Covers SK 2563–2574 (12 sūtras): all present. Every unit has its own kaumudī. The spine is not an Aṣṭādhyāyī run. The SK follows the Dhātupāṭha order of the curādi roots (1534 cura … 1943 tuttha, our numbering) and teaches each rule at the root where it first bites, drawing on AS books 1, 3, 6 and 7 (3.1.25 → 1.3.74 → 7.4.3 → 7.4.95 → 7.4.7 → 6.4.92 → 6.1.54 → 7.3.36 → 7.1.101 → 7.4.2 → 7.4.97 → 7.3.32). Five of these are 7.4 rules on the caṅ-aorist (7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.4.7, 7.4.95, 7.4.97), which the SK spreads over the list rather than teaching as a run; ṇau caṅy upadhāyā hrasvaḥ (7.4.1) was taught at SK 2314. Sūtras 2571–2574 are short rules that carry the long root lists, and most of the gaṇasūtras sit inside those lists. Every AS-ref below is checked against references/ashtadhyayi/sutraani-data.json.
- Anuvṛtti from later in the SK. Several rules here carry words from sūtras the SK teaches only later. Examples: dhātor ekāco halādeḥ kriyāsamabhihāre yaṅ (3.1.22, SK 2629) gives dhātoḥ at 2563; atra lopo 'bhyāsasya (7.4.58, SK 2620) gives abhyāsasya at 2566 and 2573; jighrater vā (7.4.6, SK 2589) gives vā at 2567; doṣo ṇau (6.4.90, SK 2604) gives ṇau at 2568. Two later rules also serve as argument: hetumati ca (3.1.26, SK 2576) defines the "hetu" of nānye mito 'hetau (2570), and oḥ puyaṇjy apare (7.4.80, SK 2577) supplies the ūna jñāpaka (2573). The outline names them where BM does.
tiṅantacurādiprakaraṇam — outline (p53, SK 2563–2574, all 12 sūtras)
p52 (tiṅantakryādiprakaraṇam) closed at 2562 with the kryādi colophon.
- Where the prakaraṇa begins. The print heads it "tiṅante curādayaḥ 50". Our prakaraṇa number 53 differs systemically. sk2563 opens with the Dhātupāṭha entry 1534 cura steye, then satyāpapāśa… curādibhyo ṇic (3.1.25).
- Where it ends. At 2574, with the gaṇasūtra pucchādiṣu dhātvartha ity eva siddham, whose last word "siddha" closes the Dhātupāṭha for auspiciousness. The print closes "iti curādayaḥ" ("Here end the curādi roots"). Ours lacks it, so the English supplies it in brackets (scan page-0438). p54 (tiṅantaṇicprakaraṇam) opens with tatprayojako hetuś ca (SK 2575).
- Dhātu numbering. The print numbers cura as 1535, so from cura to mārga it runs one higher than ours. The two agree from śulka to guṇa (1619–1895). The print then numbers the variant keta as 1896, so from kūṇa to tuttha (print 1944) it runs one higher again. The outline gives our numbers.
- Contents in outline.
- 2563–2564: cur. ṇic in the root's own sense, and ātmanepada for the ṇic-final stem: corayati / corayate, acūcurat. Then the i-marked citi and the optional-ṇic jñāpaka: cintayati / cintati.
- 2565–2567: the caṅ-aorist. Optional shortening of the penultimate for bhrāj … pīḍ, a in the abhyāsa for smṛ … spaś, and optional ṛ for a penultimate ṛ: apīpiḍat / apipīḍat, apaprathat, apīpṛthat / apaparthat.
- 2568–2570: the mit roots jñapa … ciñ. Shortening before ṇi, optional ā for ci and sphur, and puk: jñapayati, capayati / cayayati. The gaṇasūtra nānye mito 'hetau denies mit-status to the other curādi roots.
- 2571: kṝt. i for a penultimate ṝ: kīrtayati, acīkṛtat / acikīrtat. Its list runs 1655–1783: the ātmanepadin roots up to kusma, then the transitive roots up to svad, among them 31 roots in the sense of speaking.
- 2572: no shortening for an ak-deleted stem, for śās or for an ṛ-marked root. alulokat. Its list runs 1784–1854: the optional-ṇic roots up to dhṛṣ, then the opening of the a-final roots: kathayati, acakathat.
- 2573: gaṇa. ī or a in the abhyāsa: ajīgaṇat / ajagaṇat. Its list runs 1855–1915: the a-final roots and the ātmanepadin roots up to garva. Then the gaṇasūtras for ṇic from a prātipadika and the ākhyāna vārttika: paṭayati, aśvayati, kaṃsaṃ ghātayati.
- 2574: han. t for the n of han: kaṃsaṃ ghātayati, kaṃsam ajīghatat. Its list runs 1916–1943: the last a-final roots and the closing gaṇasūtras (bahula, ṇiṅ, puccha).
Threads that run through the prakaraṇa:
- The curādi ṇic. It comes in the root's own sense (svārthe; 2563). Being taught after a dhātu it is ārdhadhātuka, so the root takes guṇa or vṛddhi before it (cor-i, tāḍ-i). The ṇic-final stem is a dhātu (sanādyantā dhātavaḥ, SK 2304), and ṇicaś ca (2564) gives it ātmanepada when the fruit goes to the agent. Every curādi stem is therefore ubhayapadin unless marked otherwise.
