881 vela:
velayati. Some make kāla a separate root: kālayati. 1888 sabhāja: sabhājayati. - 1892–1895 saṅketa, grāma, kuṇa, guṇa, and by ca also kūṭa, "in inviting":
kūṭayati, saṅketayati, grāmayati, kuṇayati, guṇayati. A variant reading has keta instead: ketayati, abhiketayati.
The aorist of ūna. 1889 ūna "in diminishing": ūnayati, with the a lost before ṇi (SK 2308).
- The aorist raises a problem. The loss of the a is the later rule. If it came first, ni would be doubled, and the abhyāsa would show i.
- Bhaṭṭoji finds a sign in SK 2577, oḥ puyaṇjy apare, taught in the next chapter. It could have said "before p and y". It names a whole class (pu), a pratyāhāra (yaṇ) and j instead. A pratyāhāra is a short name for a group of sounds; yaṇ = y, v, r, l. That wording is a sign: when doubling is due, a vowel-substitute caused by ṇic does not come first.
- The sign is limited to cases like its own. It holds only where the first vowel after the abhyāsa is an a-vowel, during the derivation or in the finished form.
- In ūna an a stands there during the derivation. So na is doubled first, and then the a of the second copy is lost.
ūna-i + caṅ → ū na i a t
→ doubling of na before the deletion → ū na na i a t
→ the a of the second na is lost before ṇi (SK 2308) → ū na n i a t
→ the ṇi is lost (SK 2313) → ū na n a t
→ the augment āṭ → aunanat.
After mā: mā bhavān ūnanat. The ū is not shortened, the stem being an aglopin.
The same limit keeps kṝt safe. No a-vowel follows its abhyāsa, so its ṝ becomes ir before doubling: acikīrtat.
List-rule ā garvād ātmanepadinaḥ: roots 1898–1907. "Up to garva, ātmanepadin." These are the āgarvīya.
- 1898 pada:
padayate, apapadata. gṛha, mṛga, sthūla, artha and satra are of this group. - 1907 garva "in pride":
garvayate. Its a-final status would have no purpose with ṇic. So, by the force of that status, ṇic is optional for it. Without ṇic, the final a still has work to do. The root takes the udātta accent on that final a, and it takes ām in liṭ. Here end the āgarvīya. - "So also in what follows":
mūtrayati and mūtrati (1909 mūtra), katrayati and katrati, or with karta, kartayati and kartati (1915).
List-rules: ṇic from a noun stem.
- prātipadikād dhātvarthe bahulam iṣṭhavac ca. After a noun stem (prātipadika), in a verbal sense, ṇic comes variously (bahulam). The stem is treated as before the superlative affix iṣṭha. So whatever a stem undergoes before iṣṭha, it also undergoes before ṇi. Bhaṭṭoji lists these operations. One of his commentators illustrates them, first before iṣṭha, then before ṇi:
- the masculine form (puṃvadbhāva):
paṭiṣṭhā; before ṇi, etayati; - ra as a substitute:
draḍhiṣṭha, draḍhayati; - loss of the ṭi, the last vowel and whatever follows it:
sādhiṣṭha; before ṇi, paṭayati (below); - loss of vin:
srajiṣṭha, srajayati; - loss of matup:
gaviṣṭha, gavayati; - loss of yaṇ and what follows:
sthaviṣṭha, sthavayati; - the substitutes pra, stha, spha and the rest:
preṣṭha; before ṇi, prāpayati, sthāpayati; - the name bha:
srajiṣṭha again, where it stops the change to a velar. paṭum ācaṣṭe "he calls him clever" → paṭayati, with the ṭi u lost as before iṣṭha.- Aorist: vṛddhi comes first, being the later rule; then the ṭi is lost. What is lost is au, not an ak, so the stem is not an aglopin. Sanvadbhāva and lengthening apply (SK 2316, 2318) →
apīpaṭat. - But the Bhāṣya on SK 2314 settles that deletion beats vṛddhi. Then the u, an ak, is lost first; the stem is an aglopin, with no sanvadbhāva →
apapaṭat. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators accept both forms. - tat karoti tad ācaṣṭe, "he makes that, he declares that". It spells out the previous rule. Only the meaning of the root is the meaning of ṇic. The present tense of karoti and ācaṣṭe is not intended.
