सर्वसमासान्तप्रकरणम्

Covers SK 940–957 (18 sūtras), Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.4.74–85 (the samāsāntas common to every compound type: the affix a after ṛc/pur/ap/dhur/pathin and the affix ac after a closed list of stems) with the two uttarapada rules 6.3.97–98 spliced in for ap, and the prohibitions 5.4.69–72 placed last. All numbers present.

sarvasamāsānta-prakaraṇa — outline (p23, SK 940–957, all 18 sūtras)

The samāsāntas common to all compounds (sarvasamāsānta): under the heading samāsāntāḥ (SK 676, 5.4.68) and the taddhita adhikāra, two affixes are added as the final member (antāvayava) of a compound regardless of its type — the bare a after a compound ending in ṛc, pur, ap, dhur, pathin (940), and ac (a with c-marker for accent) after a fixed list of final members or of whole ready-made forms (943–953). Both are taddhitas, so a stem-final n loses its ṭi by nas taddhite (6.4.144) — pathin → path-a, loman → lom-a — and where the nipātana wants a ṭi-lopa the rule would not give (aṣṭhīvat, tāvatī), the sūtra simply sets it down. The chapter closes with the prohibitions that limit these affixes — after a word of honour (su/ati), after censuring kim, after nañ in a tatpuruṣa — and the one option (pathin after nañ). Only the kaumudī blocks are translated; the commentators' settled readings (Bālamanoramā, Tattvabodhinī) are drawn on for vigrahas and steps. Ordering: SK order except that (i) 942's dhur/pathin examples are read back into group A (they exemplify 940, not 942), (ii) 953 upasargād adhvanaḥ is placed with the other "ac after a named final member" rules in E, and (iii) 944 akṣṇo 'darśanāt is paired with 952 dvistāvā tristāvā vediḥ in F as the two sense-restricted cases.

A. The samāsānta a after ṛc / pur / ap / dhur / pathin — running example: ṛco 'rdham → ardharca-a → ardharcaḥ (also viṣṇoḥ pūḥ → viṣṇupuram, rājño dhūḥ → rājadhurā, sakhyuḥ panthāḥ → sakhipathaḥ)

• 940 ṛkpūrabdhūḥpathām ānakṣe 5.4.74 — split the last word as a + anakṣe: the affix a (samāsāntāḥ 5.4.68 governing; tadanta-vidhi, so "a compound ending in ṛc, pur, ap, dhur, pathin") becomes the compound's final member — but not after the dhur that belongs to an axle (akṣa). On the running form: ṛc + ardha compound by ardhaṃ napuṃsakam (2.2.2), a is added to the final ṛc → ardharca, masculine by ardharcāḥ puṃsi ca (2.4.31): ardharcaḥ. Restriction (niyama) for ṛc: anṛcaḥ, bahvṛcaḥ only of a reciter — not anṛksāma, bahvṛk sūktam. pur: viṣṇupuram (neuter from usage, against paravalliṅgam 2.4.26; pūr is listed so that viṣṇupūḥ is barred). ap: vimalāpaṃ saraḥ (vimalā āpo yasmin). dhur and pathin are exemplified under 942 — folded here: rājadhurā (dhur as "kingdom", feminine, ṭāp); the akṣa exception: akṣadhūḥ (the axle-end), dṛḍhadhurakṣaḥ (dṛḍhā dhūr yasya — no a in either, hence the reading "dhur belonging to an axle", which covers both); pathin: sakhipathaḥ (sakhyuḥ panthāḥ, a + ṭi-lopa of pathin by nas taddhite 6.4.144), ramyapatho deśaḥ (bahuvrīhi).

B. The ī / ū substitutes on ap once it carries the samāsānta — running example: dvir gatā āpo yasmin → dvi + ap + a → dvi + īp-a → dvīpam (also anu + ap + a → anūpo deśaḥ)