- The caṅ-aorist of a ṇic-final stem. Five steps:
- caṅ (ṇiśridrusrubhyaḥ kartari caṅ, SK 2312), with ṇi lost by ṇer aniṭi (SK 2313);
- shortening of the penultimate (ṇau caṅy upadhāyā hrasvaḥ, SK 2314);
- doubling;
- sanvadbhāva when a light syllable follows the abhyāsa (sanvallaghuni caṅpare 'naglope, SK 2316), giving i (sanyataḥ, SK 2317);
- lengthening (dīrgho laghoḥ, SK 2318).
- Result: acūcurat. The prakaraṇa's sūtras mostly adjust this frame. They make the shortening optional (2565, and the vārttika at kaṇa), put a in the abhyāsa (2566) or ṛ in the penultimate (2567), bar the shortening (2572), or put ī or a in gaṇa's abhyāsa (2573).
- Where ṇic is optional. Curādi ṇic is obligatory in principle: a ṇic-less form is "as unreal as a hare's horn" (BM). It becomes optional in three ways:
- By a jñāpaka. An it-marker would be pointless if ṇic always intervened, so it shows that ṇic is optional:
- i-marking: citi (cintati), and likewise tuji, chadi, capi, ṭaki, paci;
- u-marking (for iṭ before ktvā, udito vā, SK 3328): jasu, divu (devati), añcu, śṛdhu, vṛtu and vṛdhu (vartati);
- ī-marking: pūrī (pūrati);
- ñ-marking: ciñ (cayati, cayate);
- the long ṝ of pṝ (parati);
- the exclusion in ghuṣir aviśabdane (SK 3063): ghoṣati;
- the a-final status of garva, where the adanta reading would otherwise have no purpose: garvate.
- By a gaṇasūtra: ā dhṛṣād vā (1807–1851) and hantyarthāś ca.
- By an optional gloss: pata gatau vā.
- The gaṇa boundaries. Each āṅ is inclusive (abhividhi): "up to and including".
- ā kusmād ātmanepadinaḥ: 1674 cita … 1712 kusma (the ākusmīya roots). These take ātmanepada even when the fruit does not go to the agent, and only when ṇic is present (daṃśati).
- ā svadaḥ sakarmakāt: 1750 grasa … 1806 ṣvada (the āsvadīya roots). ṇic comes only from those that can take an object. They include the 31 roots in the sense of speaking (bhāṣārtha, 1753–1783), continued by 1784–1800 and 1801–1803.
- ā dhṛṣād vā: 1807 yuja … 1851 dhṛṣa (the ādhṛṣīya roots), with optional ṇic.
- athādantāḥ: the a-final roots, 1852 katha to the end. Inside them, ā garvād ātmanepadinaḥ covers 1898 pada … 1907 garva (the āgarvīya roots). bahulam etan nidarśanam makes the list illustrative.
- mit. The jñapādi five are mit: jñapa, yama, caha (or capa or raha), bala and ciñ (2567–2568, with the ca carried forward). They shorten before ṇi (2568). nānye mito 'hetau (2570) makes every other curādi root non-mit in the own-sense ṇic: pratha → prāthayati, śama → śāmayate, ama → āmayati.
- The a-final roots (adanta). The a is lost before ṇi (ato lopaḥ, SK 2308), and three consequences follow:
- The lost a counts as present (sthānivat by acaḥ parasmin pūrvavidhau, SK 50). So the penultimate takes no vṛddhi (kathayati, patayati), no guṇa (gṛhayate, mṛgayate) and no shortening before caṅ (ababhāmat, asasāmat, ajagaveṣat).
- The stem is aglopin. So it has no sanvadbhāva or lengthening (acakathat, ararahat, atusthūlata), and 2572 bars the shortening.
- Over vṛddhi, deletion wins (vṛddher lopo balīyān): arthayate.
- Exceptions are gaṇa (2573), and the ūna jñāpaka that gives aunanat (2573).
- Roots of more than one syllable are not taught with ṣ. Hence no ṣ after the abhyāsa: asūsucat, atistenat, asusūtrat, sisatrayiṣate; asismiṭat (2567) likewise.
- ṇic from a nominal. The twelve prātipadikas of 2563 (satyāpa … cūrṇa) anticipate the gaṇasūtras of 2573–2574:
- prātipadikād dhātvarthe bahulam iṣṭhavac ca, elaborated by tat karoti tad ācaṣṭe, tenātikrāmati and dhāturūpaṃ ca;
- the vārttika ākhyānāt kṛtaḥ…;
- kartṛkaraṇād dhātvarthe;
- ṇiṅ aṅgān nirasane;
- śvetāśvāśvatara…;
- pucchādiṣu….
- The kaumudī lists forms bare. Lakāra labels are the translator's, and derivation stages follow BM and TB as recorded in the unit notes.
- Where the commentary lies. Only the kaumudī blocks are translated (SK-TRANSLATE §25).
- TB printed under a neighbouring unit:
- 2563 at the tail of sk.2562.t1; 2564 at the tail of sk.2563.t1; 2565 at the tail of sk.2564.t1; 2568 at the tail of sk.2567.t1 (from 'veṣṭanam iti');
- 2571 from its opening to 'athavā' on kusma at the tail of sk.2570.t1;
- 2573 at the end of sk.2572.t1;
- the ākhyāna vārttika up to 'kaṃsaṃ han i' under sk.2573.t1.
- sk2574.t1 runs on, after 'iti curādayaḥ', into TB on SK 2575.
- The print has no TB on 2566, and none on 2572 from the sūtra to pūrī.
- BM lead-ins printed under the preceding unit: 2572 (tail of sk.2571.b1) and 2573 (tail of sk.2572.b1). BM on the vārttika is at the end of sk.2573.b1. sk2574.b1 ends with BM on the divādi opening, which is an artefact.
