PREMABASESiddhānta-kaumudī
Learner edition · Prakaraṇa 52

52. Tiṅanta kryādi-prakaraṇa — Verbs: the roots of the krī class

This chapter walks the class of roots called kryādi, "the roots beginning with krī" ("to buy"). Their class sign is śnā, which stands where śap would stand: krīṇāti "he buys". After this chapter you will be able to say what happens to the ā of śnā before each kind of ending: krīṇāti, krīṇītaḥ, krīṇanti. You will know when śnā becomes āna before the ending hi: badhāna "bind!". You will know why the root vowel is short in punāti and jānāti keeps its long ā. You will meet the long iṭ of grah: grahītā, but jagrahitha. Bhaṭṭoji again teaches each rule at the root where it first bites, so the order follows the list of roots, not the Aṣṭādhyāyī. The chapter has 9 sūtras, SK 2554 to SK 2562, and ends with grah.

Before you start

A. krī: śnā for śap; ī for, or loss of, śnā's ā — running example: krī + śap + ti → krī + śnā + ti → krīṇāti; krī + nā + tas → krīṇītaḥ; krī + nā + jhi → krī + nā + anti → krīṇanti

The first rule gives the class sign. After krī and the other roots of this class, śnā comes where śap would come. Its ś is a marker, so nā is what remains. Then two rules from earlier chapters decide the fate of its ā. Before a consonant-initial ending it becomes ī: krīṇītaḥ "the two buy". Before a vowel-initial ending it is lost: krīṇanti "they buy". Before ti nothing happens to it: krīṇāti "he buys".

SK 2554 · क्र्यादिभ्यः श्ना · kryādibhyaḥ śnā (A 3.1.81)

क्र्यादिभ्यः श्ना
kryādibhyaḥ śnā · A 3.1.81
{$ {!1473 डुक्रीञ्!} द्रव्यविनिमये$} ॥ क्रीणाति । ई हल्यघः SK 2497 क्रीणीतः । ईत्वात्पूर्वं झेरन्तादेशः । परत्वान्नित्यत्वादन्तरङ्गत्वाच्च । एवं झस्याद्भावः । ततः श्नाभ्यस्तयोः - SK 2483 इत्याल्लोपः । क्रीणन्ति । क्रीणीते । क्रीणाते । क्रीणाते । चिक्राय । चिक्रियतुः । चिक्रियिथ । चिक्रेथ । चिक्रियिव । चिक्रियिषे । क्रेता । क्रेष्यति । क्रीतात् । क्रेषीष्ट । अक्रैषीत् । अक्रेष्ट ।{$ {!1474 प्रीञ्!} तर्पणे कान्तौ च$} । कान्तिः कामना । प्रीणाति । प्रीणीते ।{$ {!1475 श्रीञ्!} पाके$} ।{$ {!1476 मीञ्!} हिंसायाम्$} । हिनुमीना SK 2530 प्रमीणाति । प्रमीणीतः । मीनातिमिनोति SK 2508 इत्येज्विषये आत्वम् । ममौ । मिम्यतुः । ममिथ । ममाथ । मिम्ये । माता । मास्यति । मीयात् । मासीष्ट । अमासीत् । अमासिष्टाम् । अमास्त ।{$ {!1477 षिञ्!} बन्धने$} । सिनाति । सिनीते । सिषाय । सिष्ये । सेता ।{$ {!1478 स्कुञ्!} आप्रवणे$} ॥

Rule. After krī and the other roots of its class, the affix śnā comes before a sārvadhātuka affix denoting the agent. It keeps the root's own meaning. It is an exception (apavāda) to śap.

"Denoting the agent" (kartari) is carried from SK 2167.

Example.

krī + ti → śnā comes, not śap

→ krī + nā + ti (the ś of śnā is a marker)

→ nā is apit, so it counts as ṅit (SK 2234); the ī of krī takes no guṇa

→ krīṇāti "he buys".

krī + nā + tas → the ending tas begins with a consonant and is ṅit

→ the ā of nā becomes ī (SK 2497)

→ krīṇītaḥ "the two buy".

krī + nā + jhi → jh becomes ant first (SK 2169)

→ krī + nā + anti

→ the ending now begins with a vowel, so the ā of nā is lost (SK 2483)

→ krīṇanti "they buy".