- tenātikrāmati, "he outstrips by means of that":
aśvenātikrāmati → aśvayati; hastinātikrāmati → hastayati. - dhāturūpaṃ ca, "and the form of the root". The base of ṇic takes the form of a dhātu. The ca brings in what is not stated, namely a vārttika:
- ākhyānāt kṛtas tad ācaṣṭe kṛlluk prakṛtipratyāpattiḥ prakṛtivac ca kārakam. After a word made with a kṛt affix that names a story (ākhyāna), ṇic comes in the sense "he tells that". Three things follow: the kṛt affix is lost (luk), its base comes back, and the kāraka, the role-word, is as with that base.
kaṃsavadham ācaṣṭe "he tells the killing of Kaṃsa" → kaṃsaṃ ghātayati. The kṛt affix of vadha is lost, and han returns. We now stand at kaṃsaṃ han i, and the next rule takes over.
Watch out. Not every a-final aorist has a short abhyāsa. Gaṇa has ajīgaṇat too, by this rule. And pata, on the second view, is not a-final at all: apīpatat.
G. han: t in ghāt-; kaṃsaṃ ghātayati; the end of the curādi and the closing list-rules — running example: kaṃsaṃ han-i → kaṃsaṃ ghān-i → kaṃsaṃ ghāt-i → kaṃsaṃ ghātayati; luṅ kaṃsam ajīghatat
The last sūtra finishes the narrative form. SK 2574 puts t for the n of han before ṇi, so kaṃsaṃ han i becomes kaṃsaṃ ghātayati. Bhaṭṭoji then meets an objection: why does kaṃsa not take the augment and the doubling? His answer gives kaṃsam ajīghatat. Then come the last a-final roots, 1916 to 1943, and the list-rules that close the Dhātupāṭha.
SK 2574 · हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः · hanas to 'ciṇṇaloḥ (A 7.3.32)
हनस्तोऽचिण्णलोः
hanasto'ciṇṇaloḥ · A 7.3.32
हन्तेस्तकारोऽन्तादेशः स्याच्चिण्णिल्वर्जे ञिति णिति । नन्वत्राङ्गसंज्ञा धातुसंज्ञा च कंसविशिष्टस्य प्राप्ता । ततश्चाट्द्वित्वयोर्दोषः । किंच कुत्वतत्वे न स्याताम् । धातोः स्वरूपग्रहणे तत्प्रत्यये कार्यविज्ञानात् । सत्यम् । प्रकृतिवच्चेति चकारो भिन्नक्रमः । कारकं च चात्कार्यम् । हेतुमण्णिचः प्रकृतेर्हन्यादेर्हेतुमण्णौ यादृशं कारकं धातावनन्तर्भूतं द्वितीयान्तं यादृशं च कार्यं कुत्वतत्वादि तदिहापीत्यर्थः । कंसमजीघतत् । (गणसूत्रम् -) कर्तृकरणाद्धात्वर्थे ॥ कर्तुव्यापारार्थंयत्करणं न तु चक्षुरादिमात्रमित्यर्थः । असिना हन्ति असयति ।{$ {!1916 वल्क!} दर्शने$} ।{$ {!1917 चित्र!} चित्रीकरणे$} । आलेख्यकरण इत्यर्थः । कदाचिद्दर्शने । चित्रेत्ययमद्भुतदर्शने णिचं लभते । चित्रयति ।{$ {!1918 अंस!} समाघाते$} ।{$ {!1919 वट!} विभाजने$} ।{$ {!1920 लज!} प्रकाशने$} ॥ वटि लजि इत्येके । वण्टयति । लञ्जयति । अदन्तेषु पाठबवलाददन्तत्वे वृद्धिरित्यन्ये । वण्टापयति । लञ्जापयति । शाकटायनस्तु कथादीनां सर्वेषां पुकमाह । तन्मते कथापयति । गणापयतीत्यादि ।{$ {!1921 मिश्र!} सम्पर्के$} ।{$ {!1922 संग्राम!} युद्धे$} । अयमनुदात्तेत अकारप्रश्लेषात् । अससंग्रामत ।{$ {!1923 स्तोम!} श्लाघायाम्$} । अतुस्तोमत् ।{$ {!1924 छिद्र!} कर्णभेदने$} । करणभेदन इत्यन्ये । कर्णेति धात्वन्तरमित्यन्ये ।{$ {!1925 अन्ध!} दृष्ट्युपघाते$} । उपसंहार इत्यन्ये । आन्दधत् ।{$ {!1926 दण्ड!} दण्डनिपातने$} ।{$ {!1927 अङ्क!} पदे लक्षणे च$} । आञ्चकत् ।{$ {!1928 अङ्ग!} च$} । आञ्जगत् ।{$ {!1929 सुख!} {!1930 दुःख!} तत्क्रियायाम्$} ।{$ {!1931 रस!} आस्वादनस्नेहनयोः$} ।{$ {!1932 व्यय!} वित्तसमुत्सर्गे$} । अवव्ययत् ।{$ {!1933 रूप!} रूपक्रियायाम्$} । रूपस्य दर्शनं करणं वा रूपक्रिया ।{$ {!1934 छेद!} द्वैधीकरणे$} । अचिच्छेदत् ।{$ {!1935 छद!} अपवारण इत्येके$} । छदयति ।{$ {!1936 लाभ!} प्रेरणे$} ।{$ {!1937 व्रण!} गात्रविचूर्णने$} ।{$ {!1938 वर्ण!} वर्णक्रियाविस्तारगुणवचनेषु$} । वर्णक्रिया वर्णकरणम् । सुवर्णं वर्णयति । कथां वर्णयति । विस्तृणातीत्यर्थः । हरिं वर्णयति । स्तौतीत्यर्थः । बहुलमेतन्निदर्शनम् । अदन्तधातुनिदर्शनमित्यर्थः । बाहुलकमन्येऽपि बोध्याः ॥ तद्यथा ।{$ {!1939 पर्ण!} हरितभावे$} । अपपर्णत् ।{$ {!1940 विष्क!} दर्शने$} ।{$ {!1941 क्षिप!} प्रेरणे$} ।{$ {!1942 वस!} निवासे$} ।{$ {!1943 तुत्थ!} आवरणे$} ॥ एवमान्दोलयति । प्रेङ्खोलयति । विडम्बयति । अवधीरयतीत्यादि । अन्ये तु दशगणीपाठो बहुलमित्याहुः । तेनापठिता अपि सौत्रलौकिकवैदिका बोध्याः । अपरे तु नवगणीपाठो बहुलमित्याहुः । तेनापठितेभ्योऽपि क्वचित्स्वार्थेणिच् । रामो राज्यमचीकरत् इति यथेत्याहुः । चुरादिभ्यो एव बहुलं णिजित्यर्थ इत्यन्ये । सर्वे पक्षाः प्राचां ग्रन्थे स्थिताः ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) णिङङ्गान्निरसने ॥ अङ्गवाचिनः प्रातिपदिकान्निरसनेऽर्थे णिङ् स्यात् । हस्तौ निरस्यति हस्तयते । पादयते ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) श्वेताश्वाश्वतरगालोडिताह्वरकाणामश्वतरेतकलोपश्च ॥ श्वेताश्वादीनां चतुर्णामश्वादयोलुप्यन्ते णिङ् च धात्वर्थे । श्वेताश्वतादीनां तेनातिक्रामति वा श्वेतयति । अश्वतरमाचष्टेऽश्वयते । गालोडितं वाचां विमर्शः, तत्करोति गालोडयते । आह्वरयते । केचित्तु णिचमेवानुवर्तयन्ति तन्मते परस्मैपदमपि ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) पुच्छादिषु धात्वर्थ इत्येव सिद्धम् ॥ णिजन्तादेव बहुलवचनादात्मनेपदमस्तु ॥ मास्तु पृच्छभाण्ड-SK 2676 इति णिङ्विधिः । सिद्धशब्दो ग्रन्थान्ते मङ्गलार्थः ॥
Rule. For han, t replaces the final sound before an affix marked with ñ or ṇ, other than ciṇ and ṇal. "The final sound" comes from SK 42, and "marked with ñ or ṇ" from SK 254.
