PREMABASESiddhānta-kaumudī
Learner edition · Prakaraṇa 50

50. Tiṅanta rudhādi-prakaraṇa — Verbs of the rudh class: the class-sign śnam after the root's last vowel

This chapter walks the rudhādi, the roots of the Dhātupāṭha that begin with rudhir "to obstruct" and end with pṛcī "to be in contact". Before a sārvadhātuka ending these roots do not take śap. They take śnam, heard as na. Unlike śap, śnam does not stand after the root. It stands after the root's last vowel, so the root is split: ru-na-dh, bhi-na-d. After this chapter you will be able to derive ruṇaddhi "he obstructs" and rundhaḥ "the two obstruct", and say why the a of na is kept in one and lost in the other. You will know why the root's own nasal disappears in indhe, bhanakti and anakti. You will derive the odd form tṛṇeḍhi "he injures", and āñjīt, the aorist of añj. The chapter has four sūtras, SK 2543 to SK 2546. Most of its teaching lies in the forms Bhaṭṭoji lists for each root.

Before you start

A. rudh: śnam for śap, after the last vowel; the a of śnam lost before kṅit — running example: rudh + śap + ti → ru-na-dh + ti → ruṇaddhi; ru-na-dh + tas → run-dh + tas → rundhaḥ

The first sūtra gives the class its sign. śnam comes instead of śap and goes after the root's last vowel. Before a pit ending its a stays: ruṇaddhi. Before a kṅit ending its a is lost, and the n left behind changes by sandhi: rundhaḥ.

SK 2543 · रुधादिभ्यः श्नम् · rudhādibhyaḥ śnam (A 3.1.78)

रुधादिभ्यः श्नम्
rudhādibhyaḥ śnam · A 3.1.78
{$ {!1438 रुधिर्!} आवरणे$} । नव स्वरितेत इरितश्च ॥ शपोऽपवादः । मित्त्वादन्त्यादचः परः । नित्यत्वाद्गुणं बाधते । रुणद्धि ।श्नसोरल्लोपः SK 2469 । णत्वस्यासिद्धत्वादनुस्वारः परसवर्णः । तस्यासिद्धत्वाण्णत्वं न न पदान्त - SK 51 इति सूत्रेणानुस्वारपरसवर्णयोरल्लोपो न स्थानिवत् । रुन्धः । रुन्धन्ति । रुन्धे । रोद्धा । रोत्स्यति । रुणद्धु । रुन्धात् । रुन्धि । रुणधानि । रुणधै । अरुणत् । अरुन्धाम् । अरुणत् । अरुणः । अरुणधम् । अरुधत् । अरौत्सीत् । अरुद्ध ।{$ {!1439 भिदिर्!} विदारणे$} । भिनत्ति । भिन्ते । भेत्ता । भेत्स्यति । भेत्स्यते । अभिनत् । अभिन्ताम् । अभिनदम् । अभिन्त । अभिदत् । अभैत्सीत् । अभित्त ।{$ {!1440 छिदिर्!} द्वैधिकरणे$} । अच्छिदत् । अच्छैत्सीत् । अच्छित्त ।{$ {!1441 रिचिर्!} विरेचने$} । रिणक्ति । रिङ्क्ते । रिरेच । रिरिचे । रेक्ता । अरिणक् । अरिचत् । अरैक्षीत् । अरिक्त ।{$ {!1442 विचिर्!} पृथग्भावे$} । विनक्ति । विङ्क्ते ।{$ {!1443 क्षुदिर्!} संपेषणे$} । क्षुणत्ति । क्षुन्ते । क्षोत्ता । अक्षुदत् । अक्षौत्सीत् । अक्षुत्त ।{$ {!1444 युजिर्!} योगे $}। योक्ता ।{$ {!1445 उच्छृदिर्!} दीप्तिदेवनयोः$} । छृणत्ति । छृन्ते । चच्छर्द । सेसिचि - SK 2506 इति वेट् । चच्छृदिषे । चच्छृत्से । छर्दिता । छर्दिष्यति । छर्त्स्यति । अच्छृदत् । अच्छर्दीत् । अच्छर्दिष्ट ।{$ {!1446 उतृदिर्!} हिंसानादरयोः$} । तृणत्तीत्यादि छृणत्तिवत् ।{$ {!1447 कृती!} वेष्टने$} । परस्मैपदी । कृणत्ति । आर्धधातुके तौदादिकवत् ।{$ {!1448 ञिइन्धी!} दीप्तौ$} ॥ त्रय आत्मनेपदिनः ॥

Rule. After rudh and the roots that follow it, the affix śnam comes. It adds no meaning of its own (svārthe). It comes when a sārvadhātuka affix denoting the agent follows. "Agent" is carried forward from SK 2167. "sārvadhātuka" is carried forward from SK 2756, a rule taught later, in chapter 63.