Applies when / blocked by. Why does ant come before the ī? Bhaṭṭoji gives three reasons. The ant rule is later in the order of rules (para). It is nitya: it applies whether or not ī has been made. And it is antaraṅga. The same holds in the ātmanepada. There at replaces the jh of jha (SK 2258) before the ī can come. So the ātmanepada gives krīṇīte, krīṇāte, krīṇate.

The roots of this class take śnā only in the sārvadhātuka. Elsewhere they behave like other roots:

One commentator, the Bālamanoramā, adds the forms with śnā: loṭ krīṇātu, krīṇīhi; laṅ akrīṇāt, akrīṇīta; vidhiliṅ krīṇīyāt, krīṇīta.

Watch out. The ā of śnā has three fates. Before a consonant-initial ṅit ending it becomes ī. Before a vowel-initial one it is lost. Before the pit ending ti it stays: krīṇāti.

The roots that follow krī in the list:

B. skuñ and the sautra roots stambhu etc.: śnu beside śnā, ṣ after vi, śānac before hi — running example: vi + stanbh + śnu / śnā + ti → vi-stabh-nu-ti / -nā-ti → viṣṭabhnoti / viṣṭabhnāti; stabh + nā + hi → stabh + āna + hi → stabhāna

Five roots may take either śnu or śnā. Four of them are sautra roots, roots taught only in the sūtra itself. With vi, one of them takes ṣ for its s without option. Then a rule for the imperative: after a consonant-final root, śnā becomes āna before hi, and hi is lost. The running examples are viṣṭabhnoti and viṣṭabhnāti "he stiffens", and stabhāna "stiffen!".

SK 2555 · स्तन्भुस्तुन्भुस्कन्भुस्कुन्भुस्कुञ्भ्यः श्नुश्च · stanbhustunbhuskanbhuskunbhuskuñbhyaḥ śnuśca (A 3.1.82)

स्तन्भुस्तुन्भुस्कन्भुस्कुन्भुस्कुञ्भ्यः श्नुश्च
stanbhustunbhuskanbhuskunbhuskuñbhyaḥ śnuśca · A 3.1.82
चात् श्ना । स्कुनोति । स्कुनुते । स्कुनाति । स्कुनीते । चुस्काव । चुस्काव । चुस्कवे । स्कोता । अस्कौषीत् । अस्कोष्ट । स्तम्भ्वादयश्चत्वारः सौत्राः । सर्वे रोधनार्था इत्येके । माधवस्तु प्रथमतृतीयौ स्तम्भार्थौ द्वितीयो निष्कोषणार्थश्चतुर्थो धारणार्थ इत्याह । सर्वे परस्मैपदिनः । नलोपः । विष्टभ्नोति । विष्टभ्नाति । अवष्टभ्नोति । अवष्टभ्नाति । अवतष्टम्भ । जॄस्तम्भु-SK 2291 इत्यङ्वा । व्यष्टभत् । व्यष्टम्भीत् । स्तुभ्नोति । स्तुभ्नाति ॥

Rule. After stanbhu, stunbhu, skanbhu, skunbhu and skuñ, the class sign śnu comes. By the word ca "and", śnā comes as well. Śnā is carried from SK 2554.

Example.

vi + stanbh + ti → śnu comes

→ vi + stanbh + nu + ti (the ś of śnu is a marker)

→ nu is ṅit, so the penultimate n of the root is lost (SK 415): vi + stabh + nu + ti

→ after vi, the s becomes ṣ (SK 2272): vi-ṣ-tabh-nu-ti

→ with the usual sound changes (the u of nu becomes o before ti; t becomes ṭ after ṣ)

→ viṣṭabhnoti "he stiffens".

With śnā instead: viṣṭabhnāti.

Applies when / blocked by. For skuñ Bhaṭṭoji gives both sets of forms:

The liṭ ātmanepada is transmitted in two readings; scholars discuss this.