• 941 dvyantarupasargebhyo 'pa īt 6.3.97 — 'apaḥ' in the sūtra imitates the ap that has already taken the samāsānta a (nominative for genitive); after dvi, antar, or an upasarga, ī replaces its initial vowel (ādeḥ parasya 1.1.54). On the running form: the a of ap-a is the target; dvi before it is the trigger; a → ī, then i + ī → ī by savarṇadīrgha: dvīpam (bahuvrīhi, non-coreferential members). antarīpam, pratīpam (pratikūlā āpaḥ), samīpam (saṅgatā āpaḥ). Counter-cases: samāpo devayajanam — sama there is not the upasarga (samā āpo yasmin), so no ī; and svap, svapī — after su the samāsānta itself is barred by na pūjanāt (954), so, the sūtra naming only the ap with samāsānta, no ī. Vārttika avarṇāntād vā: after an a-varṇa-final upasarga the ī is optional — prepam / prāpam, parepam / parāpam.
• 942 ūd anor deśe 6.3.98 — apavāda to 941: after anu, when a region (deśa) is denoted, ū (not ī) replaces the initial vowel of ap-a: anu + ap-a → anu + ūp-a → u + ū → ū by savarṇadīrgha: anūpo deśaḥ (anukūlā / anugatā āpo yasmin, "marshland"). The unit's remaining examples (rājadhurā, akṣadhūḥ, dṛḍhadhurakṣaḥ, sakhipathaḥ, ramyapatho deśaḥ) finish off 940's dhur and pathin and are accounted for in A.

C. ac after sāman / loman with prati-anu-ava, and the yogavibhāga extensions (bhūmi, nadī, godāvarī, padmanābha) — running example: pratigataṃ sāma → prati-sāman + ac → pratisāmam (also anugataṃ loma → anulomam)

• 943 ac pratyanvavapūrvāt sāmalomnaḥ 5.4.75 — after a compound ending in sāman or loman whose prior member is prati, anu, or ava, the affix ac comes. On the running form: prati + sāman (avyayībhāva / prādi-samāsa / bahuvrīhi — the commentators allow each), ac added after the final sāman, its ṭi an dropped by nas taddhite (6.4.144): pratisāmam. Likewise anusāmam, avasāmam; pratilomam, anulomam, avalomam. Vārttika kṛṣṇodakpāṇḍusaṃkhyāpūrvāyā bhūmer aj iṣyate: ac after bhūmi preceded by kṛṣṇa / udac / pāṇḍu / a numeral — bahuvrīhis with prāsāda: kṛṣṇabhūmaḥ, udagbhūmaḥ, pāṇḍubhūmaḥ, dvibhūmaḥ prāsādaḥ (bhūmi + ac → the i drops by yasyeti ca 6.4.148). Vārttika saṃkhyāyā nadīgodāvarībhyāṃ ca: after numeral + nadī / godāvarī — samāhāra-avyayībhāvas by nadībhiś ca (2.1.20): pañcanadam, saptagodāvaram (ī dropped by 6.4.148, am by 2.4.83). By yogavibhāga at 'ac', ac comes "elsewhere too": padmanābhaḥ (padmaṃ nābhau yasya; nābhan + ac, ṭi-lopa). BM notes the two "vārttikas" are really authorities' statements resting on this same yogavibhāga, and that padmanābha is more properly pṛṣodarādi — the source's labels are kept.

D. The twenty-five ready-made ac forms of the acatura-list — running example: avidyamānāni catvāry asya → a-catur + ac → acaturaḥ (bahuvrīhi only)