Bhaṭṭoji first lists the root: rudhir "to obstruct". He adds that nine roots from here are svaritet, so they take both sets of endings. They are also irit, marked with ir.

śnam is an apavāda of śap: it comes instead of śap, so śap never comes. Its ś and m are markers; what is heard is na. Being marked with m (mit), it goes after the root's last vowel by SK 37. So rudh becomes ru-na-dh.

Being nitya, śnam also blocks guṇa. The guṇa of a light penultimate vowel is the later rule. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explains the danger: if guṇa came first, rodh would give a wrong *\roṇaddhi. But śnam applies whether or not guṇa has been made, so it wins. Once it is in, the root's u is no longer the light penultimate, and there is no guṇa.

Example. The singular, with the pit ending ti:

rudh + śap + ti → śnam comes instead of śap and goes after the last vowel u

→ ru-na-dh + ti → t becomes dh (SK 2280), and the root's dh becomes d (jaśtva)

→ ru-na-d-dhi → n becomes ṇ after r

→ ruṇaddhi "he obstructs".

The dual, with tas, which is a kṅit sārvadhātuka:

ru-na-dh + tas → the a of śnam is lost (SK 2469)

→ run-dh + tas → n becomes anusvāra (SK 123), then the nasal of the dh's class (SK 124)

→ rundh + tas → the ending's t becomes dh (SK 2280)

→ rundh + dhas → the root's dh becomes d (jaśtva); final s ends as visarga

→ runddhaḥ. Bhaṭṭoji writes rundhaḥ "the two obstruct", with one stop; see Watch out.

Applies when / blocked by. Two questions arise on rundhaḥ.

First, why does the n not become ṇ after the r, as in ruṇaddhi? The rule for ṇ (ṇatva) is asiddha with respect to SK 123. So anusvāra comes first, and then parasavarṇa (SK 124). The n that parasavarṇa produces is in turn asiddha for ṇatva. So it stays n.

Second, the lost a of śnam is a vowel-substitute. Should it be treated as still present (sthānivat)? Then the n would not stand before a consonant, and SK 123 could not apply. Bhaṭṭoji answers with SK 51. That sūtra says a lost vowel is not sthānivat for anusvāra and parasavarṇa. So both apply.

One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators adds why śnam has the marker ś. The ś names śnam in two rules: śnasor allopaḥ (SK 2469) and śnān nalopaḥ (SK 2544). It is not there to make śnam sārvadhātuka. An apit sārvadhātuka is ṅit and blocks guṇa of the base before it. But ru before śnam is not a base (aṅga), so that cannot be the purpose either.

Other forms of rudh. The plural is rundhanti. The ātmanepada is rundhe. In luṭ and lṛṭ the affixes tās and sya are ārdhadhātuka, so there is no śnam: roddhā, rotsyati.

In loṭ: ruṇaddhu, rundhāt (with tātaṅ), rundhi (madhyama singular). In the uttama, āṭ makes the ending pit, so the a of śnam stays: ruṇadhāni, and in the ātmanepada ruṇadhai.

In laṅ: aruṇat (ti loses its i, and t is lost after the consonant by SK 252; the root's final dh then becomes t at the end of the word, by cartva). The dual is arundhām. In the madhyama singular the s is lost the same way. Then ru may replace the root's final consonant, giving aruṇaḥ; otherwise aruṇat. SK 2468 allows this ru for a root's final d at the end of a word, when the ending s has been lost. The uttama singular is aruṇadham.

In luṅ the root is irit, so aṅ is optional (SK 2269): arudhat. Without aṅ, sic comes with vṛddhi: arautsīt. In the ātmanepada, sic is lost between two jhal sounds (SK 2281): aruddha.

Watch out. Bhaṭṭoji writes rundhaḥ, rundhe, bhinte, abhinta with one stop before the ending. One of his commentators writes runddhaḥ, bhintte, with two. The two spellings differ only by one stop, and scholars discuss this. This chapter keeps Bhaṭṭoji's forms.