The four roots stambhu and the rest are sautra roots. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators add that their penultimate is n. On their meaning there are two views:

All four take parasmaipada only.

The forms of stanbhu with prefixes:

Stunbhu gives stubhnoti, stubhnāti.

Watch out. The root's n is lost before the ṅit class sign. In the liṭ form avataṣṭambha it stays.

SK 2556 · वेः स्कभ्नातेर्नित्यम् · veḥ skabhnāternityam (A 8.3.77)

वेः स्कभ्नातेर्नित्यम्
veḥ skabhnāternityam · A 8.3.77
वेः परस्य स्कभ्नातेः सस्य षः स्यात् । विष्कभ्नोति । विष्कभ्नाति । स्कुभ्नोति । स्कुभ्नाति ॥

Rule. After vi, ṣ replaces the s of skabhnāti, the root skanbhu. It does so invariably (nityam).

Example.

vi + skanbh + nu + ti → the n of the root is lost before the ṅit nu (SK 415)

→ vi + skabh + nu + ti

→ after vi, ṣ replaces s

→ with the usual sound changes (the u of nu becomes o before ti)

→ viṣkabhnoti.

With śnā: viṣkabhnāti.

Applies when / blocked by. The word nityam is there to stop the "optionally" of SK 2359 from carrying into this rule. So the ṣ is not optional.

The Tattvabodhinī reads skabhnāti as a name for the root itself. It does not mean only the form with śnā. Otherwise the ṣ would not come in viṣkambhitā, where there is no śnā.

Without vi the rule has nothing to do. Skunbhu gives skubhnoti, skubhnāti.

Watch out. The rule is about the root, not about śnā. The ṣ also comes in forms with no class sign, such as viṣkambhitā.

SK 2557 · हलः श्नः शानज्झौ · halaḥ śnaḥ śānajjhau (A 3.1.83)

हलः श्नः शानज्झौ
halaḥ śnaḥ śānajjhau · A 3.1.83
हलः परस्य श्नः शानजादेशः स्याद्धौ परे । स्तभान । स्तुभान । स्कभान । स्कुभान । पक्षे स्तभ्नुहीत्यादि ।{$ {!1479 युञ्!} बन्धने $}। युनाति । युनीते । योता ।{$ {!1480 क्नूञ्!} शब्दे $}। क्नूनाति । क्नूनीते । क्नविता ।{$ {!1481 द्रूञ्!} हिंसायाम्$} । द्रूणाति । द्रूणीते ।{$ {!1482 पूञ्!} पवने$} ॥

Rule. After a consonant (hal), śānac replaces śnā when the ending hi follows. The ś and c of śānac are markers, so āna remains.

Example.

stabh + nā + hi → stabh ends in a consonant, so śānac replaces śnā

→ stabh + āna + hi

→ hi is lost after a (SK 2202)

→ stabhāna "stiffen!".

Likewise stubhāna, skabhāna, skubhāna.

Applies when / blocked by. One might object that the a of āna exists only because of hi. Could it then cause the loss of hi? The Tattvabodhinī says yes. Because SK 2202 was taught at all, the sannipāta-paribhāṣā is not applied here, so hi is lost.

Some held that śānac comes only after roots in the Dhātupāṭha, not after sautra roots. They gave stabhnīhi. The Tattvabodhinī rejects this as without authority.

The rule replaces śnā only. With śnu, hi stays after the u: stabhnuhi.

The roots that follow:

Watch out. After a vowel, śnā stays before hi: krīṇīhi, not krīṇāna.

C. pū, the ṝ-final roots, jyā: the short vowel before a śit, and the long saṃprasāraṇa after a hal — running example: pū + nā + ti → pu + nā + ti → punāti; jyā + nā + ti → ji + nā + ti → jī + nā + ti → ji + nā + ti → jināti

A run of roots beginning with pū, the pvādi, shorten their vowel before a śit affix, an affix with ś as marker. Śnā is such an affix. So pū gives punāti "he purifies". The run includes the roots ending in long ṝ, such as stṝ "to cover": stṛṇāti. Then a rule lengthens a saṃprasāraṇa vowel after a consonant. For jyā "to grow old" that long vowel is made short again: jināti.