Example.
kaṃsaṃ han i (from SK 2573)
→ vṛddhi of the a before ṇic, and gh for h (SK 358) → kaṃsaṃ ghān i
→ this rule: t for the final n → kaṃsaṃ ghāt i
→ kaṃsaṃ ghātayati "he tells the killing of Kaṃsa".
Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji raises an objection. Ṇic was added after the whole word kaṃsavadha. So the names aṅga (base) and dhātu belong to the whole stem, kaṃsa included. Then:
- the augment a of the aorist would come before kaṃsa, and kaṃsa would be doubled;
- gh for h (kutva) and t for n (tatva) would fail. A rule that names a root by its own form works only before an affix taught after a root. This ṇic was taught after a noun.
His reply: "True." The names do belong to the whole, but the faults do not follow. In the vārttika, the ca of prakṛtivac ca kārakam is out of its place (bhinnakrama). Read it as "kārakaṃ ca", and let the ca bring in the operation (kārya). So two things are "as with the base". The base is han before the causative ṇic.
- The kāraka: the second-case word kaṃsam, which is not part of the root.
- The operations: kutva, tatva and the like.
So the augment and the doubling fall on han alone. The aorist frame of chapter 44 works on ghāt-i: kaṃsam ajīghatat.
Bhaṭṭoji's commentators widen the vārttika. Any report of an event counts as a story. So rājāgamanam ācaṣṭe "he reports the king's coming" gives rājānam āgamayati.
Watch out. T replaces only the final n. The gh comes from a separate rule, SK 358. Both work here only because the vārttika makes the operations "as with the base".
List-rule kartṛkaraṇād dhātvarthe. Ṇic comes after a word for the agent's instrument (karaṇa), in a verbal sense. Bhaṭṭoji glosses: the instrument that serves the agent's action, not merely the eye and the like. asinā hanti "he strikes with a sword" → asayati. Whether the word "agent" adds anything, and whether the compound means "agent and instrument", scholars discuss this.
Roots listed after this rule. The last a-final roots, 1916 to 1938.
- 1917 citra "in making a picture". A further line, "sometimes in seeing", gives citra the sense "to see something wondrous":
citrayati. - 1919 vaṭa "in dividing", 1920 laja "in making manifest". Some read them vaṭi and laji:
vaṇṭayati, lañjayati. Others take vaṇṭa, lañja as a-final by their place in this list. Since that status must have some purpose, the final a takes vṛddhi (SK 254) instead of being lost (SK 2308), and puk follows (SK 2570): vaṇṭāpayati, lañjāpayati. Śākaṭāyana gives puk to all the kathādi: kathāpayati, gaṇāpayati and so on. - 1922 saṃgrāma "in battle". It is an anudāttet, a root that takes the ātmanepada: an anudātta a is fused (praśleṣa) with its final a. So:
asasaṃgrāmata. - 1923 stoma:
atustomat. 1925 andha: āndadhat. 1927 aṅka: āñcakat. 1928 aṅga: āñjagat. 1932 vyaya: avavyayat. 1934 cheda: acicchedat. 1935 chada: chadayati. - 1929 sukha, 1930 duḥkha "in doing that": in producing happiness, in producing sorrow.
- 1933 rūpa "in rūpakriyā": seeing or making a form.
- 1938 varṇa:
suvarṇaṃ varṇayati "he colours the gold"; kathāṃ varṇayati "he spreads out a story"; hariṃ varṇayati "he praises Hari".
List-rule bahulam etan nidarśanam. "This list is an illustration, variably (bahulam)." It illustrates the a-final roots, and others are to be understood too. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators counts this line as a list-rule.
- For example: 1939 parṇa "in being green" (
apaparṇat), 1940 viṣka, 1941 kṣipa, 1942 vasa, and 1943 tuttha "in covering", the last root of the list. - Likewise
āndolayati, preṅkholayati, viḍambayati, avadhīrayati. - Others take "bahula" differently. For some, the whole list of the ten classes is illustrative. So unlisted roots also count: those found only in the sūtras (sautra), in ordinary usage (laukika) and in the Veda (vaidika).