The roots that follow. Bhaṭṭoji then lists the rest of the nine irit roots. Each takes śnam in the same way.

Then come roots outside the nine.

B. indh, śiṣ, bhañj, bhuj: the root's own n is lost after śnam — running example: i-na-ndh + te → i-na-dh + te → in-dh + te → indhe; bha-na-ñj + ti → bha-na-j + ti → bhanakti; i-na-ndh + ai → inadhai

Some rudhādi roots already contain a nasal: indh, bhañj. śnam adds a second one. This group's sūtra removes the root's own: indhe, bhanakti. So there is only ever one nasal in the stem.

SK 2544 · श्नान्नलोपः · śnānnalopaḥ (A 6.4.23)

श्नान्नलोपः
śnānnalopaḥ · A 6.4.23
श्नमः परस्य नस्य लोपः स्यात् । श्नसोरल्लोपः । इन्धे । इन्त्से । इन्धिता । इनधै । ऐन्ध । ऐन्धाः ।{$ {!1449 खिद!} दैन्ये खिन्ते$} । खेत्ता ।{$ {!1450 विद!} विचारणे$} । विन्ते । वेत्ता । अथ परस्मैपदिनः ।{$ {!1451 शिष्लृ!} विशेषणे$} । शिनष्टि । शिंष्टः । शिंषन्ति । शिशेषिथ । शेष्टा । शेक्ष्यति । हेर्धिः । जश्त्वम् । ष्टुत्वं । झरो झरि -SK 71इति वा डलोपः । अनुस्वारपरसवर्णौ । शिण्ढि । शिण्ड्ढि । शिनषाणि । अशिनट् । लृदित्वादङ् । अशिषत् ।{$ {!1452 पिषॢ!} संचूर्णने$} । शिषिवत् । पिनष्टि ।{$ {!1453 भञ्जो!} आमर्दने$} । भनक्ति । बभञ्जिथ । बभङ्क्थ । भङ्क्ता ।{$ {!1454 भुज!} पालनाभ्यवहारयोः$} । भुनक्ति । भोक्ता । भोक्ष्यति । अभुनक् ।{$ {!1455 तृह!} {!1456 हिसि!} हिंसायाम्$} ॥

Rule. After śnam, an n is lost (lopa). Bhaṭṭoji's gloss: "the n that follows śnam is lost". The word śnāt in the sūtra is śnam with its marker m dropped. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators names anakti and bhanakti as its main examples.

Example. The ātmanepada of indh, with the ṅit ending te:

indh + śap + te → śnam comes instead of śap, after the last vowel i

→ i-na-ndh + te → the root's n is lost (this rule)

→ i-na-dh + te → the a of śnam is lost (SK 2469)

→ in-dh + te → anusvāra and parasavarṇa on the n; t becomes dh (SK 2280)

→ in-dh-dhe → the root's dh becomes d (jaśtva)

→ in-d-dhe → inddhe. Bhaṭṭoji writes indhe "he kindles", with one stop; see Watch out.

The uttama singular of loṭ, with āṭ:

i-na-ndh + ai → the root's n is lost (this rule); the ending is pit, so the a of śnam stays

→ inadhai "let me kindle".

Applies when / blocked by. For indhe alone, SK 415 would have been enough. The root's n stands next to the last consonant, and te is ṅit. Bhaṭṭoji still cites this sūtra, as the proper rule. It is needed for anakti (SK 2545).

inadhai shows why it is needed. With āṭ the ending is pit, not ṅit. So the a of śnam stays. SK 415 needs a kit or ṅit ending, so it cannot remove the root's n. Only this rule can.

In indhe, could SK 415 now remove the n of śnam itself? One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators says no. For that rule the loss of a is treated as not yet made (asiddhavat), or the a as still present (sthānivat). So the n of śnam takes anusvāra and parasavarṇa instead.

Watch out. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators writes inddhe, ainddha, with two stops. Bhaṭṭoji writes indhe, aindha. This is the same question as rundhaḥ under SK 2543.

Other forms of indh. intse (madhyama singular), luṭ indhitā. laṅ aindha, aindhāḥ.

The roots that follow.

Bhaṭṭoji then announces the parasmaipadin roots.