SK 2558 · प्वादीनां ह्रस्वः · pvādīnāṃ hrasvaḥ (A 7.3.80)

प्वादीनां ह्रस्वः
pvādīnāṃ hrasvaḥ · A 7.3.80
शिति परे । पुनाति । पुनीते । पविता ।{$ {!1483 लूञ्!} छेदने$} । लुनाति । लुनीते ।{$ {!1484 स्तॄञ्!} आच्छादने स्तृणाति$} । स्तृणीते । तस्तार । तस्तरतुः । स्तरिता । स्तरीता । स्तृणीयात् । स्तृणीत । आशिषि । स्तीर्यात् । लिङ्सिचोः SK 2528 इति वेट् न लिङि SK 2529 वॄत इटो लिङि दीर्घो न स्यात् । स्तरिषीष्ट । उश्च SK 2368 इति कित्त्वम् । स्तीर्षीष्ट । सिचि च परस्मैपदेषु SK 2392 इति न दीर्घः । अस्तारीत् । अस्तारिष्टाम् । अस्तरिष्ट । अस्तरीष्ट । अस्तीर्ष्ट ।{$ {!1485 कॄञ्!} हिंसायाम्$} । कृणाति । कृणीते । चकार । चकरे ।{$ {!1486 वॄञ्!} वरणे$} । वृणाति । वृणीते । ववार । ववरे । वरिता । वरीता । आशिषि उदेष्ठ्यपूर्वस्य SK 2494 वूर्यात् । वरिषीष्ट । वूर्षीष्ट अवारीत् । अवारिष्टाम् । अवरिष्ट । अवरीष्ट । अवूर्ष्ट ।{$ {!1487 धूञ्!} कम्पने$} । धुनाति । धुनीते । दुधविथ । दुधोथ । दुधुविव । धोता । धविता । स्तुसुधूञ्भ्यः - SK 2385 इतीट् । अधावीत् । अधविष्ट । अधोष्ट ॥ अथ बध्नात्यन्ताः परस्मैपदिनः ।{$ {!1488 शॄ!} हिंसायाम्$} । शॄदॄप्रां ह्रस्वो वा SK 2495 इति ह्रस्वपक्षे यण् । अन्यदा ऋच्छत्यॄताम् SK 2383 इति गुणः । शश्रतुः । शशरतुः श्र्युकः किति SK 2381 इति निषेधस्य क्रादिनियमेन बाधः । शशरिव । शश्रिव । शरिता । शरीता । शृणीहि । शीर्यात् । अशारिष्टाम् ।{$ {!1489 पॄ!} पालनपूरणयोः $}। पप्रतुः । पपरतुः । आशिषि । पूर्यात् ।{$ {!1490 वॄ!} वरणे$} । भरण इत्येके ।{$ {!1491 भॄ!} भर्त्सने$} । भरणेप्येके ।{$ {!1492 मॄ!} हिंसायाम्$} । मृणाति । ममार ।{$ {!1493 दॄ!} विदारणे$} । ददरतुः । दद्रतुः ।{$ {!1494 जॄ!} वयोहानौ$} । झॄ इत्येके । धॄ इत्यन्ये ।{$ {!1495 नॄ!} नये$} ।{$ {!1496 कॄ!} हिंसायाम्$} ।{$ {!1497 ॠ!} गतौ$} । ऋणाति । अरांचकार । अरिता । अरीता । अर्णात् । अर्णीताम् । ईर्यात् । आरीत् । आरिष्टाम् ।{$ {!1498 गॄ!} शब्दे$} ।{$ {!1499 ज्या!} वयोहानौ$} । ग्रहिज्या SK 2412 ॥

Rule. For pū and the roots that follow it, a short vowel replaces the root vowel before a śit affix. "Before a śit" (śiti) is carried from SK 2320.

Example.

pū + nā + ti → śnā has ś as marker, so it is a śit affix

→ the ū of pū becomes short: pu + nā + ti

→ punāti "he purifies"; ātmanepada punīte.

Applies when / blocked by. Only a śit affix brings the short vowel. Elsewhere this rule does not apply: luṭ pavitā, with iṭ, since pū is seṭ, ending in ū.