- NSP footnotes:
- p. 417 fn 2 ('svārthe': no anuvṛtti of karaṇe) is filed under sk.2560.n1.
- p. 419 fn 1 (on cisphuroḥ) is filed under sk.2567.n1. Its continuation on p. 420 is in no source.json and is transcribed in the sk2569 textual note.
- p. 418 fn 1 (on pṝ) and the p. 422 footnote on lāpayati are in no source.json.
- Wikisource (uttara-2/0077–0096) supplies the missing gloss of 2570 and BM's ungarbled text on kusma, on kartṛkaraṇāt and on the śvetāśva gaṇasūtra.
Where the p53 audit (the three reports .work/sk-run/p47-53-audit/sk2563-2570.md, sk2571-2572.md and sk2573-2574.md) corrects a reading, this outline follows the corrected reading. The fixer is applying these to the en.yml in parallel.
- 2564: cinteti paṭhitavye means "where it ought to have been read as cinta". It contrasts with yatri's paṭhituṃ śakyam, "could be read". TB's form for the o-marked olaḍi is laṇḍṇaḥ.
- 2568: the entry is yama ca pariveṣaṇe (print and BM). The kaumudī's own cān mit needs the ca.
- 2571:
- kusma nāmno vā means ṇic comes "from kusma [as a root], or from [kusma as] a nominal", not from any nominal. BM (Wikisource 0080) limits it to kusma by proximity (pratyāsatti).
- kaṇa nimīlane is the closing of one eye (TB: kāṇaḥ).
- vṛṣa: "śaktibandhana is the capacity to procreate, and [likewise] śaktibandha". Wikisource reads śaktisambandha.
- TB on 2571: the objection is that dhātoḥ and ṝtaḥ in 7.1.100 might be construed non-appositionally (vaiyadhikaraṇya: "a ṝ belonging to a dhātu").
- TB's alternative on the āsvadīya gaṇasūtra is "ṇic from transitive svad preceded by āṅ" (not sad).
- TB glosses two meanings: ābhaṇḍana (bhala) as nirūpaṇa, and pratiyatna (arja) as guṇādhāna.
- 2573:
- The ca of saṅketa … guṇa cāmantraṇe gathers a root: kūṭa, and in the variant reading keta. It does not gather a meaning (BM samuccīyate; TB "four roots").
- acikīrtat turns on the ṝ of kṝt.
- The reason in the bracket on mā bhavān ūnanat (no āṭ after mā) is the translator's, not BM's or TB's.
- The prātipadika view on tenātikrāmati is BM's; TB reports both views.
- 2574:
- The fault in the objection is that kaṃs[a] would be doubled, not "kaṃ" (BM, Wikisource; TB).
- On kartṛkaraṇāt, BM's final view (vastutas) is that karaṇa is the śāstra's sādhakatama, so "kartṛ" is only for clarity. Separately, some (kecit) read a dvandva and cite devadattayati.
- In the śvetāśva gaṇasūtra, dhātvarthe is carried forward from prātipadikād dhātvarthe, and nirasane lapses (BM, Wikisource 0096).
- The "(gaṇasūtra)" label on bahulam etan nidarśanam comes from BM and Wikisource, not the print.
Print readings (NSP, scan-confirmed) that the outline follows:
- eṣām upadhāyā (2565);
- luṇṭhayati, ṣṇiha snehane, avakuṇṭhati, tolayāmāsa, atulopamābhyām, mūlayati mūlayāmāsa, and na ndrāḥ as SK 2446 (the print has 2246) (2567);
- pariveṣaṇam iha and bhojanā nāpi (2568);
- acikīrtat, gala sravaṇe, the full vid kārikā, pāśayati, devati, aviśabdana, añcu viśeṣaṇe, and SK 2314 (the print has 1324) (2571);
- mahi ca, nala ca, āpyāyane, aṣopadeśatvāt, ūrdhvam, evāyam, viyojanasaṃparcanayoḥ, SK 2506, a single "svādau kryādau tudādau ca", sphuṭitātimuktam and utpūrvaḥ (2572);
- palyūla, vāta's "gatisukhasevanayor ity eke", keta, upayācñā, dhātor anta udāttaḥ, avivakṣitaḥ, kṛtas tad, and kaṃsavadham (2573);
- ciṇṇal, kartur vyāpārārtham, pāṭhabalāt, anudāttet, bāhulakāt, curādibhya eva, śvetāśvam ācaṣṭe … śvetayate, puccha, and the colophon "iti curādayaḥ" (2574).
Still open for Ajai (mūla):
- 2567: ours has vaṭi vibhājane, where the print clearly has vaṭhi. The English keeps vaṭi. Ours also has bila where the print has vila (the known b/v matter).
- 2568: ours has yama pariveṣaṇe, where the print and BM have yama ca pariveṣaṇe. The English supplies the ca in brackets.
- 2570: the gloss eṣāṃ puk syāṇ ṇau is missing in ours and in the print. It is supplied from Wikisource and BM. Ours has pula … puṇa, where the print has pūla … pūṇa; ours agrees with Wikisource.
- 2571:
- Ours lacks the first half of the vid kārikā and vindate; the print and Wikisource have them.
- The print has bukka bhaṣaṇe, while BM and Wikisource have bhāṣaṇe. The English keeps bhaṣaṇa.
- Ours has ṛta it syāt with a short ṛ; the English gives ṝ.
- 2572:
- Ours and Wikisource have lāyayati, as does BM's lemma. The print has lāpayati, with a footnote.