śi-na-ṣ + hi → the a of śnam is lost (SK 2469)

→ śin-ṣ + hi → hi becomes dhi (SK 2425)

→ śin-ṣ + dhi → jaśtva: ṣ becomes ḍ; ṣṭutva: dh becomes ḍh

→ śin-ḍ-ḍhi → the ḍ is optionally lost (SK 71)

→ anusvāra and parasavarṇa turn n into ṇ

→ śiṇḍhi or śiṇḍḍhi.

Whether parasavarṇa may apply here at all is a point scholars discuss; this chapter keeps Bhaṭṭoji's two forms.

The root's ñ still counts as n, because parasavarṇa, which made it ñ, is asiddha (see anakti, SK 2545).

bhañj + śap + ti → śnam comes instead of śap, after the last vowel a

→ bha-na-ñj + ti → the root's nasal is lost (this rule)

→ bha-na-j + ti → j becomes g (kutva), then k before t (cartva)

→ bhanakti "he breaks".

liṭ babhañjitha / babhaṅktha: iṭ is optional in thal by the Bhāradvāja restriction. luṭ bhaṅktā.

C. tṛh (and hiṃs, und, añj): im for tṛṇah before a hal-initial pit ending — running example: tṛ-na-h + ti → tṛ-na-i-h + ti → tṛṇeh + ti → tṛṇeḍhi; tṛ-na-h + tas → tṛṇḍhaḥ (no im)

The root tṛh adds an extra vowel before some endings. Once śnam is in, the augment im comes before a pit ending that begins with a consonant. So the singular is tṛṇeḍhi, but the dual is tṛṇḍhaḥ. The same section gives the forms of hiṃs, und and añj.

SK 2545 · तृणह इम् · tṛṇaha im (A 7.3.92)

तृणह इम्
tṛṇaha im · A 7.3.92
तृहः श्नमि कृते इमागमः स्याद्धलादौ पिति । तृणेढि । तृण्ढः । ततर्ह । तर्हिता । अतृणेट् । हिनस्ति । जिहिंस । हिंसिता ।{$ {!1457 उन्दी!} क्लेदने$} । उनत्ति । उन्तः । उन्दन्ति । उन्दाञ्चकार । औनत् । औन्ताम् । औन्दन् । औनः । औनत् । औनदम् ।{$ {!1458 अञ्जू!} व्यक्तिम्रक्षणकान्तिगतिषु $}। अनक्ति । अङ्क्तः । अञ्जन्ति । आनञ्ज । आनञ्जिथ । आनङ्क्थ । अङ्क्ता । अञ्जिता । अङ्ग्धि । अनजानि । आनक् ॥

Rule. When śnam has been added to tṛh, giving tṛṇah, the augment (āgama) im is added. It comes before a sārvadhātuka ending that begins with a consonant (hali) and is pit (piti). "Beginning with a consonant" is carried forward from SK 2443. "pit" is carried forward from SK 2503.

Example. The singular, with ti, which is pit and begins with a consonant:

tṛ-na-h + ti → im, being mit, goes after the last vowel, the a of śnam

→ tṛ-na-i-h + ti → a and i become e (guṇa); n becomes ṇ after ṛ

→ tṛṇeh + ti → h becomes ḍh; t becomes dh; ṣṭutva makes it ḍh; the first ḍh is lost

→ tṛṇeḍhi "he injures".

The dual, with tas, which is not pit:

tṛ-na-h + tas → no im; the a of śnam is lost (SK 2469)

→ h to ḍh, t to dh to ḍh, first ḍh lost; the n of śnam takes anusvāra and parasavarṇa (ṇ)

→ tṛṇḍhaḥ "the two injure".

Applies when / blocked by. Why does the sūtra say tṛṇah, "tṛh with śnam", and not just tṛh? So that im, a specially taught rule, does not block śnam. One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explains the danger with a maxim (yena nāprāpti). A special rule sets aside a general one even where both could apply. The stock example: "give curds to the brāhmaṇas, buttermilk to Kauṇḍinya" — Kauṇḍinya gets no curds. Naming śnam in the sūtra shows that both apply. One commentator adds that the purpose is not to keep out the tudādi tṛh: there the class-sign already stands between root and ending, so im could not apply anyway.

Exactly how "pit" and "beginning with a consonant" are carried forward here is a point scholars discuss. Bhaṭṭoji's gloss reads both.

