Vaiyākaraṇa-siddhānta-kaumudī — tiṅantatanādiprakaraṇam

Learner edition · Prakaraṇa 51

51. Tiṅanta tanādi-prakaraṇa — Verbs: the roots of the tan class, and kṛ "to do"

This chapter walks the eighth class of roots, the tanādi roots, "the roots beginning with tan". There are only ten of them, from tanu "to extend" to ḍukṛñ "to do". In all of them the class affix u stands in place of śap, so the present is tanoti, sanoti, karoti. The chapter has only seven sūtras, and each has one job. SK 2547 lets the aorist affix sic drop before ta and thās, giving short aorists such as atata beside ataniṣṭa. SK 2548–2549 make the root kṛ lose its u before m, v and y: kurvaḥ, kurmaḥ, kuryāt. SK 2550–2553 add an s, the augment suṭ, to kṛ after sam, pari and upa in certain senses. That gives saṃskaroti "he adorns", pariṣkaroti and upaskṛta. Finally you will see how this s, placed before the k, changes kṛ in the perfect, the benedictive and the aorist: saṃcaskāra, saṃcaskaratuḥ, saṃcaskaritha, saṃskriyāt, saṃskṛṣīṣṭa. After this chapter you will be able to give the main forms of every tanādi root and derive the suṭ forms of kṛ.

Before you start

From chapter 44 you know the ten lakāras and the two sets of endings, parasmaipada and ātmanepada. A root whose marker vowel is svarita (a svaritet) takes both sets (SK 2158). A root whose marker vowel is anudātta (an anudāttet) takes ātmanepada (SK 2157).
From chapter 44 you know the vikaraṇa, an affix put between root and ending, and śap, the vikaraṇa a (SK 2167). You know sārvadhātuka and ārdhadhātuka endings (SK 2166, 2187), and that a kit or ṅit affix blocks guṇa (SK 2217).
From chapter 44 you know the aorist, luṅ: its affix cli is replaced by sic, heard as s (SK 2221–2222). You know luk, deletion of an affix, and iṭ, the augment i (SK 2184). You know aṭ, the augment a before the aorist (SK 2206).
From chapter 44 you know doubling in the perfect, liṭ: the first copy is the abhyāsa (SK 2177–2178). In the abhyāsa, ṛ becomes a (SK 2244), only one consonant is kept (SK 2179, 2259), and k becomes c (SK 2245). The singular "he" ending of the parasmaipada perfect is ṇal, heard as a (SK 2173).
From chapter 8 you know SK 254, aco ñṇiti: a vowel-final stem takes vṛddhi before an affix marked with ñ or ṇ.
From chapter 44 you know three rules this chapter cites by number. SK 2333: the u of an affix may drop before m or v. SK 2334: hi drops after the u of an affix. SK 2189: guṇa of a light penultimate vowel.
From chapter 44 you know SK 2367, riṅ (as in kriyāt). You know SK 2368, uś ca, which makes the ātmanepada liṅ and sic kit after ṛ. You know SK 2369: sic drops after a short vowel. You know SK 2379 and SK 2380, two guṇa rules for roots in ṛ that begin with a consonant cluster.
From chapter 44 you know SK 2293 and SK 2296, which deny iṭ to kṛ in liṭ. You know SK 2275 and SK 2359, which turn s into ṣ after pari, ni and vi. You know SK 2319, optional ā for san before y.
From chapter 45 you know SK 2466, tanādikṛñbhya uḥ: after tan and the rest, and after kṛñ, the affix u comes in place of śap. You know SK 2467: the a of kar-u becomes u before a kit or ṅit sārvadhātuka (kurutaḥ). You know SK 2428, which drops the nasal of tan and similar roots before certain affixes.
From chapter 46 you know SK 2504, janasanakhanāṃ sañjhaloḥ: ā replaces the final of jan, san and khan before a jhal-initial affix. A jhal is any consonant other than the nasals and the semivowels y, v, r, l: the stops, the sibilants and h.
From chapter 48 you know SK 2526, ṛtaś ca saṃyogādeḥ. It gives optional iṭ to the ātmanepada liṅ and sic after a cluster-initial root in ṛ.
From chapter 49 you know the vārttika given at SK 2539. The augment suṭ goes before the k even across aṭ or the abhyāsa (upāskirat, upacaskāra).
Chapters 46–50 took the classes of hu, div, su, tud and rudh, root by root. This chapter takes the next class, that of tan, in the same way.

A. tan and the tanādi roots: optional luk of sic before ta and thās; kṛ's present — running example: `a-tan-sic-ta → a-tan-ta → a-ta-ta → atata` (with luk) / `a-tan-iṭ-s-ta → ataniṣṭa` (without); `kṛ + u + ti → kar-o-ti → karoti`

This group gives the one sūtra of the chapter that concerns all the tanādi roots. In the ātmanepada aorist, sic may be deleted before ta and thās. Bhaṭṭoji teaches it on the first root, tan, and then walks the list of ten roots. The running example is tan in the aorist: with luk of sic it gives atata "he extended"; without it, ataniṣṭa. The group ends with the present of kṛ: karoti, kurutaḥ, kurvanti.