Lū "to cut": lunāti, lunīte.

Stṝ "to cover" shows what the ṝ-final roots do:

The āśīrliṅ ātmanepada of stṝ needs three rules:

luṅ of stṝ:

Kṝ "to injure": kṛṇāti, kṛṇīte; liṭ cakāra, ātmanepada cakare with guṇa by SK 2383.

Vṝ "to choose": vṛṇāti, vṛṇīte; liṭ vavāra, vavare; luṭ varitā or varītā.

Dhū "to shake": dhunāti, dhunīte.

Bhaṭṭoji now notes: "the roots up to badhnāti (bandh) take parasmaipada."

Śṝ "to injure":

Pṝ "to protect, to fill": liṭ papratuḥ or paparatuḥ; āśīrliṅ pūryāt, with u after the labial p.

Then a list of ṝ-final roots:

Ṝ "to go":

Gṝ "to sound". Then jyā "to grow old". Its y becomes i by saṃprasāraṇa (SK 2412), and i + ā gives i (pūrvarūpa). That leaves ji + nā + ti, where the next rule applies.

Watch out. The short vowel is a substitute for the root vowel, not a guṇa. In stṛṇāti the ṝ becomes ṛ; it does not become ar.

SK 2559 · हलः · halaḥ (A 6.4.2)

हलः
halaḥ · A 6.4.2
अङ्गावयवाद्धलः परं यत्संप्रसारणं तदन्ताङ्गस्य दीर्घः स्यात् । इति दीर्घे कृते प्वादीनां ह्रस्वः SK 2258 । जिनाति । जिज्यौ । जिज्यतुः ।{$ {!1500 री!} गतिरेषणयोः$} । रेषणं वृकशब्दः ।{$ {!1501 ली!} श्लेषणे$} । विभाषा लीयतेः SK 1509 इत्येज्विषये आत्वं वा । ललौ । लिलाय । लाता । लेता ।{$ {!1502 व्ली!} वरणे$} । व्लिनाति ।{$ {!1503 प्ली!} गतौ$} । वृत् । ल्वादयो वृत्ताः । प्वादयोऽपीत्येके ।{$ {!1504 व्री!} वरणे$} ।{$ {!1505 भ्री!} भये$} । भरण इत्येते ।{$ {!1506 क्षीष्!} हिंसायाम्$} । एषां त्रयाणां ह्रस्वः । केषांचिन्मते तु न ।{$ {!1507 ज्ञा!} अवबोधने$} । ज्ञाजनोर्जा SK 2511 जानाति । दीर्घनिर्देशसामर्थ्यान्न ह्रस्वः । {$ {!1508 बन्ध!} बन्धने$} । बध्नाति । बबन्धिथ । बन्धा । बन्धारौ । भन्त्स्यति । बधान । अभान्सीत् । पूर्वत्रासिद्धम् SK 12 इति भष्भावात्पूर्वं झलो झलि SK 2281 इति सिज्लोपः । प्रत्ययलक्षणेन सादिप्रत्ययमाश्रित्य भष्भावो न । प्रत्ययलक्षणं प्रतिसिज्लोपस्यासिद्धत्वात् । अबान्धाम् । अभान्त्सुः ।{$ {!1509 वृङ्!} संभक्तौ$} । वृणीते । वव्रे । ववृषे । ववृढ्वे । वरिता । वरीता । अवरिष्ट । अवरीष्ट । अवृत ।{$ {!1510 श्रन्थ!} विमोचनप्रतिहर्षयोः$} ॥ इतः परस्मैपदिनः ॥ श्रन्थाति । ।
श्रन्थिग्रन्थीत्यादिना कित्त्वपक्षे एत्वाभ्यासलोपावप्यत्र वक्तव्यौ इति हरदत्तादयः
(वार्तिकम्) ॥ श्रेथतुः । श्रेथुः । इदं कित्त्वं पितामपीति सुधाकरमते । श्रेथिथ । अस्मिन्नपि पक्षे णलि । शश्राथ । उत्तमे तु । शश्राथ शश्रथेति माधवः । तत्र मूलं मृग्यम् । {$ {!1511 मन्थ!} विलोडने$} ।{$ {!1512 श्रन्थ!} {!1513 ग्रन्थ!} सन्दर्भे$} । अर्थभेदाच्छ्रन्धेः पुनः पाठः । रूपं तूक्तम् ।{$ {!1514 कुन्थ!} संश्लेषणे$} । संक्लेशे इत्येके । कुथ्नाति । चुकुन्थ । कुथेति दुर्गः । चुकोथ ।{$ {!1515 मृद!} क्षोदे$} । मृद्नाति । मृदान ।{$ {!1516 मृड!} च$} । अयं सुखेऽपि । ष्टुत्वम् । मृड्णाति ।{$ {!1517 गुध!} रोषे$} । गुध्नाति ।{$ {!1518 कुष!} निष्कर्षे$} । कुष्णाति । कोषिता ॥