- Ours has mahi / nala bhāṣārthāḥ, where the print has "ca".
- 2573:
- The gloss lacks the "at" after cāt in ours and in the print. Wikisource has "cād at", and BM's pratīka is cād ad iti.
- asūsucat is transmitted by all three witnesses, but the adanta derivation requires asusūcat.
- 2574: the print alone has vāṇṭayati and chādayati; ours and Wikisource have vaṇṭayati and chadayati.
Ordering: SK order throughout. Within 2571–2574 the root lists are summarised by gaṇa boundary and by the kind of form each stretch teaches, not root by root.
A. cur: ṇic in the root's own sense, ātmanepada for the ṇic-final, the caṅ frame; optional ṇic for i-marked roots — running example: cur + ṇic → cor-i → corayati / corayate; cor-i + caṅ → cur-at → cu-cur-at → acūcurat
- 2563 satyāpapāśarūpavīṇātūlaślokasenālomatvacavarmavarṇacūrṇacurādibhyo ṇic 3.1.25 — ṇic comes after the twelve words satyāpa … cūrṇa and after cur and the rest. dhātoḥ comes from SK 2629 (BM).
- The twelve (up to cūrṇa) are listed for elaboration (prapañcārtham), since prātipadikād dhātvarthe (2573) already gives them ṇic. TB says satyāpa is named, rather than satya, for the augment āpuk.
- After cur and the rest, ṇic comes in the root's own sense (svārthe). The NSP footnote adds that no karaṇe is carried from SK 2673.
cur + ṇic: ṇic is ārdhadhātuka, so the u takes guṇa by pugantalaghūpadhasya ca (SK 2189): cor-i. It is a dhātu by sanādyantā dhātavaḥ (SK 2304). Then tip, śap, guṇa and ay: corayati.- 2564 ṇicaś ca 1.3.74 — after a ṇic-final stem, ātmanepada comes when the fruit goes to the agent. ātmanepadam comes from SK 2157 and kartrabhiprāye kriyāphale from SK 2158 (BM).
corayate, corayāmāsa, corayitā.- coryāt: ṇi is lost by ṇer aniṭi (SK 2313; BM). corayiṣīṣṭa.
- luṅ: caṅ (SK 2312), shortening (SK 2314), doubling, halādiḥ śeṣaḥ (SK 2179), then lengthening of the abhyāsa by dīrgho laghoḥ (SK 2318):
acūcurat / acūcurata. TB: the lengthening does not itself depend on sanvadbhāva. - 1535 citi: cintayati, acicintat. The root "ought to have been read" cinta. Its i-marking is therefore a jñāpaka that ṇic is optional. So the ṇic-less cintyāt and cintyate keep their n (against aniditām…, SK 415): cintati, cintet.
- Two views on the scope. Some say the jñāpaka covers all curādi roots, citing the Vṛtti's jagāṇa under SK 2260. Others say it covers citi only. Hence ā dhṛṣād vā is not useless. BM and TB side with the second view.
- yatri: yantrayati. The i is merely useless, since the n is not penultimate before a conjunct, and Mādhava's "yantrati" is questionable. kudri, tatri and matri are the same.
- sphuṇḍayati / sphuṇḍati. laḍa is "fond attendance": lāḍayati. midi: mindati.
- olaḍi: olaṇḍayati. Some make the o an it (laṇḍayati), and others read ulaṇḍayati.
- 1544 pīḍa leads into 2565.
B. The caṅ-aorist: optional shortening, a in the abhyāsa, ṛ for a penultimate ṛ — running example: pīḍ-i + caṅ → apīpiḍat / apipīḍat; prath-i + caṅ → a-pa-prath-at → apaprathat; pṛth-i + caṅ → apīpṛthat / apaparthat
- 2565 bhrājabhāsabhāṣadīpajīvamīlapīḍām anyatarasyām 7.4.3 — for bhrāj, bhās, bhāṣ, dīp, jīv, mīl and pīḍ, the penultimate is optionally shortened before a caṅ-followed ṇi. ṇau caṅy upadhāyā hrasvaḥ is carried from SK 2314.
- With shortening, a light syllable follows the abhyāsa, so sanvadbhāva and dīrgho laghoḥ apply:
apīpiḍat. - Without shortening, no light syllable follows and there is no lengthening:
apipīḍat (BM's gloss; its lemma is misprinted). - naṭa avaskandane: avaskandana is nāṭya (print; BM reads avaspandana).
- badha: bādhayati (Cāndra reads bandha).
- pṝ: pārayati. The long ṝ is a jñāpaka that ṇic is optional, since the long vowel serves only to make the root seṭ. So parati and parate stand (TB and the footnote doubt this).
- ūrja: BM's two readings of sanvallaghuni give aurjijat or aurjījat.
- varṇa and cūrṇa preraṇe. The "(gaṇasūtra)" variant is varṇa varṇane.
- pratha: prāthayati. It is not mit, by nānye mito 'hetau (2570).
- 2566 at smṛdṝtvaraprathamradastṝspaśām 7.4.95 — a replaces the final of the abhyāsa of smṛ, dṝ, tvar, prath, mrad, stṝ and spaś before a caṅ-followed ṇi.
- abhyāsasya comes from SK 2620 and caṅpare from SK 2316 (BM). The rule is an apavāda of the i of sanyataḥ (SK 2317).
prath-i + caṅ → pa-prath → apaprathat. There is no lengthening, since the a is heavy before a conjunct.- BM: the rule shows that "a light syllable follows" survives when several consonants intervene. Otherwise there would be no sanvadbhāva here to set aside.