SK 2547 · तनादिभ्यस्तथासोः · tanādibhyas tathāsoḥ (A 2.4.79)

तनादिभ्यस्तथासोः

tanādibhyastathāsoḥ · A 2.4.79

अथ सप्त स्वरितेतः ।{$ {!1463 तनु!} विस्तारे$} । तनादिकृञ्भ्य उः SK 2466 । तनोति । तन्वः-तनुवः । तनुते । ततान । तेने । तनु । अतनीत्-अतानीत् ॥ तनादेः सिचो वा लुक् स्यात्तथासोः परतः । थासा साहचर्यादेकवचनं तशब्दो गृह्यते । तेनेह न । यूयमतनिष्ट । अनुदात्तोपदेश - SK 2428 इत्यनुनासिकलोपः । तङि । अतत । अतनिष्ट । अतथाः । अतनिष्ठाः ।{$ {!1464 षणु!} दाने$} । सनोति । सनुते । ये विभाषा SK 2319 । सायात् । सन्यात् । जनसन - SK 2504इत्यात्वम् । असात । असनिष्ट । असाथाः । असनिष्ठाः ।{$ {!1465 क्षणु!} हिंसायाम्$} । क्षणोति । क्षणुते । ह्मयन्त - SK 2299 इति न वृद्धिः । अक्षणीत् । अक्षत । अक्षणिष्ट । अक्षथाः । अक्षणिष्ठाः ।{$ {!1466 क्षिणु!} च$} । उप्रत्ययनिमित्तो लघूपधगुणः । [(परिभाषा - ) संज्ञापूर्वको विधिरनित्यः] इति न भवतीत्यात्रेयादयः । भवत्येवेत्यन्ये । क्षिणोति । क्षेणोति । क्षेणितासि । क्षेणितासे । अक्षेणीत् । अक्षित । अक्षेणिष्ट ।{$ {!1467 ऋणु!} गतौ ऋणोति$} । अर्णोति । अर्णुतः । अर्ण्वन्ति । आनर्ण । आनृणे । अर्णितासे । आर्णीत् । आर्त । आर्णिष्ट । आर्थाः । आर्णिष्ठाः ।{$ {!1468 तृणु!} अदने$} । तृणोति । तर्णोति । तृणुते ।{$ {!1469 घृणु!} दीप्तौ$} । जघर्ण । जघृणे ॥ अथ द्वावनुदात्तेतौ ॥{$ {!1470 वनु!} याचने$} । वनुते । ववने । चान्द्रमते परस्मैपदी । वनोति । ववान ।{$ {!1471 मनु!} अवबोधने$} । मनुते । मेने ।{$ {!1472 डुकृञ्!} करणे$} । करोति । अत उत्सार्वधातुके SK 2467 कुरुतः । यण् । न भकुर्छुराम् SK 1629 इति न दीर्घः । कुर्वन्ति ॥

Rule. After tan and the roots that follow it, luk (deletion) of sic happens optionally when ta or thās follows. "luk" is carried forward from SK 1276, "of sic" from SK 2223, and "optionally" from SK 2376.

Example.

tan + luṅ → aṭ and cli → sic → a-tan-s-ta (ātmanepada, ta)

→ this rule: luk of sic → a-tan-ta

→ SK 2428: the nasal n of the root drops → a-ta-ta → atata "he extended".

Without luk: iṭ comes before sic → a-tan-i-s-ta → ataniṣṭa. (The s becomes ṣ after i, and the t after it becomes ṭ. These are sound changes taught elsewhere. They recur in asaniṣṭa, akṣaṇiṣṭa and ataniṣṭhāḥ.)

In the same way, before thās: atathāḥ / ataniṣṭhāḥ "you extended".

Applies when / blocked by. Only the singular ta counts. ta is named together with thās, and that association (sāhacarya) restricts it to the singular. So the ta that replaces tha in the parasmaipada plural does not count. In yūyam ataniṣṭa "you (plural) extended" there is no luk. Bhaṭṭoji himself gives this counter-example; his commentators explain that this ta replaces tha.

The roots of the class. Bhaṭṭoji opens the class with the words "now seven roots are svaritet". They take both sets of endings. In every one the affix u replaces śap, by SK 2466.

tanu "to extend". tanoti (present). tanvaḥ / tanuvaḥ "we two extend": the u may drop before v (SK 2333). tanute (ātmanepada). Perfect tatāna, tene. Imperative tanu "extend!": hi drops after the u (SK 2334). Parasmaipada aorist atanīt / atānīt.

ṣaṇu "to give". Its initial is ṣ as taught, and it appears as san. sanoti, sanute. In the benedictive, ā comes optionally before y (SK 2319): sāyāt / sanyāt.