- For others, the list of the nine other classes is illustrative. So own-sense ṇic sometimes comes after roots outside the curādi:
rāmo rājyam acīkarat, "Rāma ruled the kingdom". - For still others, "bahula" means only that ṇic comes variably after the curādi roots. All these views are found in the older works.
List-rule ṇiṅ aṅgān nirasane. After a noun for a limb of the body (aṅga), in the sense "throw out", the affix ṇiṅ comes. hastau nirasyati "he throws out his hands" → hastayate; likewise pādayate. Being marked with ṅ, ṇiṅ always gives the ātmanepada, one of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators notes.
List-rule śvetāśvāśvataragāloḍitāhvarakāṇām aśvataretakalopaś ca. Take the four words śvetāśva, aśvatara, gāloḍita and āhvaraka. Their parts aśva, tara, ita and ka are lost, and ṇiṅ comes in a verbal sense. "In a verbal sense" is carried forward from prātipadikād dhātvarthe; "throw out" lapses.
śvetāśvam ācaṣṭe "he speaks of the white horse", or "he outstrips by it" → śvetayate.aśvataram ācaṣṭe "he speaks of the mule" → aśvayate.- gāloḍita is the examination of words; "he does that" →
gāloḍayate. Also āhvarayate. - Some carry only ṇic into this rule. On their view the parasmaipada occurs too.
List-rule pucchādiṣu dhātvartha ity eva siddham. For puccha and the like, ṇic is already obtained by prātipadikād dhātvarthe. The ātmanepada comes from the word bahula. So the ṇiṅ of SK 2676 (pucchabhāṇḍacīvarāṇ ṇiṅ) is not needed. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators say this line is by Bhīmasena, composer of the Dhātupāṭha.
- Its last word, siddha "established", closes the Dhātupāṭha for auspiciousness (maṅgala).
- Here end the curādi roots. The next chapter opens with the causative: SK 2575, tatprayojako hetuś ca.
Terms used in this chapter
- curādi — the class of roots beginning with cur "to steal", the tenth and last class of the Dhātupāṭha (roots 1534–1943).
- Dhātupāṭha — the list of roots, beginning with bhū; it ends with this class.
- ṇic — the affix i; here added after every curādi root in the root's own sense (SK 2563).
- dhātu — a root; a stem ending in ṇic is also a dhātu (SK 2304).
- it — a marker sound, written but not kept in the finished form.
- upadeśa — the form of a root, affix or substitute as the grammar first teaches it.
- anuvṛtti — carrying a word forward from an earlier sūtra into a later one.
- guṇa / vṛddhi — the vowels a, e, o / the vowels ā, ai, au, which replace a root vowel.
- laghu — a light vowel: a short vowel not followed by two consonants.
- upadhā — the penultimate sound of a form.
- lakāra — one of the ten abstract tense-and-mood affixes, laṭ, liṭ and the rest.
- parasmaipada / ātmanepada — the two sets of verb-endings; the ātmanepada comes after a ṇic-stem when the fruit of the action goes to the agent (SK 2564).
- śap — the class-sign a placed between root and ending in the present (SK 2167).
- ārdhadhātuka — the name of an affix taught after a root other than the verb-endings and ś-marked affixes; ṇic is one.
- caṅ — the affix a that replaces cli in the aorist after a stem ending in ṇi (SK 2312).
- cli — the abstract affix of the aorist, replaced by sic, aṅ or caṅ.
- abhyāsa — the first copy of a doubled root, such as cu in cu-cur-a-t.
- sanvadbhāva — treating the abhyāsa as if the affix san followed it, so that it takes i for a (SK 2316, 2317). It holds only when a light syllable follows the abhyāsa and the stem has not lost an ak before ṇi (SK 2316).
- san — the desiderative affix.
- mit — a root marked as keeping a short penultimate vowel before ṇi (SK 2568).
- ghaṭādi — the bhvādi group of mit roots beginning with ghaṭ (chapter 44).
- adādi, juhotyādi, divādi, svādi, tudādi, rudhādi, tanādi, kryādi — the second to ninth classes of roots, chapters 45–52.
- svārthe — "in its own sense": ṇic that adds no meaning to the root.