- pṛtha: parthayati.
- 2567 ur ṛt 7.4.7 — ṛ optionally replaces a penultimate ṛ-vowel before a caṅ-followed ṇi. vā comes from SK 2589, and ṇau caṅy upadhāyāḥ from SK 2314 (BM). It is the apavāda of ir, ār and ar.
- With ṛ:
apīpṛthat. The guṇa due before ṇic is set aside. Then doubling, a by urat (SK 2244), halādiḥ śeṣaḥ, i by sanvadbhāva, and lengthening. - Without ṛ:
apaparthat. Doubling comes first, then a by urat, then guṇa ar. No light syllable follows, so there is neither i nor lengthening. - The list 1555–1625.
- ṣamba: sambayati, asasambat.
- aṭṭa has a d as its penultimate. ṣṭutva is asiddha, so na ndrāḥ saṃyogādayaḥ (SK 2446) exempts the d from doubling:
āṭṭiṭat (BM: otherwise āṭiṭṭat). - luṇṭha: luṇṭhayati. luṇṭhati belongs to bhvādi luṭhi.
- i-marked roots with ṇic-less forms: tuñjati, piñjati, panthati, chandati, khaṇḍati, kaṇḍati, paṇḍati, paṃsati, campati, kṣampati.
- pisa: pesayati, while pesati goes with śap.
- smiṭa is not taught with ṣ: asismiṭat.
- ṣmiṅ: the ṅ has no purpose in the bare root, so it gives taṅ to the ṇic-final stem: smāyayate.
- śraṇa: viśrāṇayati.
- nakka is excluded from the ṇopadeśa roots: pranakkayati.
- tula: tolayati, atūtulat. tulayati and tulanā come instead from tulā, established by the nipātana in atulopamābhyām (SK 630).
- dula: adūdulat.
- vraja and mārga are two entries in ours. BM and TB note that some take mārga as no separate root.
- 1625 jñapa mic ca leads into 2568.
C. The mit roots jñapa … ciñ: shortening before ṇi, ā for ci, puk — running example: jñap + ṇic → jñāp-i (vṛddhi) → jñap-i → jñapayati; ci + ṇic → cā-i → cāp-i → cap-i → capayati, or without ā cāy-i → cay-i → cayayati
- 2568 mitāṃ hrasvaḥ 6.4.92 — the penultimate of a mit root is shortened before ṇi. upadhāyāḥ comes from SK 2364 and ṇau from SK 2604 (BM).
jñapayati: vṛddhi before ṇic, then shortening.- 1626 yama ca pariveṣaṇe (print, BM): cān mit. Here pariveṣaṇa means "surrounding" (veṣṭana). It does not mean serving food (bhojanā) or causing to surround (veṣṭanā). yamayati candram means "(the halo) surrounds the moon".
- caha … ciñ: the ca, and with it mit-status, is carried forward. These are the jñapādi five: jñapa, yama, caha (or capa or raha), bala and ciñ.
- caha: acīcahat. The kathādi caha is a-final and aglopin, so it has neither lengthening nor sanvadbhāva: acacahat.
- raha: arīrahat, and ararahat in kathādi.
- bala: balayati.
- 1630 ciñ leads into 2569.
- 2569 cisphuror ṇau 6.1.54 — for ci and sphur, ā optionally comes before ṇi. āt comes from SK 2370 and vibhāṣā from SK 2509 (BM, TB).
ci → cā-i.- The NSP footnote records two views. The older authorities take only the curādi ṇic and the curādi ci. The moderns take both ṇic's and both ci's, by the force of ciñ's ñ.
- 2570 artihrīvlīrīknūyīkṣmāyyātāṃ puk ṇau 7.3.36 — the augment puk is added before ṇi to ṛ, hrī, vlī, rī, knūyī, kṣmāyī and ā-final roots. The gloss "eṣāṃ puk syāṇ ṇau" is supplied from Wikisource and BM.
cā-i → cāp-i. It is shortened as mit (2568): capayati. Without ā: cayayati (vṛddhi, āy, shortening).- TB: puk comes first, being later and antaraṅga, and guṇa after it: arpayati, hrepayati, knopayati, sthāpayati. TB also holds that puk reaches an ā produced by rule.
- ciñ is ñ-marked, so its ṇic is optional: cayati, cayate. praṇicayati / pranicayati.
- (gaṇasūtra) nānye mito 'hetau: where the ṇic is not the hetu ṇic (SK 2576), roots other than the jñapādi are not mit. So śama and others lose the mit-status of am-final roots.
- The list 1631–1654:
- i-marked: ṭaṅkayati / ṭaṅkati, śuṇṭhati, pañcayati / pañcati (pañcate is the bhvādi root);
- gaja and mārja "in the sense of sound": gājayati, mārjayati;
- marca: marcayati;
- tija: tejayati;
- pula … puṇa (print pūla … pūṇa); TB cites Kṣīrasvāmin on readings that cannot be settled;
- 1654 kṝta leads into 2571.
D. kṝt: i for a penultimate ṝ; the ātmanepadin roots up to kusma and the transitive roots up to svad — running example: kṝt-i → kir-t-i → kīrt-i → kīrtayati; acīkṛtat / acikīrtat
- 2571 upadhāyāś ca 7.1.101 — i also replaces a penultimate ṝ of a dhātu. ṝtaḥ, it and dhātoḥ come from ṝta id dhātoḥ (SK 2390; BM).
- TB: the rule is needed because a non-appositional reading of 7.1.100 would also give i in ṛkārīyati.