In the ātmanepada aorist, sic drops by this rule. The affix ta now begins with t, a jhal (a consonant other than a nasal or semivowel). So ā replaces the n by SK 2504: asāta. Without luk, iṭ comes, and the affix after the root begins with the vowel i. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators note that no jhal then follows, so SK 2504 cannot apply and there is no ā: asaniṣṭa. Before thās: asāthāḥ / asaniṣṭhāḥ.

kṣaṇu "to injure". kṣaṇoti, kṣaṇute. In the aorist there is no vṛddhi, by SK 2299, which names kṣaṇ: akṣaṇīt. Ātmanepada aorist akṣata / akṣaṇiṣṭa, akṣathāḥ / akṣaṇiṣṭhāḥ.

kṣiṇu, also "to injure". Its penultimate i is light. Should it take guṇa before the affix u, by SK 2189? Ātreya and others say no. They rely on a paribhāṣā, a rule about reading rules: "an operation enjoined by a technical name is not obligatory". SK 2189 enjoins guṇa by that name, without naming the vowel. So, on their view, this guṇa need not come. Others say it does come. Scholars discuss this. Forms: kṣiṇoti / kṣeṇoti; periphrastic future kṣeṇitāsi, kṣeṇitāse; aorist akṣeṇīt; ātmanepada aorist akṣita / akṣeṇiṣṭa.

ṛṇu "to go". Bhaṭṭoji's commentators say guṇa and its absence go as with kṣiṇu: ṛṇoti / arṇoti. Dual arṇutaḥ. In the plural the u becomes v before the vowel (yaṇ): arṇvanti. Perfect ānarṇa, ānṛṇe. Periphrastic future arṇitāsi. Aorist ārṇīt. Ātmanepada aorist ārta / ārṇiṣṭa, ārthāḥ / ārṇiṣṭhāḥ.

tṛṇu "to eat": tṛṇoti / tarṇoti, tṛṇute / tarṇute. ghṛṇu "to shine": perfect jagharṇa, jaghṛṇe.

Then two roots are anudāttet, so they take ātmanepada. vanu "to ask": vanute, perfect vavane. In Candra's view it takes parasmaipada: vanoti, vavāna. manu "to understand": manute, perfect mene.

The root kṛ. Last comes ḍukṛñ "to do". It is named on its own in SK 2466, so it too takes u.

kṛ + u + ti

→ the ṛ takes guṇa because of the affix u, with r after it → kar-u-ti

→ the u takes guṇa because of tip, the ending ti of "he" → kar-o-ti → karoti "he does".

Bhaṭṭoji's commentators give these two steps.

kar-u + tas → tas is the ending of "the two". It is ṅit, so the u takes no guṇa

→ SK 2467: the a of kar becomes u → kur-u-tas → kurutaḥ "the two do".

kuru + anti (anti, the ending of "they") → yaṇ: the u becomes v before the vowel → kurv-anti.

A rule called hali ca would now lengthen the u of kur. SK 1629, na bhakurchurām, blocks it → kurvanti "they do".

Watch out. The ta of SK 2547 must be the singular ātmanepada ta. The parasmaipada ta that replaces tha does not count, so yūyam ataniṣṭa keeps its sic.

B. kṛ: the u lost before m, v and y — running example: `kuru + vas → kur-vas → kurvaḥ`; `kuru + yāt → kur-yāt → kuryāt`

For tan, the u may drop before m or v (SK 2333): tanvaḥ / tanuvaḥ. For kṛ the drop is not optional. SK 2548 makes it obligatory before m and v. SK 2549 adds a third case, before y. The running example: kuru + vas loses its u and gives kurvaḥ "we two do"; kuru + yāt gives kuryāt "he should do".

SK 2548 · नित्यं करोतेः · nityaṃ karoteḥ (A 6.4.108)

नित्यं करोतेः

nityaṃ karoteḥ · A 6.4.108

करोतेः प्रत्ययोकारस्य नित्यं लोपः स्यान्म्वोः परयोः । कुर्वः । कुर्मः । चकर्थ । चकृव । चकृषे । कर्ता । करिष्यति ॥

Rule. After kṛ, the u of the affix is always deleted when m or v follows. "The u of an affix" comes from SK 2334; "deletion" and "before m or v" come from SK 2333. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators give these sources.

Example.

kṛ + u + vas (vas, the ending of "we two"; mas is that of "we") → guṇa of ṛ → kar-u-vas

→ vas is ṅit, so SK 2467 gives kur-u-vas

→ this rule: the u drops before v → kur-vas → kurvaḥ "we two do".

Likewise kuru + mas → kurmaḥ "we do".

Applies when / blocked by. The word nityam "always" is the point of the rule. It sets kṛ apart from SK 2333, where the drop is optional. So tan keeps two forms, tanvaḥ / tanuvaḥ, but kṛ has only kurvaḥ.

Other forms of kṛ. Bhaṭṭoji lists more forms here.