- gaṇasūtra (list-rule) — a rule-line placed inside a list of roots.
- prapañcārtham — "for elaboration": said of a mention not strictly needed.
- āpuk — the augment āp, as in satyāpayati.
- hetu ṇic — the causative ṇic, used when an agent prompts another (SK 2576).
- tip — the parasmaipada ending of the third person singular.
- liṅga — a sign: a feature of the grammar that would be pointless unless it proved something.
- pākṣika — optional, present in one alternative only.
- Vṛtti — an older commentary on the sūtras, cited by Bhaṭṭoji for its examples.
- Mādhava — an earlier authority, cited on yatri.
- anyatarasyām / vibhāṣā / vā — three words of the sūtras meaning "optionally".
- nāṭya — dramatic representation.
- Cāndra — the Cāndra school of grammar, cited for variant readings.
- seṭ / aniṭ — taking / not taking the augment iṭ.
- iṭ — the augment i before certain ārdhadhātuka affixes.
- apavāda — an exception, which sets aside a general rule.
- ṣṭutva — the change of a sound to a retroflex.
- asiddha — treated as not having taken effect.
- ṣopadeśa / aṣopadeśa — a root taught with an initial ṣ / one not so taught; only the first has ṣ after an abhyāsa.
- taṅ — the ātmanepada endings.
- ṇopadeśa — a root taught with initial ṇ, whose n becomes ṇ after pra.
- nipātana — establishing a form by its very mention in a sūtra.
- jñapādi — the five mit roots of this class: jñapa, yama, caha (or capa, raha), bala, ciñ.
- hrasva — short, of a vowel.
- puk — the augment p, added at the end of a root before ṇi (SK 2570).
- antaraṅga — "internal": a rule whose conditions lie closer in; it wins over an external one.
- ñ-marked (ñit) — marked with ñ; for a root, a sign of both sets of endings.
- ṛ (arti) — the root ṛ "to go", named in SK 2570 by its form arti.
- raparatva — an i or u replacing ṛ or ṝ is followed by r.
- āṅ — the prefix ā; in a list-rule it means "up to".
- abhividhi — the inclusive sense of ā "up to": the named item is included.
- ākusmīya — the roots 1674–1712, up to kusma, which are ātmanepadin.
- śyan, luk, śnam, śa — class-signs met in chapters 45–52: śyan of the divādi, luk (loss) of śap in the adādi, śnam of the rudhādi, śa of the tudādi.
- vārttika — a supplementary statement on a sūtra, completing it.
- Bhāṣya — Patañjali's great commentary on the Aṣṭādhyāyī.
- niṣṭhā — the participle affixes kta and ktavatu, in -ta.
- aṅ — the aorist affix a that replaces cli, as in aghuṣat.
- ktvā — the absolutive affix -tvā.
- āsvadīya — the roots from 1750 up to svad, from which ṇic comes only if they take an object.
- sakarmaka — able to take an object.
- bhāṣārtha — having the sense of speaking.
- ak — the vowels a, i, u, ṛ, ḷ.
- aglopin — a stem that has lost an ak before ṇic; it has no sanvadbhāva and no shortening before caṅ.
- ṛdit — a root marked with ṛ, such as lokṛ.
- ādhṛṣīya — the roots 1807–1851, up to dhṛṣ, with optional ṇic.
- ksa — the aorist sign sa of some roots, as in aśikṣat.
- nuk — the augment n.
- Kavirahasya — a poem cited for the forms of dhū.
- Haradatta — an earlier commentator, cited for a variant reading.
- svarita / anudātta — the mixed and the low accent; a root whose it-vowel is svarita takes both sets of endings, one whose it-vowel is anudātta takes the ātmanepada.
- svarita-marked (svaritet) — a root whose it-vowel is svarita; it takes both sets of endings.
- adanta / kathādi — the roots that end in a, from 1852 katha.
- anekāc — having more than one vowel.
- pratyāhāra — a short name for a group of sounds, made of a first sound and a final marker; yaṇ = y, v, r, l.
- aṭ / āṭ — the augment of the past forms: a, or ā before a vowel.
- āgarvīya — the roots 1898–1907, up to garva, which are ātmanepadin.