• 945 acaturavicaturasucatura…goṣṭhaśvāḥ 5.4.77 — twenty-five forms are set down (nipātyante) as ending in ac; what the nipātana fixes is the compound type each is confined to, plus any ṭi-lopa or other irregularity. On the running form: a-catur (vidyamāna deleted by the nañ-vārttika) + ac → acaturaḥ; so vicaturaḥ, sucaturaḥ — bahuvrīhis only (a tatpuruṣa gives acatvāraḥ; and in sucaturaḥ the nipātana overrides na pūjanāt 954). Vārttika tryupābhyāṃ caturo 'j iṣyate: tricaturāḥ (trayo vā catvāro vā — ac here overrides the ḍac of 5.4.73), upacaturāḥ (caturṇāṃ samīpe). Eleven dvandvas: strīpuṃsau, dhenvanaḍuhau, ṛksāme (not ṛksāmanī), vāṅmanase, akṣibhruvam (singular, prāṇyaṅga-dvandva), dāragavam (samāhāra; itaretara gives dāragāvaḥ), ūrvaṣṭhīvam (ṭi-lopa of aṣṭhīvat by nipātana, since ac is not ḍ-marked and the stem is not an-final), padaṣṭhīvam (pāda → pad by nipātana, the stem not being bha), naktandivam (divā's ā dropped by yasyeti ca 6.4.148), rātrindivam (rātri's m-ending set down), ahardivam (a dvandva of two synonyms set down in the sense of vīpsā, "day after day", overriding ekaśeṣa). An avyayībhāva in the sense of totality: sarajasam (saha → sa by 6.3.81; as bahuvrīhi sarajaḥ paṅkajam, no ac). A tatpuruṣa only: niḥśreyasam (niścitaṃ śreyaḥ; bahuvrīhi niḥśreyān puruṣaḥ — no ac, no kap). A genitive tatpuruṣa: puruṣāyuṣam. Two dvigus: dvyāyuṣam, tryāyuṣam. A dvandva: ṛgyajuṣam. Three karmadhārayas: jātokṣaḥ, mahokṣaḥ (ā by 6.3.46), vṛddhokṣaḥ (ukṣan + ac, ṭi-lopa). An avyayībhāva: upaśunam (śunaḥ samīpam — no ṭi-lopa, and samprasāraṇa despite ataddhite 6.4.133, both by nipātana). A saptamī-tatpuruṣa only: goṣṭhaśvaḥ (goṣṭhe śvā; ṭi-lopa, no samprasāraṇa; genitive gives goṣṭhaśvā).

E. ac after a named final member — varcas / tamas / vasīyas-śreyas / rahas / uras / adhvan — and the nipātana anugavam — running example: brahmaṇo varcaḥ → brahma-varcas + ac → brahmavarcasam (also pragato 'dhvānam → prādhvo rathaḥ)

• 946 brahmahastibhyāṃ varcasaḥ 5.4.78 — the predicate 'ac syāt' is supplied: after varcas preceded by brahman or hastin, ac. On the running form: genitive tatpuruṣa brahma-varcas, ac after the final s: brahmavarcasam; hastivarcasam. Vārttika palyarājabhyāṃ ceti vaktavyam: also after palya ("meat-eater") and rājan — palyavarcasam, rājavarcasam.
• 947 avasamandhebhyas tamasaḥ 5.4.79 — after tamas preceded by ava, sam, or andha, ac: avatamasam (avahīnaṃ tamaḥ), saṃtamasam (saṃtataṃ tamaḥ), both prādi-samāsas; andhatamasam (karmadhāraya) — andha is itself curādi andh + pacādi ac (3.1.134), "that which blinds", i.e. dense.
• 948 śvaso vasīyaḥśreyasaḥ 5.4.80 — after the indeclinable śvas, ac comes after vasīyas (vasu "excellent" + īyasun, ṭi-lopa) and śreyas (praśasta + īyasun, praśasyasya śraḥ 5.3.60). śvas here does not mean "tomorrow": it marks the excellence of the final member as the object of a benediction; the compound (śvas being non-coreferential) is by the mayūravyaṃsakādi class. śvovasīyasam, śvaḥśreyasaṃ te bhūyāt — benedictive use only.
• 949 anvavataptād rahasaḥ 5.4.81 — after rahas ("secret place") preceded by anu, ava, or tapta, ac: anurahasam (anugataṃ rahaḥ), avarahasam (avahīnaṃ rahaḥ) — prādi-samāsas (TB also admits bahuvrīhis), taptarahasam (taptaṃ rahaḥ).
• 950 prater urasaḥ saptamīsthāt 5.4.82 — after uras preceded by a prati that expresses the locative sense, ac: urasi "on the chest" → pratyurasam — the compound is an avyayībhāva in the sense of a vibhakti (2.1.6), and prati as saptamī-dyotaka is what 'saptamīstha' means.
• 953 upasargād adhvanaḥ 5.4.85 (moved up from after 952) — after adhvan preceded by an upasarga, ac: pragato 'dhvānam → pra-adhvan (prādi-samāsa by the atyādayaḥ krāntādyarthe vārttika) + ac, ṭi-lopa of adhvan by 6.4.144: prādhvo rathaḥ.
• 951 anugavam āyāme 5.4.83 — the whole form anugavam is set down by nipātana when length (āyāma = dīrghatva) is what anu expresses: anu + go compounded by yasya cāyāmaḥ (SK 670, avyayībhāva), ac after go → the o becomes av before the vowel of ac: anugavaṃ yānam, "a cart the length of an ox".