Perfect cakartha "you did". There is no iṭ, by SK 2293. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators add that the root ends in ṛ, so even Bhāradvāja's view (SK 2296) gives no iṭ.
Perfect cakṛva "we two did", ātmanepada cakṛṣe "you did".
Periphrastic future kartā, simple future kariṣyati.
Bhaṭṭoji's commentators run through the imperative and imperfect as well: karotu / kurutāt, kuru, karavāṇi, akarot, akuruta.

Watch out. The m or v is that of an ending, as in vas and mas. Before a vowel the u does not drop; it becomes v (kurvanti, SK 2547).

SK 2549 · ये च · ye ca (A 6.4.109)

ये च

ye ca · A 6.4.109

कृञ उलोपः स्याद्यादौ प्रत्यये परे । कुर्यात् । आशिषि । क्रियात् । कृषीष्ट । अकार्षीत् ।तनादिभ्यः -SK 2547 इति लुकोऽभावे ह्रस्वादङ्गात् SK 2369 इति सिचो लोपः । अकृत । अकृथाः ॥

Rule. The u of kṛ is also deleted when an affix beginning with y follows. "Deletion" and "of this" come from SK 2333, and "of kṛ" from SK 2548. The y describes the affix, so a y-initial affix is meant. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explain this.

Example.

kṛ + u + yāt (optative, vidhiliṅ) → kur-u-yāt

→ this rule: the u drops before y → kur-yāt → kuryāt "he should do".

Other forms of kṛ. Bhaṭṭoji continues the paradigm.

In the benedictive (āśīrliṅ) there is no u at all. The ṛ becomes ri by SK 2367: kriyāt "may he do".
Ātmanepada benedictive kṛṣīṣṭa. The affix is kit by SK 2368, so there is no guṇa.
Parasmaipada aorist akārṣīt: vṛddhi before sic, with r after it.
Ātmanepada aorist akṛta, akṛthāḥ. With luk of sic by SK 2547, this form is reached directly. Without luk, sic is deleted anyway, by SK 2369, after the short ṛ. Either way no s is heard.

Applies when / blocked by. In the second path, could the deleted sic still cause guṇa, by pratyayalakṣaṇa? Bhaṭṭoji's commentators say no. sic here is kit by SK 2368, and a kit affix prohibits guṇa. So the form stays akṛta.

Watch out. SK 2548 and SK 2549 apply only to kṛ. For tan, the drop before m and v is optional (SK 2333).

C. suṭ for kṛ after sam, pari and upa, in given senses — running example: `sam + kṛ + u + ti → sam + s-kṛ + u + ti → saṃskaroti`; `pari + s-kṛ → pariṣkaroti`; `upa + s-kṛ + ta → upaskṛtā`

Bhaṭṭoji now gives kṛ a special augment. An augment (āgama) is a sound added to a form, not in place of anything. Here it is suṭ, heard as s, put before the k of kṛ. It comes only after certain upasargas, prefixes such as sam, pari and upa, and only in certain senses. These three sūtras give the upasargas and the senses. Where the s goes is taught in SK 2553, in group D. The running example: sam + kṛ in the sense "adorn" becomes saṃskaroti "he adorns".

SK 2550 · संपरिभ्यां करोतौ भूषणे · saṃparibhyāṃ karotau bhūṣaṇe (A 6.1.137)

संपरिभ्यां करोतौ भूषणे

saṃparibhyāṃ karotau bhūṣaṇe · A 6.1.137

Rule. After sam and pari, the augment suṭ is added to kṛ when adorning (bhūṣaṇa) is meant. "suṭ" is carried forward from SK 2553, which Bhaṭṭoji teaches just after this group.

Example.

sam + kṛ + u + ti, in the sense "adorn"

→ this rule: suṭ for kṛ → sam + skṛ + u + ti

→ as for karoti, and m becomes ṃ before s → saṃskaroti "he adorns", that is, alaṃkaroti.

Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji gives no gloss under this sūtra by itself. He explains it together with the next one, SK 2551, and the example saṃskaroti is given there.

Watch out. The sūtra names only sam and pari. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators note that he reads it so, following the Bhāṣya and the vārttika. upa gets its own sūtra, SK 2552.

SK 2551 · समवाये च · samavāye ca (A 6.1.138)

समवाये च

samavāye ca · A 6.1.138

संपरिपूर्वस्यकरोतेः सुट् स्याद्भूषणे संघाते चार्थे । संस्करोति । अलंकरोतीत्यर्थः । संस्कुर्वन्ति । सङ्घीभवन्तीत्यर्थः । संपूर्वस्य क्वचिदभूषणेऽपि सुट् । संस्कृतं भक्षाः SK 1217 इति ज्ञापकात् । परिनिविभ्यः SK 2275 इति षः । परिष्करोति ॥ सिवादीनां वा - ॥ पर्यष्कार्षीत् । पर्यस्कार्षीत् ॥

Rule. suṭ is also added to kṛ after sam and pari when aggregation (samavāya, coming together) is meant. "After sam and pari, to kṛ" runs on from SK 2550. Bhaṭṭoji glosses the two sūtras as one: suṭ comes to kṛ after sam or pari in the senses of adorning and of coming together (saṃghāta).