Rule. A long vowel replaces an aṅga that ends in a saṃprasāraṇa vowel, when that vowel comes after a consonant belonging to the aṅga. "Saṃprasāraṇa" is carried from SK 1004 and "long vowel" from SK 174.

Bhaṭṭoji's commentators read the heading aṅgasya twice. Once it says the consonant must be part of the aṅga. Once it names the aṅga that is replaced, ending in the saṃprasāraṇa vowel (tadantavidhi).

Example.

jyā + nā + ti → saṃprasāraṇa (SK 2412) and pūrvarūpa

→ ji + nā + ti

→ the i is a saṃprasāraṇa after the consonant j, so it becomes long: jī + nā + ti

→ śnā is a śit affix, so SK 2558 makes the vowel short again: ji + nā + ti

→ jināti "he grows old".

liṭ jijyau, jijyatuḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. The Bālamanoramā gives the examples vītaḥ, śūnaḥ and jīnaḥ. The two commentaries give counter-examples for each condition:

Watch out. In jināti this rule does fire. Its long vowel is then undone by SK 2558.

The roots that follow:

Jñā "to know". Before a śit affix jñā becomes jā, by SK 2511: jānāti "he knows". The jā is stated with a long vowel. By the force of that statement, SK 2558 does not shorten it. Scholars discuss this reasoning.

Bandh "to bind":

The dual luṅ abāndhām needs care:

Vṛ "to serve" (vṛṅ, ātmanepada): vṛṇīte; liṭ vavre, vavṛṣe, vavṛḍhve; luṭ varitā or varītā; luṅ avariṣṭa, avarīṣṭa, avṛta.

Śranth "to release, to gladden". From here on the roots take parasmaipada. The n is lost before śnā: śrathnāti.

On the liṭ of śranth, Bhaṭṭoji reports some views:

Bhaṭṭoji says the basis for this must be sought. Scholars discuss this.

More roots:

D. kuṣ after nir: optional iṭ; then kṣubh … khac — running example: nir + kuṣ + tās → niṣkoṣitā / niṣkoṣṭā

One short rule makes the iṭ optional for kuṣ after the prefix nir. Plain kuṣ takes iṭ: koṣitā. With nir, the luṭ is niṣkoṣitā or niṣkoṣṭā "he will extract". The roots that follow show what the n of nā does after different consonants: kṣubhnāti, kliśnāti, khacñāti.

SK 2560 · निरः कुषः · niraḥ kuṣaḥ (A 7.2.46)