- The i is followed by r (raparatva), and the vowel is lengthened by upadhāyāṃ ca (SK 2265):
kīrtayati. - In the caṅ-form, with ṛ by ur ṛt (2567):
acīkṛtat. Without it: acikīrtat (print; ours acikārtat), with no light syllable and so no lengthening of the abhyāsa. - 1655–1673: parasmaipadin roots.
- i-marked ṇic-less forms: kumbati, jaṃsati.
- ila: aililat.
- gurda pūrvaniketane is left open: either two roots, gurda and pūrva, or gurda "dwelling first" (TB).
- Gaṇa boundary ā kusmād ātmanepadinaḥ: 1674 cita to 1712 kusma inclusive. These roots take ātmanepada even when the fruit does not go to the agent, since ṇicaś ca already covers the case where it does (BM).
- cetayate, acīcitata.
- daśi: daṃśayate, adadaṃśata. The ātmanepada holds only with ṇic, so the ṇic-less form is daṃśati. Its n is not lost, because SK 2396 takes only the bhvādi daṃś, by association with sañj.
- tatri: tantrayate (the Cāndras have kuṭumbayate).
- basta and gandha: bastayate, gandhayate.
- śama: mit is denied by nānye mito 'hetau: śāmayate.
- vṛṣa: varṣayate. mada: mādayate. gṛ: gārayate.
- vida: vedayate. Then the vid kārikā (print): vidyate, vetti, vinte, vindate, vindati, by śyan, luk, śnam and śa.
- māna: mānayate. yu: yāvayate.
- (gaṇasūtra) kusma nāmno vā: ṇic comes from the root kusma ("smiling contemptuously"), or from kusma as a nominal (pratyāsatti): kusmayate, acukusmata. "ity ākusmīyāḥ".
- 1713–1749: parasmaipadin again.
- bukka bhaṣaṇe (BM and Wikisource have bhāṣaṇe).
- śabda: upasargād āviṣkāre ca gives pratiśabdayati. anupasargāc ca, with only āviṣkāre carried forward, gives śabdayati.
- kaṇa "closing one eye": kāṇayati. In the caṅ-form, shortening by SK 2314 is due.
- (vārttika) kāṇyādīnāṃ vā: the shortening becomes optional:
acīkaṇat / acakāṇat. - ṣūda: asūṣudat.
- ama: mit is denied, so āmayati. The bhvādi ama, with the hetu ṇic, gives āmayati by na kamyamicamām.
- sphuṭa: sphuṭati and sphoṭate go with śa and śap.
- (gaṇasūtra) hantyarthāś ca: roots meaning "strike" from the other nine gaṇas also take own-sense ṇic, so ghātayati = hanti (TB).
- divu: devati (u-marked).
- ghuṣir: the exclusion in ghuṣir aviśabdane (SK 3063) is a liṅga that ṇic is optional: ghoṣati.
- "Because it is ir-marked": aghuṣat / aghoṣīt. BM rejects this as against the Bhāṣya.
- With ṇic: ajūghuṣat.
- āṅaḥ kranda sātatye: ākrandayati. Others read ghuṣi with āṅ: āghoṣayati.
- jñā: ājñāpayati (puk).
- śṛdhu: aśaśardhat / aśīśṛdhat.
- añcu: the u is for optional iṭ (udito vā, SK 3328), so ṇic is optional: añcati. The same holds for śṛdhu, jasu and others.
- udhrasa: dhrāsayati, udhrāsayati.
- cyu: cyāvayati.
- bhuvo 'vakalkane: bhāvayati. kṛpeś ca: kalpayati (kṛpo ro laḥ, SK 2350).
- (gaṇasūtra) ā svadaḥ sakarmakāt: from 1750 grasa up to svad, ṇic comes only from roots that can take an object: grāsayati phalam, poṣayaty ābharaṇam, dālayati.
- The 31 bhāṣārtha roots 1753–1783 (paṭa … vṛdhu): pāṭayati, poṭayati, tuñjayati, piñjati, ghāṭayati, ghaṇṭayati. TB: the re-reading of ghaṭa is for a difference of meaning.
- The list ends with lokṛ, locṛ, vṛtu and vṛdhu, which feed 2572.
E. No shortening for an ak-deleted stem, śās or an ṛ-marked root; the optional-ṇic roots up to dhṛṣ; the a-final roots begin — running example: lokṛ → lok-i + caṅ → alulokat (no shortening, no lengthening); katha-i → kath-i → kathayati, acakathat
- 2572 nāglopiśāsvṛditām 7.4.2 — the shortening of the penultimate before a caṅ-followed ṇi does not apply to a stem that lost an ak before ṇic, to śās, or to ṛ-marked roots.
- ṇau caṅy upadhāyāḥ is carried from SK 2314. BM reads ṇau twice: once for the ak-loss, once as the environment.
alulokat, alulocat: no shortening, so no light syllable and no lengthening (BM).- vṛtu and vṛdhu: vartayati, vardhayati. Being u-marked they also have vartati, vardhati.
- 1784–1803: the bhāṣārtha list continues ("mahi ca", "nala ca" in the print).
- pūrī: the ī-marking bars iṭ in the niṣṭhā, so ṇic is optional: pūrayati / pūrati.
- ṣvada: asiṣvadat. The long svāda is not taught with ṣ: asisvadat. "ity āsvadīyāḥ".