Example.

sam + kṛ + u + anti, in the sense "come together"

→ this rule: suṭ → sam + skṛ + u + anti

→ as for kurvanti, and m becomes ṃ before s → saṃskurvanti "they come together", that is, saṅghībhavanti.

Applies when / blocked by. After sam, suṭ sometimes comes even when adorning is not meant. The sign of this is the wording saṃskṛtaṃ bhakṣāḥ (SK 1217). There saṃskṛta means "prepared", not "adorned". Such a sign in the wording of a sūtra is a jñāpaka.

After pari, the s of suṭ becomes ṣ, by SK 2275: pariṣkaroti.

When aṭ stands between pari and the s, the ṣ is optional, by SK 2359: aorist paryaṣkārṣīt / paryaskārṣīt.

SK 2552 · उपात्प्रतियत्नवैकृतवाक्याध्याहारेषु च · upāt pratiyatnavaikṛtavākyādhyāhāreṣu ca (A 6.1.139)

उपात्प्रतियत्नवैकृतवाक्याध्याहारेषु च

upātpratiyatnavaikṛtavākyādhyāhāreṣu ca · A 6.1.139

उपात्कृञः सुट् स्यादेष्वर्थेषु चात्प्रागुक्तयोरर्थयोः । प्रतियत्नो गुणाधानम् । विकृतमेव वैकृतं विकारः । वाक्यस्याध्याहार आकाङ्क्षितैकदेशपूरणम् । उपस्कृता कन्या । अलंकृतेत्यर्थः । उपस्कृता ब्राह्मणाः । समुदिता इत्यर्थः । एधो दकस्योपस्कुरुते । गुणाधानं करोतीत्यर्थः । उपस्कृतं भुङ्क्ते । विकृतमित्यर्थः । उपस्कृतं ब्रूते । वाक्याध्याहारेण ब्रूत इत्यर्थः ॥

Rule. After upa, suṭ is added to kṛ in three senses. They are pratiyatna, vaikṛta and vākyādhyāhāra. By the word ca "and", suṭ comes after upa in the two senses of SK 2550–2551 as well.

Bhaṭṭoji defines the three senses:

pratiyatna is imparting a quality (guṇādhāna);
vaikṛta is just vikṛta "altered", that is, alteration (vikāra);
vākyādhyāhāra, "supplying a sentence", is filling in a part that is expected (ākāṅkṣita).

Example. Bhaṭṭoji gives five examples, one for each sense.

upaskṛtā kanyā "an adorned girl" (alaṃkṛtā): adorning.
upaskṛtā brāhmaṇāḥ "the brāhmaṇas have assembled" (samuditāḥ): coming together.
edho dakasyopaskurute "the fuel imparts a quality to the water": pratiyatna.
upaskṛtaṃ bhuṅkte "he eats what has been altered": vaikṛta.
upaskṛtaṃ brūte "he speaks, supplying what the sentence lacks": vākyādhyāhāra.

Step by step for the first:

upa + kṛ + ta (past participle), in the sense "adorn"

→ this rule: suṭ → upa + skṛ + ta → upaskṛta → feminine upaskṛtā.

Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators read "the two senses stated before" as adorning and coming together.

D. suṭ before the k, even across aṭ and the abhyāsa; what the conjunct-initial skṛ does and does not trigger — running example: `sam + s-kṛ + ṇal → sam + skṛ-skṛ + a → saṃ-ca-skār-a → saṃcaskāra`; `saṃ-ca-skṛ + atus → saṃcaskaratuḥ`

Bhaṭṭoji's commentators open this group with an objection. Doubling in the perfect depends only on the root and its affix. So it is antaraṅga, "inner", and comes first. The suṭ of SK 2550 depends on two words, the upasarga and the root. So it is bahiraṅga, "outer". Then in the perfect the root would be doubled first, and the s would stand before the abhyāsa. The last sūtra answers this. It places suṭ right before the k. The running example: sam + skṛ + a gives saṃcaskāra "he adorned", and the dual saṃcaskaratuḥ.

SK 2553 · सुट् कात् पूर्वः · suṭ kāt pūrvaḥ (A 6.1.135)

सुट् कात् पूर्वः

suṭ kāt pūrvaḥ · A 6.1.135

अडभ्यासव्यवायेऽपीत्युक्तम् । संचस्कार । कात्पूर्व इत्यादि भाष्ये प्रत्याख्यातम् । तथाहि । पूर्वं धातुरूपसर्गेण युज्यते । अन्तरङ्गत्वात्सुट् । ततो द्वित्वम् । एवं च ऋतश्च संयोगादेर्गुणः SK 2389 संचस्करतुः । कृसृभृ - SK 2293 इति सूत्रे ऋतो भारद्वाजस्य SK 2296 इति सूत्रे च ।