निरः कुषः
niraḥ kuṣaḥ · A 7.2.46
निरः परात्कुषोवलादेरार्धधातुकस्य इड्वा स्यात् । निष्कोषिता । निष्कोष्टा । निरकोषीत् । निरकुक्षत् ।{$ {!1519 क्षुभ!} संचलने$} । क्षुभ्नादिषु च SK 792 क्षुभ्नाति । क्षुभ्नीतः । क्षोभिता । क्षुभान ।{$ {!1520 णभ!} {!1521 तुभ!} हिंसायाम्$} । नभ्नाति । तुभ्नाति । नभते तोभते इति शपि । नभ्यति तुभ्यतीति श्यनि ।{$ {!1522 क्लिशू!} विबाधने$} । शादिति श्चुत्वनिषेधः । क्लिश्नाति । क्लेशिता । क्लेष्टा । अक्लेशीत् । अक्लिक्षत् ।{$ {!1523 अश!} भोजने$} । अश्नाति । आश ।{$ {!1524 उध्रस!} उञ्छे$} । उकार इत् । ध्रस्नाति । उकारो धात्ववयव इत्येके । उध्रसांचकार ।{$ {!1525 इष!} आभीक्ष्ण्ये$} । पौनः पुन्यं भृशार्थो वा आभीक्ष्ण्यम् । इष्णाति । तीषसह - SK 2340 इत्यत्र सहिना साहचर्यादकारविकरणस्य तौदादिकस्यैव इषेर्ग्रहणं नतु इष्यतीष्णात्योरित्याहुः । एषिता । वस्तुतस्तु इष्णातेरपि इड्विकल्प उचितः । तथा च वार्तिकम् ॥
इषेस्तकारे श्यन्प्रत्ययात्प्रतिषेध इति
(वार्तिकम्) ॥{$ {!1526 विष!} विप्रयोगे$} । विष्णाति । वेष्टा ।{$ {!1527 प्रुष!} {!1528 प्लुष!} स्नेहनसेवनपूरणेषु$} । प्रुष्णाति । प्लुष्णाति ।{$ {!1529 पुष!} पुष्टौ$} । पोषिता ।{$ {!1530 मुष!} स्तेये$} । मोषिता ।{$ {!1531 खच!} भूतप्रादुर्भावे$} । भूतप्रादुर्भावोऽतिक्रान्तोत्पत्तिः । खच्ञाति । वान्तोऽयमित्येके ॥

Rule. After kuṣ preceded by nir, an ārdhadhātuka affix beginning with a val sound takes iṭ optionally. "Takes iṭ" is carried from SK 2184, and "optionally" from SK 2279.

Example.

nir + kuṣ + tās (luṭ) → tās begins with t, a val sound, so iṭ is optional

→ with iṭ: nir + kuṣ + i + tās

→ with the usual sound changes (u → o, r → ṣ, tās → tā): niṣkoṣitā

→ without iṭ, with the same changes and ṣ + t → ṣṭ: niṣkoṣṭā.

luṅ with iṭ: nirakoṣīt. Without iṭ, ksa comes by SK 2336: nirakukṣat.

Applies when / blocked by. Why "after nir"? Without it the iṭ is not optional: koṣitā, koṣitum.

The roots that follow:

On iṣ, Bhaṭṭoji reports a view and corrects it. SK 2340 makes iṭ optional before t for iṣ, sah and others. "They say" it means only the iṣ of the tudādi, because sah there is the bhvādi root; on that view iṣṇāti has only eṣitā. Bhaṭṭoji says the option is proper for iṣṇāti too. A vārttika supports him: the option of SK 2340 is withheld before t only from the iṣ that takes śyan.

E. khav: ūṭh for v before the nasal of śnā — running example: khav + nā + ti → kha + ū(ṭh) + nā + ti → khaunāti; khav + nā + hi → khaunīhi

The root khav has v before the nasal n of nā. One rule replaces that v by ūṭh, that is ū. Then a + ū gives au: khaunāti. Because the root no longer ends in a consonant, SK 2557 cannot make āna: the imperative is khaunīhi.

SK 2561 · च्छ्वोः शूडनुनासिके च · cchvoḥ śūḍanunāsike ca (A 6.4.19)

च्छ्वोः शूडनुनासिके च
cchvoḥ śūḍanunāsike ca · A 6.4.19
सतुक्कस्य छस्य वस्य च क्रमाच्छ ऊठ् एतावादेशौ स्तोऽनुनासिके क्वौ झलादौ च क्ङिति । खौनाति । चखाव खविता । शानचः परत्वादूठि कृते हलन्तात्वाभावान्न शानच् । खौनीहि{$ {!1532 हेठ!} च$} । ष्टुत्वम् । हिठ्णाति ।{$ {!1533 ग्रह!} उपादाने$} । स्वरितेत् । ग्रहिज्या - SK 2412 । गृह्णाति । गृह्णीते ॥

Rule. Ś replaces ch together with its augment t (tuk). Ūṭh replaces v. Both happen before a nasal. By ca "and", they also happen before the affix kvi and before a kit or ṅit affix beginning with a jhal. That condition is drawn from SK 2666, a rule taught later.