F. The two sense-restricted cases — akṣi not as "eye", dvistāvā / tristāvā only of the vedi — running example: gavām akṣīva → gava-akṣi + ac → gavākṣaḥ (also dvis tāvatī → dvistāvā vediḥ)

• 944 akṣṇo 'darśanāt 5.4.76 (moved down from after 943) — after a compound ending in akṣi when it is not a synonym of cakṣus (the paryudāsa 'adarśanāt' throws the word onto its secondary sense), ac: gāvaḥ = rays, akṣi = aperture; ṣaṣṭhī-samāsa gava-akṣi + ac, the final i dropped by 6.4.148, savarṇadīrgha a + a: gavākṣaḥ "window, lattice".
• 952 dvistāvā tristāvā vediḥ 5.4.84 — three things are set down by nipātana at once — the compound, the affix ac, and the ṭi-lopa (of tāvat-ī, though ac is not ḍ-marked and the stem not n-final; tāvatī treated as masculine by 6.3.35 with removal of ṅīp) — when a vedi is denoted: the vedi that is twice or thrice as large as in the archetype rite (the agniṣṭoma is the prakṛti of the aśvamedha). dvis (dvi + suc, 5.4.18) + tāvatī → dvistāvā, tristāvā. Why 'vedi'? dvis tāvatī rajjuḥ — a rope: no compound, no ac, no ṭi-lopa, and dviḥ stays a separate word.

G. Where the samāsāntas are barred, and the one option — honour-words, censuring kim, nañ-tatpuruṣa, pathin — running example: su + rājan → surājā (no ṭac); na panthāḥ → apatham / apanthāḥ

• 954 na pūjanāt 5.4.69 — with 'parebhyaḥ' supplied and samāsāntāḥ (5.4.68) carried forward: the samāsāntas do not come after a word that follows a word meaning honour. On the running form: su ("excellent") + rājan, prādi-compound — the ṭac of rājāhaḥsakhibhyaṣ ṭac (5.4.91) is blocked: surājā; atirājā ("praiseworthy king"). Vārttika svatibhyām eva: only after su and ati — not paramarājaḥ (param is neither, so ṭac stands). Why 'honour'? gām atikrāntaḥ → atigavaḥ — ati here means "gone beyond", so ṭac applies. Scope (vārttika prāg bahuvrīhigrahaṇam): the prohibition runs only over the rules before bahuvrīhau sakthyakṣṇoḥ svāṅgāt ṣac (SK 852, 5.4.113) — so susakthaḥ, svakṣaḥ keep their ṣac.
• 955 kimaḥ kṣepe 5.4.70 — after a compound ending in what follows kim used in censure (the compound of kiṃ kṣepe 2.1.64), no samāsānta: kutsito rājā → kiṃrājā (no ṭac), kiṃsakhā, kiṃgauḥ. Why 'censure'? Interrogative kim (kasya rājā / ko rājā — ṣaṣṭhī-samāsa or karmadhāraya) is not barred: kiṃrājaḥ, kiṃsakhaḥ, kiṃgavaḥ.
• 956 nañas tatpuruṣāt 5.4.71 — 'nañaḥ' as genitive: after a tatpuruṣa having nañ as its member, no samāsānta: arājā, asakhā (no ṭac). Why 'tatpuruṣa'? [a]dhuraṃ śakaṭam — avidyamānā dhūr yasya is a bahuvrīhi, so the a of 940 after dhur is not barred (the source's 'dhuraṃ' has lost its initial a- in transmission; supplied per BM).
• 957 patho vibhāṣā 5.4.72 — after pathin preceded by nañ, the samāsānta is optional — the prohibition of 956 is loosened, 'tatpuruṣāt' still carried forward: na panthāḥ → pathin + a, ṭi-lopa by 6.4.144, neuter by pathaḥ saṃkhyāvyayādeḥ (2.4.30): apatham; without the affix: apanthāḥ. Outside the tatpuruṣa the affix is obligatory as before: apatho deśaḥ (bahuvrīhi, avidyamānaḥ panthā yasya), apathaṃ vartate (avyayībhāva in the sense of absence). Both commentaries close the samāsānta section here.