कृञोऽसुट इति वक्तव्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ तेन ससुट्कात्परस्येट् । संचस्करिथ । संचस्करिव । गुणोर्ति - SK 2380 इति सूत्रे नित्यं छन्दसि SK 3587 इति सूत्रान्नित्यमत्यनुवर्तते । नित्यं यः संयोगादिस्तस्येत्यर्थात्सुटि गुणो न । संस्क्रियात् । ऋतश्च संयोगादेः - SK 2526 इति लिङ्सिचोर्नेट् । एकाच उपदेशे SK 2276 इति सूत्रादुपदेश इत्यनुवर्त्य उपदेशे यः संयोगादिरिति व्याख्यानात् । संस्कृषीष्ट । समस्कृत । समस्कृषाताम् ॥

Rule. The augment suṭ is placed before the k of kṛ. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explain that this sūtra is a heading (adhikāra). In the Aṣṭādhyāyī it governs the rules after it, up to but not including anudāttaṃ padam ekavarjam. SK 2550, SK 2551 and SK 2552 are among them. Because it says "before" (pūrvaḥ), they add, suṭ never stands before the abhyāsa.

Example. This is the sūtra's own route: the root is doubled first, and suṭ then goes before the k of the root, across the abhyāsa.

sam + kṛ + ṇal, that is sam + kṛ + a (ṇal is the perfect ending a of "he")

→ doubling (SK 2177) → sam + kṛ-kṛ + a

→ in the abhyāsa, ṛ becomes a (SK 2244), only one consonant is kept (SK 2179), and k becomes c (SK 2245) → ca

→ the second kṛ takes vṛddhi before ṇal, which is marked with ṇ (SK 254) → kār → sam + ca-kār-a

→ this rule, with the vārttika given at SK 2539: suṭ goes before the k of the root, even though the abhyāsa stands between → sam + ca-s-kār-a

→ m becomes ṃ before c → saṃcaskāra "he adorned".

In the imperfect, suṭ goes before the k across aṭ: samaskarot.

Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji says the point was already stated under SK 2539. A vārttika there puts suṭ before the k even when aṭ or the abhyāsa stands between. So saṃcaskāra, with the abhyāsa between, and samaskarot, with aṭ between. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explain why it is needed. In saṃskaroti nothing stands between, and the rule is satisfied there. Without the vārttika, suṭ could not reach the k of the root past the abhyāsa or aṭ.

The Bhāṣya's view. The Bhāṣya rejects the words "before the k" and the rest. On its view suṭ alone is the heading. Its reason: "first the root is joined with the upasarga", and only then with the affix. So suṭ, which depends on root and upasarga, is the inner operation. It comes first; doubling follows. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators derive saṃcaskāra this way:

sam + skṛ + a (suṭ already in place)

→ doubling (SK 2177) → sam + skṛ-skṛ + a

→ in the abhyāsa, ṛ becomes a with r after it (SK 2244) → skar

→ only the k is kept, since it follows the sibilant s (SK 2259) → ka

→ k becomes c (SK 2245) → ca

→ the second skṛ takes vṛddhi before ṇal (SK 254) → skār

→ saṃ-ca-skār-a → saṃcaskāra.

On this route the s of the abhyāsa is copied and then dropped. On the sūtra's route it never enters the abhyāsa. The form is the same.

Consequences for kṛ with suṭ. With suṭ made first, the root is skṛ. It now begins with a consonant cluster (saṃyoga). Bhaṭṭoji draws out four results.

1. Guṇa in the perfect. By SK 2379, a root in ṛ that begins with a cluster takes guṇa in liṭ. So:

saṃ-ca-skṛ + atus → SK 2379: guṇa, with r after it → saṃ-ca-skar + atus → saṃcaskaratuḥ "the two adorned".

Bhaṭṭoji's commentators add: had the root met its affix first, there would be no such guṇa.

2. iṭ in the perfect. A vārttika says SK 2293 and SK 2296 apply to kṛ only without suṭ (kṛño 'suṭaḥ). These are the rules that deny iṭ to kṛ in liṭ. So kṛ with suṭ takes iṭ:

saṃ-ca-skṛ + tha → iṭ → saṃ-ca-skṛ + i + tha → guṇa → saṃcaskaritha "you adorned".

Likewise saṃcaskariva "we two adorned". Compare plain cakartha, cakṛva (SK 2548).

3. No guṇa in the benedictive. SK 2380 gives guṇa before the y of the benedictive to a root in ṛ that begins with a cluster. But in that sūtra the word nityam "always" runs on from SK 3587. So the rule means a root that is always cluster-initial. skṛ begins with a cluster only because of suṭ. So there is no guṇa, and riṅ comes as in kriyāt:

sam + skṛ + yāt → riṅ (SK 2367) → saṃskriyāt "may he adorn".

4. No iṭ in the ātmanepada benedictive and aorist. SK 2526 gives an optional iṭ to liṅ and sic after a cluster-initial root in ṛ. That iṭ does not come here. The rule carries the word upadeśe "as taught" from SK 2246. So it covers only a root that begins with a cluster in its original form. kṛ as taught is not such a root. So:

benedictive saṃskṛṣīṣṭa; aorist samaskṛta, dual samaskṛṣātām.