Example.

khav + nā + ti → the n of nā is a nasal, so ūṭh replaces v

→ the ṭh of ūṭh is a marker: kha + ū + nā + ti

→ a + ū becomes au by vṛddhi (SK 73)

→ khaunāti.

liṭ cakhāva; luṭ khavitā.

khav + nā + hi → khav ends in a consonant, so śānac (SK 2557) might come

→ but ūṭh is the later rule (para), so it applies first: kha + ū + nā + hi

→ the root no longer ends in a consonant, so there is no śānac

→ the ā of nā becomes ī before hi (SK 2497); a + ū → au (SK 73)

→ khaunīhi.

Applies when / blocked by. The c in the rule's cch stands for the augment t before ch. So ś replaces the whole tch. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators give praśnaḥ and viśnaḥ, from pracch and vicch with the affix naṅ. Because the t goes too, it is not heard.

Watch out. Before hi, do not make āna for khav. The order of rules removes the final consonant first.

The roots that follow:

F. grah: the long iṭ, except in liṭ — running example: grah + iṭ + tās → grah + ī + tā → grahītā; but liṭ jagrahitha

The last rule of the class lengthens the iṭ of grah. The luṭ is grahītā "he will take", with long ī. In liṭ the iṭ stays short: jagrahitha "you took".

SK 2562 · ग्रहोऽलिटि दीर्घः · graho'liṭi dīrghaḥ (A 7.2.37)

ग्रहोऽलिटि दीर्घः
graho'liṭi dīrghaḥ · A 7.2.37
एकाचो ग्रहेर्विहितस्येटो दीर्घः स्यान्नतु लिटि । ग्रहीता । लिटि तु जग्रहिथ । गृह्यात् । ग्रहीषीष्ट । ह्म्यन्त - SK 2299 इति न वृद्धिः । अग्रहीत् । अग्रहीष्टाम् । अग्रहीष्ट । अग्रहीषाताम् । अग्रहीषत ॥

Rule. A long vowel replaces the iṭ that is enjoined after grah of one syllable. This does not happen in liṭ. Iṭ is carried from SK 2184 and "of one syllable" (ekācaḥ) from SK 2246.

Example.

grah + tās (luṭ) → iṭ is added: grah + i + tās

→ the iṭ follows grah, outside liṭ, so it becomes long: grah + ī + tās

→ with the usual sound changes (tās → tā): grahītā.

liṭ: jagrah + i + tha → the iṭ stays short → jagrahitha.

Applies when / blocked by.

The other forms:

Watch out. The length belongs to the iṭ, not to the root. Grah keeps its short a: grahītā, agrahīt.

Here end the kryādi roots.

Terms used in this chapter

Summary

SKwhat it doesexample
2554śnā after krī and its class, in place of śapkrīṇāti, krīṇītaḥ, krīṇanti
2555śnu as well as śnā after stanbhu, stunbhu, skanbhu, skunbhu, skuñviṣṭabhnoti / viṣṭabhnāti, skunoti / skunāti
2556ṣ for the s of skanbhu after vi, without optionviṣkabhnoti, viṣkabhnāti
2557śānac (āna) for śnā after a consonant before histabhāna, badhāna; but krīṇīhi
2558short root vowel for pū and the rest before a śitpunāti, stṛṇāti, jināti
2559long vowel for a saṃprasāraṇa vowel after a consonant of the aṅgajī + nā + ti, then jināti by SK 2558
2560optional iṭ for kuṣ after nirniṣkoṣitā / niṣkoṣṭā
2561ś for (t)ch, ūṭh for v, before a nasal, kvi, or a jhal-initial kit/ṅitkhaunāti, khaunīhi, praśnaḥ
2562long iṭ after grah, except in liṭgrahītā, agrahīṣṭām; but jagrahitha

The fates of śnā, for revision:

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