- (gaṇasūtra) ā dhṛṣād vā: from 1807 yuja up to dhṛṣ, ṇic is optional. The kaumudī gives the ṇic-less forms side by side:
- yojayati / yojati, ayaukṣīt (aniṭ); parcayati / parcati, parcitā, aparcīt;
- ṣaha: sahati;
- lī: lāyayati (print lāpayati). There is no nuk (SK 2591, which BM limits to the hetu ṇic), and no ā in letā (SK 2509);
- vṛñ: vārayati, varati, varate, varitā / varītā (SK 2391); jṝ: jarītā; jri: jrāyayati;
- rica: rektā; śiṣa: śeṣṭā, aśikṣat (ksa, SK 2336);
- tṛpa: tarpitā (seṭ); chṛdī: chardiṣyati, where se 'sici… (SK 2506) takes only the rudhādi root;
- hisi: hiṃsati (hinasti is rudhādi);
- āṅaḥ ṣada: āsādayati, āsīdati (sīda by SK 2360), āsattā, āsātsīt;
- dhūñ: under ṇau, the (vārttika) dhūñprīñor nug vaktavyaḥ gives dhūnayati, dhavati, dhavate. On Haradatta's reading dhūñprīṇoḥ, nuk is only for the kryādi dhū: dhāvayati.
- The Kavirahasya verse shows dhū in four classes: dhūnoti and dhunoti (svādi), dhunāti (kryādi), dhuvati (tudādi), and vidhūnayati and dhavati (curādi).
- prīñ: prīṇayati, or on Haradatta's reading prāyayati;
- āpḷ: āpipat, āpat (aṅ);
- tanu: upasargāc ca dairghye gives vitānayati;
- vada: vavadatuḥ; vaca: avākṣīt (no aṅ, since SK 2438 names vac as vakti);
- māna "honouring": mānayati, as against mānayate "pride" among the ākusmīya;
- bhū: bhāvayate; mṛjū: mārṣṭā; mṛṣa: marṣayati / marṣate;
- dhṛṣa: dharṣayati. "ity ādhṛṣīyāḥ".
- athādantāḥ: 1852 katha.
- The a is lost before ṇi (SK 2308). The loss is sthānivat by acaḥ parasmin (SK 50), so there is no vṛddhi:
kathayati. - The stem is aglopin, so there is neither lengthening (SK 2318) nor sanvadbhāva (SK 2316):
acakathat. - vara: varayati. 1854 gaṇa: gaṇayati, which leads into 2573.
F. gaṇa: ī or a in the abhyāsa; the a-final roots and the āgarvīya; ṇic from a prātipadika — running example: gaṇa-i + caṅ → a-ga-gaṇ-at → ajīgaṇat / ajagaṇat
- 2573 ī ca gaṇaḥ 7.4.97 — for the abhyāsa of gaṇa, ī comes before a caṅ-followed ṇi, and by ca also a.
- abhyāsasya comes from SK 2620 and caṅpare from SK 2316. The at of SK 2566 is drawn in by ca (BM, TB). Wikisource and BM's pratīka have "cād at".
ajīgaṇat, ajagaṇat. Without the rule, the aglopin stem would give only ajagaṇat (BM).- The a-final list 1855–1915, by what the lost a does:
- No vṛddhi, guṇa or shortening, the loss being sthānivat: gṛhayate, mṛgayate; kṛpayati, which does not take l, being a separate root; ababhāmat, asasāmat (but asīṣamat from the earlier sāma), ajagaveṣat.
- No sanvadbhāva or lengthening, the stem being aglopin: ararahat, ajagadat, ajugomat, acukumārat, avavātat, aninivāsat, adadhvanat, apapadata, atusthūlata, apapārat, atitīrat, adidhekat, asasatrata.
- arthayate: the loss beats vṛddhi (vṛddher lopo balīyān). There is no āpuk (BM, TB).
- Roots of more than one syllable are not taught with ṣ: asūsucat (as transmitted; the derivation expects asusūcat), atistenat, sisatrayiṣate, asusūtrat.
- pata gatau vā, two views:
- ṇic is optional: patayati, patati, patāṃcakāra, apatīt;
- the a-final status is optional: pātayati, apīpatat.
- ūna: ūnayati.
- oḥ puyaṇjy apare (SK 2577) mentions pu, yaṇ and j where "payayoḥ" would do. That is a jñāpaka: when doubling is due, a ṇic-conditioned substitute for a vowel does not come first.
- The jñāpaka is limited to the same kind of case. It applies only where the first vowel after the abhyāsa is an a-vowel, either during the derivation or in the finished form.
- So na is doubled, and the a is then lost:
aunanat; mā bhavān ūnanat. - acikīrtat is unaffected: the ṝ of kṝt becomes ir first.
- saṅketa, grāma, kuṇa, guṇa, and by ca kūṭa: "inviting". kūṭayati, saṅketayati. The variant reading is keta śrāvaṇe nimantraṇe ca, with keta gathered by ca: abhiketayati.
- Gaṇa boundary ā garvād ātmanepadinaḥ: 1898 pada (padayate) to 1907 garva.
- For garva, the a-final status would otherwise be pointless, so it implies optional ṇic. In the ṇic-less form it gives the udātta on the end of the root and ām in liṭ. "So also in what follows": mūtrati, katrati / kartati. "ity āgarvīyāḥ".
- (gaṇasūtra) prātipadikād dhātvarthe bahulam iṣṭhavac ca: ṇic comes after a prātipadika in the sense of a dhātu, and the stem is treated as before iṣṭha: puṃvadbhāva, ra, ṭi-loss, loss of vin, matup or yaṇ-etc., pra / stha / spha, and bha.