Bhaṭṭoji's commentators present the last three as answers to objections. With this the tanādi roots end.

Watch out. Keep the two kinds of cluster apart. For SK 2379 any cluster at the start of the root counts, even one made by suṭ: saṃcaskaratuḥ. For SK 2380 the cluster must be there always; for SK 2526 it must be there as the root is taught. skṛ's cluster is neither: saṃskriyāt, saṃskṛṣīṣṭa.

Terms used in this chapter

tanādi — the roots beginning with tan: the class of ten roots, tanu to ḍukṛñ, that take the affix u.
u — the vikaraṇa that replaces śap after tan and the rest, and after kṛñ (SK 2466): tan-o-ti, kar-o-ti.
śap — the vikaraṇa a placed after a root before a sārvadhātuka ending of the agent (SK 2167).
vikaraṇa — an affix placed between a root and its ending, such as śap or u.
lakāra — one of the ten abstract affixes of tense and mood, such as laṭ, liṭ, luṅ and liṅ; the verb-endings replace it.
luṅ — the aorist, the lakāra of the past in general.
sic — the replacement of cli in the aorist, heard as s.
luk — deletion of an affix.
ātmanepada / parasmaipada — the two sets of nine verb-endings; ta and thās are ātmanepada endings.
ārdhadhātuka — the name of the affixes taught after a root other than the sārvadhātuka ones (SK 2187), and of the endings of liṭ.
iṭ — the augment i placed before certain ārdhadhātuka affixes.
jhal — the stops, the sibilants and h: every consonant except the nasals and the semivowels y, v, r, l. SK 2504 gives ā only before a jhal-initial affix (asāta, not in asaniṣṭa).
anuvṛtti — carrying a word forward from an earlier sūtra into a later one.
sāhacarya — association: a word is read in the sense of the word named with it. ta is read as singular because thās is (SK 2547).
svaritet — a root whose marker vowel is svarita; it takes both sets of endings.
anudāttet — a root whose marker vowel is anudātta; it takes ātmanepada.
upadeśa — the original statement of a form, as the grammar first gives it.
paribhāṣā — a rule about how other rules are to be read.
saṃjñāpūrvako vidhir anityaḥ — the paribhāṣā "an operation enjoined by a technical name is not obligatory"; Ātreya and others apply it to kṣiṇu (SK 2547).
guṇa / vṛddhi — the vowels a, e, o / ā, ai, au; they replace an ik vowel.
ik — the vowels i, u, ṛ, ḷ, short or long.
laghu — a light vowel: a short vowel not followed by a consonant cluster, like the i of kṣiṇu.
yaṇ — the semivowels y v r l; here the u of the affix becomes v before a vowel (kurvanti, arṇvanti).
tip — the parasmaipada ending ti of "he" (karoti). Beside it stand tas "the two", anti "they", vas "we two" and mas "we".
ṅit / kit — marked with ṅ / with k; such an affix blocks guṇa and vṛddhi.
sārvadhātuka — the name of the verb-endings and of ś-marked affixes taught after a root.
vidhiliṅ / āśīrliṅ — liṅ in its senses of urging and the like, the optative (kuryāt) / liṅ of blessing, the benedictive (kriyāt).
riṅ — the substitute ri for ṛ before the benedictive y (SK 2367): kriyāt.
pratyayalakṣaṇa — the principle that a deleted affix still counts for the operations it conditions.
āgama — an augment: a sound added to a form, not in place of anything.
suṭ — here, the augment s added to kṛ after sam, pari and upa, placed before its k (SK 2550–2553). Not the suṭ of liṅ (SK 2210).
upasarga — a prefix construed with a verb, such as sam, pari, upa.
bhūṣaṇa — adorning (SK 2550).
samavāya / saṃghāta — aggregation, coming together (SK 2551).
jñāpaka — a sign in the wording of a sūtra that shows some further principle (saṃskṛtaṃ bhakṣāḥ, SK 2551).
pratiyatna — imparting a quality (guṇādhāna), one sense of SK 2552.
vaikṛta — alteration (vikāra), one sense of SK 2552.
vākyādhyāhāra — supplying a sentence: filling in a part that is expected, one sense of SK 2552.
vārttika — a supplementary statement on a sūtra, correcting or completing it.
adhikāra — a heading: a rule whose words are read into the rules that follow it (SK 2553).
liṭ — the perfect, the lakāra in which the root is doubled (cakartha, saṃcaskāra).
ṇal — the perfect ending a of "he", marked with ṇ, so the vowel before it takes vṛddhi (SK 254): saṃcaskāra.
abhyāsa — the first of the two copies made by doubling.
aṭ — the augment a put before the root in the aorist and imperfect.
antaraṅga / bahiraṅga — "inner" / "outer". An inner operation depends on a narrower unit, or on a connection made earlier, and applies first. An outer one depends on more, such as two words.
Bhāṣya — the great commentary (Mahābhāṣya) on the Aṣṭādhyāyī.
saṃyoga — a consonant cluster; skṛ begins with one.
Ātreya / Candra — grammarians whose views Bhaṭṭoji reports: on the guṇa of kṣiṇu, and on vanu taking parasmaipada.
Bhāradvāja — a grammarian whose view SK 2296 reports on iṭ in liṭ; even on his view kṛ takes no iṭ there (SK 2548).