Other forms of tṛh. liṭ tatarha; luṭ tarhitā. laṅ atṛṇeṭ: im and guṇa as in tṛṇeḍhi (t is hal-initial and pit); t is lost by SK 252; h becomes ḍh, jaśtva gives ḍ, and at the end of the word ṭ (cartva).

hisi. This root is idit, so it has the augment num: hiṃs.

undī "to moisten". One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators glosses "moistening" as becoming wet.

añjū "to manifest; to anoint; to be beautiful; to go". One of Bhaṭṭoji's commentators glosses "manifesting" as discerning and "anointing" as making smooth.

añj + śap + ti → śnam comes instead of śap, after the last (here the only) vowel a

→ a-na-ñj + ti → the root's nasal is lost by SK 2544

→ a-na-j + ti → j becomes g by kutva; g becomes k by cartva

→ anakti "he anoints".

Why is the root's ñ still an n for SK 2544? Because parasavarṇa (SK 124), which made it ñ, is asiddha. So the nasal still counts as n, and can be lost.

a-na-ñj + tas → the root's n and the a of śnam are lost

→ an-j + tas → j becomes g, then k; n becomes anusvāra (SK 123), then ṅ by parasavarṇa (SK 124)

→ aṅktaḥ "the two anoint".

Further forms: plural añjanti. liṭ ānañja; madhyama singular ānañjitha / ānaṅktha. luṭ aṅktā / añjitā: iṭ is optional because the root is ūdit (SK 2279). loṭ aṅgdhi, with dhi for hi. loṭ uttama anajāni: āṭ is pit, so the a of śnam is kept. laṅ ānak.

The aorist of añj needs the next sūtra.

D. añj in luṅ: obligatory iṭ for sic; tañc, vij, vṛj, pṛc — running example: añj + sic + t (luṅ) → āñj + iṭ + sic + t → āñjīt

The last sūtra fixes the aorist of añj. Its ū-marking would give iṭ only optionally. Before sic, this sūtra makes iṭ obligatory: āñjīt. Bhaṭṭoji then lists the last four roots of the class.

SK 2546 · अञ्जेः सिचि · añjeḥ sici (A 7.2.71)

अञ्जेः सिचि
añjeḥ sici · A 7.2.71
अञ्जेः सिचो नित्यमिट् स्यात् । आञ्जीत् ।{$ {!1459 तञ्चू!} सङ्कोचने$} । तनक्ति । तङ्क्ता । तञ्चिता ।{$ {!1460 ओविजी!} भयचलनयोः$} । विनक्ति । विङ्क्तः । विज इट् SK 2536 इति ङित्त्वम् । विविजिथ । विजिता । अविनक् । अविजीत् ।{$ {!1461 वृजी!} वर्जने$} । वृणक्ति । वर्जिता ।{$ {!1462 पृची!} संपर्के$} । पृणक्ति । पपर्च ॥

Rule. After añj, iṭ is always added to sic. "iṭ" is carried forward from SK 2384.

Example.

añj + sic + t (luṅ) → iṭ added to sic (this rule); the augment āṭ at the front (SK 2254)

→ āñj + iṭ + sic + t → the rest as for ātīt in chapter 44

→ āñjīt "he anointed".

Applies when / blocked by. The root is ūdit, so SK 2279 already gave an optional iṭ. This rule exists to make it obligatory. The word "optionally" is not carried forward into it.

Why does the sūtra say "before sic"? Because elsewhere the option stays. In luṭ, iṭ is still optional: aṅktā (SK 2545).

The roots that follow.

The section closes: "Here end the rudhādi roots." The next chapter opens with the tanādi roots, beginning with tanu.

Terms used in this chapter

Summary

SKwhat it doesexample
2543after rudh and the rest, śnam comes instead of śap; being mit it goes after the last vowel; being nitya it blocks guṇa. Before kṅit endings its a is lost (SK 2469) and the n takes anusvāra and parasavarṇa. (irit roots take aṅ optionally in luṅ: SK 2269)ru-na-dh + ti → ruṇaddhi; run-dh + tas → rundhaḥ; ruṇadhāni; arudhat / arautsīt
2544after śnam, the root's own n is losti-na-ndh + te → indhe; inadhai; bha-na-ñj + ti → bhanakti; hinasti; anakti, aṅktaḥ (SK 2544, 2469)
2545to tṛh with śnam, the augment im before a consonant-initial pit sārvadhātuka endingtṛṇah + ti → tṛṇeḍhi; but tṛṇḍhaḥ
2546after añj, iṭ is always added to sicāñjīt; but luṭ aṅktā / añjitā

Points to revise:

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