- paṭum ācaṣṭe:
paṭayati. - luṅ: vṛddhi comes first by paratva, then ṭi-loss:
apīpaṭat. The Bhāṣya on ṇau caṅi settles "deletion beats vṛddhi", which gives apapaṭat. BM and TB accept both forms. - (gaṇasūtra) tat karoti tad ācaṣṭe: "after a prātipadika" is carried forward. It elaborates the preceding gaṇasūtra, and the laṭ-meaning of karoti / ācaṣṭe is not intended.
- (gaṇasūtra) tenātikrāmati: aśvenātikrāmati → aśvayati; hastayati.
- (gaṇasūtra) dhāturūpaṃ ca: the base of ṇic takes the form of the dhātu, and ca brings in the vārttika:
- (vārttika) ākhyānāt kṛtas tad ācaṣṭe kṛlluk prakṛtipratyāpattiḥ prakṛtivac ca kārakam: after a kṛt-derived word naming a narrative, in the sense "he narrates that", three things happen: luk of the kṛt, restoration of the base, and kārakas as with the base.
- kaṃsavadham ācaṣṭe: the ap of vadha (SK 3253) takes luk, and han is restored. That gives
kaṃsaṃ han i, which leads into 2574.
G. han: t in ghāt-; kaṃsaṃ ghātayati; the end of curādi and the closing gaṇasūtras — running example: kaṃsaṃ han-i → kaṃsaṃ ghān-i → kaṃsaṃ ghāt-i → kaṃsaṃ ghātayati; luṅ kaṃsam ajīghatat
- 2574 hanas to 'ciṇṇaloḥ 7.3.32 — for han, t replaces the final before a ñit or ṇit affix other than ciṇ and ṇal.
- The final comes from alo 'ntyasya (SK 42), and ñiti ṇiti from aco ñṇiti (SK 254) (BM).
han-i: vṛddhi, n → t by this rule, and h → gh by ho hanteḥ (SK 358): ghātayati.- Objection. ṇic was prescribed after kaṃsavadha, so the whole stem is aṅga and dhātu. Then aṭ would come before kaṃsa and kaṃs[a] would be doubled. kutva and tatva would also fail, since a dhātu named by its own form conditions an operation only before an affix prescribed after a dhātu.
- Reply. The ca of prakṛtivac ca is out of place (bhinnakrama): read "kārakaṃ ca".
- Both the kāraka (the second-case kaṃsam, which is not inside the dhātu) and the operation (kutva, tatva) are as with the base of the hetu ṇic.
- So aṭ and doubling fall on han alone:
kaṃsam ajīghatat. - (gaṇasūtra) kartṛkaraṇād dhātvarthe: asinā hanti →
asayati. - The kaumudī reads a tatpuruṣa: the instrument that serves the agent's activity, not the eye and the like.
- BM's final view is that karaṇa is the śāstra's sādhakatama, so "kartṛ" is only for clarity. Some read a dvandva: devadattayati.
- The a-final tail, 1916–1938:
- citra: kadācid darśane, with citra carried forward: citrayati.
- vaṭa and laja: some read vaṭi and laji: vaṇṭayati, lañjayati. Others take them as a-final by their place in the list, so vṛddhi beats ato lopaḥ and puk follows (SK 2570): vaṇṭāpayati, lañjāpayati. Śākaṭāyana gives puk to all kathādi: kathāpayati, gaṇāpayati.
- saṃgrāma is anudāttet through a coalesced anudātta a: asasaṃgrāmata.
- atustomat, āndadhat, āñcakat, āñjagat, avavyayat, acicchedat, chadayati.
- varṇa: suvarṇaṃ varṇayati, kathāṃ varṇayati, hariṃ varṇayati.
- [(gaṇasūtra)] bahulam etan nidarśanam: the a-final list is illustrative.
- Further roots: 1939–1943 parṇa (apaparṇat) … tuttha. Also āndolayati, preṅkholayati, viḍambayati, avadhīrayati.
- Other views on what "bahula" covers:
- the ten-gaṇa listing (daśagaṇīpāṭha): so unlisted roots from the sūtras, ordinary usage and the Veda are also recognized;
- the nine-gaṇa listing (navagaṇīpāṭha): so own-sense ṇic sometimes comes after roots outside curādi, as in rāmo rājyam acīkarat;
- bahula ṇic after the curādi roots only.
- All these views are found in the older works.
- (gaṇasūtra) ṇiṅ aṅgān nirasane: hastau nirasyati → hastayate; pādayate. ṇiṅ gives invariable ātmanepada.
- (gaṇasūtra) śvetāśvāśvataragāloḍitāhvarakāṇām aśvataretakalopaś ca: aśva, tara, ita and ka are lost, and ṇiṅ comes in the dhātu-sense. dhātvarthe is carried forward and nirasane lapses (BM).
- śvetāśvam ācaṣṭe → śvetayate; aśvayate; gāloḍayate; āhvarayate.
- Some carry only ṇic, which gives parasmaipada.
- (gaṇasūtra) pucchādiṣu dhātvartha ity eva siddham: puccha and the like get ṇic from prātipadikād dhātvarthe, and ātmanepada from the bahula. So pucchabhāṇḍacīvarāṇ ṇiṅ (3.1.20, SK 2676) is not needed. BM ascribes this gaṇasūtra to Bhīmasena.
- The final siddha closes the Dhātupāṭha for auspiciousness.
- Close: "iti curādayaḥ" (Here end the curādi roots), supplied from the print. TB and BM close alike. p54 opens with tatprayojako hetuś ca (SK 2575).