Summary

SK	What it does	Example
2547	After tan and the rest, luk of sic is optional before singular ta and thās.	`atata` / `ataniṣṭa`; `asāta`; `akṛta`
2547 (roots)	The ten tanādi roots take u for śap (SK 2466).	`tanoti`, `sanoti`, `kṣiṇoti` / `kṣeṇoti`, `karoti`, `kurutaḥ`, `kurvanti`
2548	The u after kṛ is always deleted before m or v.	`kurvaḥ`, `kurmaḥ` (but `tanvaḥ` / `tanuvaḥ`)
2549	The u of kṛ is deleted before a y-initial affix.	`kuryāt`; also `kriyāt`, `kṛṣīṣṭa`, `akārṣīt`
2550	After sam and pari, suṭ comes to kṛ when adorning is meant.	`saṃskaroti` "he adorns"
2551	Also when coming together is meant; after pari, ṣ (SK 2275).	`saṃskurvanti`, `pariṣkaroti`, `paryaṣkārṣīt` / `paryaskārṣīt`
2552	After upa, suṭ for imparting a quality, alteration, supplying a sentence, and the two earlier senses.	`upaskṛtā kanyā`, `edho dakasyopaskurute`, `upaskṛtaṃ bhuṅkte`
2553	suṭ stands before the k, even across aṭ or the abhyāsa; a heading for 2550–2552.	`saṃcaskāra`, `saṃcaskaratuḥ`, `saṃcaskaritha`, `saṃskriyāt`, `saṃskṛṣīṣṭa`, `samaskṛta`

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51. Tiṅanta tanādi-prakaraṇa — Verbs: the roots of the tan class, and kṛ "to do"

Before you start

A. tan and the tanādi roots: optional luk of sic before ta and thās; kṛ's present — running example: a-tan-sic-ta → a-tan-ta → a-ta-ta → atata (with luk) / a-tan-iṭ-s-ta → ataniṣṭa (without); kṛ + u + ti → kar-o-ti → karoti

SK 2547 · तनादिभ्यस्तथासोः · tanādibhyas tathāsoḥ (A 2.4.79)

B. kṛ: the u lost before m, v and y — running example: kuru + vas → kur-vas → kurvaḥ; kuru + yāt → kur-yāt → kuryāt

SK 2548 · नित्यं करोतेः · nityaṃ karoteḥ (A 6.4.108)

SK 2549 · ये च · ye ca (A 6.4.109)

C. suṭ for kṛ after sam, pari and upa, in given senses — running example: sam + kṛ + u + ti → sam + s-kṛ + u + ti → saṃskaroti; pari + s-kṛ → pariṣkaroti; upa + s-kṛ + ta → upaskṛtā

SK 2550 · संपरिभ्यां करोतौ भूषणे · saṃparibhyāṃ karotau bhūṣaṇe (A 6.1.137)

SK 2551 · समवाये च · samavāye ca (A 6.1.138)

SK 2552 · उपात्प्रतियत्नवैकृतवाक्याध्याहारेषु च · upāt pratiyatnavaikṛtavākyādhyāhāreṣu ca (A 6.1.139)

D. suṭ before the k, even across aṭ and the abhyāsa; what the conjunct-initial skṛ does and does not trigger — running example: sam + s-kṛ + ṇal → sam + skṛ-skṛ + a → saṃ-ca-skār-a → saṃcaskāra; saṃ-ca-skṛ + atus → saṃcaskaratuḥ

SK 2553 · सुट् कात् पूर्वः · suṭ kāt pūrvaḥ (A 6.1.135)

Terms used in this chapter

Summary

A. tan and the tanādi roots: optional luk of sic before ta and thās; kṛ's present — running example: `a-tan-sic-ta → a-tan-ta → a-ta-ta → atata` (with luk) / `a-tan-iṭ-s-ta → ataniṣṭa` (without); `kṛ + u + ti → kar-o-ti → karoti`

B. kṛ: the u lost before m, v and y — running example: `kuru + vas → kur-vas → kurvaḥ`; `kuru + yāt → kur-yāt → kuryāt`

C. suṭ for kṛ after sam, pari and upa, in given senses — running example: `sam + kṛ + u + ti → sam + s-kṛ + u + ti → saṃskaroti`; `pari + s-kṛ → pariṣkaroti`; `upa + s-kṛ + ta → upaskṛtā`

D. suṭ before the k, even across aṭ and the abhyāsa; what the conjunct-initial skṛ does and does not trigger — running example: `sam + s-kṛ + ṇal → sam + skṛ-skṛ + a → saṃ-ca-skār-a → saṃcaskāra`; `saṃ-ca-skṛ + atus → saṃcaskaratuḥ`