- udātta — the high accent.
- ām — the affix of the periphrastic liṭ, as in garvāṃcakre.
- prātipadika — a noun stem.
- bahula — "variously": applying in some cases, not in others, beyond what is stated.
- iṣṭha — the superlative affix; ṇi after a noun stem is treated like it.
- puṃvadbhāva — treating a feminine stem like the masculine.
- ṭi — the last vowel of a form with whatever follows it.
- bha — a name of a stem before certain affixes.
- ākhyāna — a story or report of an event.
- kṛt — an affix that makes a noun from a root, such as the affix of vadha.
- luk — loss of an affix.
- kāraka — a role in the action, such as object or instrument, shown by a case-ending.
- aṅga — the base before an affix.
- ciṇ / ṇal — the aorist affix i of forms like apyāyi (chapter 44) / the liṭ ending a of the third person singular.
- kutva / tatva — replacement by a velar / by t.
- bhinnakrama — out of its place: a word to be read elsewhere in the sentence.
- kārya — an operation of grammar.
- karaṇa — the instrument.
- Śākaṭāyana — an earlier grammarian, cited for puk in all the a-final roots.
- anudāttet — a root whose it-vowel is anudātta; it takes the ātmanepada.
- praśleṣa — reading a sound as fused into another.
- nidarśana — an illustration, not a complete list.
- sautra / laukika / vaidika — found only in the sūtras / in ordinary usage / in the Veda.
- ṇiṅ — the affix i marked with ṅ, which gives the ātmanepada.
- Bhīmasena — the composer of the Dhātupāṭha, by the commentators' account.
- maṅgala — an auspicious word set at the start or end of a work.
Summary
| SK | What it does | Example |
|---|
| 2563 | ṇic comes after twelve nouns and after every curādi root, in the root's own sense | cur + ṇic → corayati |
| 2564 | after a ṇic-stem, ātmanepada when the fruit goes to the agent | corayate; luṅ acūcurat |
| 2565 | for bhrāj, bhās, bhāṣ, dīp, jīv, mīl, pīḍ, shortening before caṅ is optional | apīpiḍat / apipīḍat |
| 2566 | for smṛ, dṝ, tvar, prath, mrad, stṝ, spaś, a in the abhyāsa before caṅ | apaprathat |
| 2567 | a penultimate ṛ optionally stays ṛ before caṅ | apīpṛthat / apaparthat |
| 2568 | a mit root shortens its penultimate before ṇi | jñapayati |
| 2569 | ci and sphur optionally take ā before ṇi | ci → cā-i |
| 2570 | puk before ṇi for ṛ, hrī, vlī, rī, knūyī, kṣmāyī and ā-final roots; list-rule nānye mito 'hetau | capayati / cayayati; śāmayate |
| 2571 | i (with r) for a penultimate ṝ of a root | kīrtayati; acīkṛtat / acikīrtat |
| 2572 | no shortening before caṅ for an aglopin, śās, or an ṛ-marked root | alulokat; kathayati, acakathat |
| 2573 | the abhyāsa of gaṇa takes ī, or a; list-rules for ṇic from a noun | ajīgaṇat / ajagaṇat; paṭayati, aśvayati |
| 2574 | t for the final of han before a ñ- or ṇ-marked affix, except ciṇ, ṇal; the closing list-rules | kaṃsaṃ ghātayati, kaṃsam ajīghatat; asayati, hastayate |
Root stretches of the class, by list-rule:
- 1534–1673: roots with both sets of endings; i-marked roots may drop ṇic (citi:
cintati). - 1674–1712, ā kusmāt: ātmanepadin (
cetayate, daṃśayate). - 1713–1749: both sets again; hantyarthāś ca adds roots meaning "strike".
- 1750–1806, ā svadaḥ sakarmakāt: ṇic only from roots that take an object (
grāsayati phalam). - 1807–1851, ā dhṛṣād vā: optional ṇic (
yojayati / yojati). - 1852–1943, athādantāḥ: roots ending in a; no vṛddhi, no sanvadbhāva (
kathayati, acakathat); within them 1898–1907, ā garvāt, ātmanepadin (padayate).