Covers SK 829–900 (72 sūtras), Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.2.23–2.2.37 — the bahuvrīhi section — together with its samāsānta affixes (5.4.73, 5.4.113–160), the puṃvadbhāva rules (6.3.34–41), the saha-rules (6.3.82–83), and the allied operations (6.1.66, 6.3.35, 6.4.146, 7.4.13–15, 8.4.3, 8.4.28) that the samāsāntas drag in. All numbers present.
bahuvrīhi-samāsa-prakaraṇa — outline (p19, SK 829–900, all 72 sūtras)
Forming the exocentric compound (bahuvrīhi): several nominative-final, co-referential words that together denote a third thing (anyapadārtha) — not the sense of either member, but the possessor characterized by them — the finished whole then standing in the case of that external referent: pītam ambaraṃ yasya → pītāmbaro hariḥ ("Hari, whose garment is yellow"). SK runs the prakaraṇa on three braided strands: (i) the defining rules of pāda 2.2 (the śeṣa-adhikāra, anekam anyapadārthe, and the enumerative/reciprocal/saha additions 2.2.25–28) plus the pūrvanipāta rules that close it (2.2.35–37); (ii) the puṃvadbhāva apparatus of 6.3.34–41 — a feminine prior member taking masculine form — with its exceptions; and (iii) the great block of samāsānta affixes and stem-substitutes of 5.4.73 and 5.4.113–160 (ḍac, ṣac, ap, asic, anic, ic, kap; jñu, anaṅ, niṅ, datṛ; the gandha/pāda/danta/kakud/hṛd substitutions), together with the phonological operations (hrasva, guṇa, ṇatva, luk) they occasion. Ordering note: SK splices the samāsānta ap (832, 5.4.116) and kap (833, 5.4.153) and the shortening rules ke'ṇaḥ/na kapi (834–835, 7.4.13–14) into the puṃvadbhāva flow, because they are occasioned by the pūraṇī/pramāṇī sub-topic of 831; the main body of samāsāntas then resumes at 851. The saṃjñā bahuvrīhi (829) governs the whole prakaraṇa down to vā āhitāgnyādiṣu (900).
A. Defining the bahuvrīhi — the śeṣa "remainder" and the anyapadārtha condition — running example: pītāmbaro hariḥ
- 829 śeṣo bahuvrīhiḥ 2.2.23 — adhikāra: the remainder (śeṣa) — the compounding of the first case-ending, which the case-rules 2.1.24ff. left unnamed — is termed bahuvrīhi. No form of its own; scopes the prakaraṇa to 900.
- 830 anekam anyapadārthe 2.2.24 — the definition: several nominative-final words, denoting the referent of another word (anyapadārtha), optionally compound → bahuvrīhi; hence "in a non-first-case sense" and "of co-referential (samānādhikaraṇa) words." The six oblique senses:
prāptodako grāmaḥ (acc.), ūḍharatho 'naḍvān (instr.), upahṛtapaśū rudraḥ (dat.), uddhṛtaudanā sthālī (abl.), pītāmbaro hariḥ (gen.), vīrapuruṣako grāmaḥ (loc.); not first-case (vṛṣṭe deve gataḥ), not different-referent (pañcabhir bhuktam asya). Vārttikas add bahuvrīhis with uttarapada-lopa: prādi-praparṇaḥ, nañ+asti-aputraḥ, avyaya-uccairmukhaḥ, saptamī/upamāna-kaṇṭhekālaḥ/uṣṭramukhaḥ, saṅghāta/vikāra-keśacūḍaḥ/suvarṇālaṅkāraḥ, and astikṣīrā gauḥ.
B. puṃvadbhāva — the feminine prior member takes masculine form (with the ap/kap/hrasva apparatus it drags in) — running example: citrā gāvo yasya → citraguḥ
- 831 striyāḥ puṃvad bhāṣitapuṃskād anūṅ samānādhikaraṇe striyām apūraṇī-priyādiṣu 6.3.34 — a feminine prior member behaves like the masculine (puṃvat) — if it is bhāṣitapuṃska (has a masculine counterpart on the same ground) and not ūṅ-ending — before a co-referential feminine uttarapada; but not before a feminine ordinal (pūraṇī) or a priyādi word:
citraguḥ, rūpavadbhāryaḥ (with hrasva of go→gu by SK 656); tripada citrā-jarad-guḥ (only the penultimate puṃvat). - 832 ap pūraṇīpramāṇyoḥ 5.4.116 — samāsānta ap after a bahuvrīhi ending in a feminine ordinal (pūraṇī) or pramāṇī (which block puṃvadbhāva):
kalyāṇīpañcamā rātrayaḥ, strīpramāṇaḥ; ap only when the pūraṇī is the principal (pradhāna) member. - 833 nadyṛtaś ca 5.4.153 — samāsānta kap after a bahuvrīhi whose uttarapada is a nadī-word or ends in ṛ; puṃvadbhāva still runs:
kalyāṇīpañcamīkaḥ (pañcamī = nadī-final), bahukartṛkaḥ. - 834 ke'ṇaḥ 7.4.13 — before the affix ka, an aṇ (final vowel) is shortened (hrasva) — sets up the prohibition that follows.
- 835 na kapi 7.4.14 — but not before kap is the aṇ shortened:
kalyāṇapañcamīkaḥ pakṣaḥ (fifth night non-principal, so kap not ap), bahukartṛkaḥ. Here the priyādi exception of 831 is worked out: kalyāṇīpriyaḥ (no puṃvadbhāva); but generic-neuter dṛḍhabhakti vs. feminine-intended dṛḍhābhakti. - 836 tasilādiṣv ā kṛtvasucaḥ 6.3.35 — puṃvadbhāva also before the taddhitas from tasi(L) through kṛtvasuC (an enumerated set):
bahutra, bahutaḥ, darśanīyatarā, paṭucarī, paṭujātīyā, darśanīyakalpā; but later hrasva blocks it in paṭvitarā, paṭvitamā. - 837 kyaṅmāninoś ca 6.3.36 — and puṃvadbhāva before kyaṅ and mānin:
enīvācarati → etāyate, darśanīyamāninī, darśanīyamānī caitraḥ. - 838 na kopadhāyāḥ 6.3.37 — no puṃvadbhāva for a feminine base whose penult is k (kopadhā):
pācikābhāryaḥ, rasikābhāryaḥ; the k must belong to a taddhita or the vu (ṇvul) affix (so pākabhāryaḥ does take puṃvadbhāva). - 839 saṃjñāpūraṇyoś ca 6.3.38 — no puṃvadbhāva for a proper-name or ordinal feminine:
dattābhāryaḥ (Dattā is bhāṣitapuṃska yet a name), pañcamībhāryaḥ. - 840 vṛddhinimittasya ca taddhitasyāraktavikāre 6.3.39 — no puṃvadbhāva for a feminine ending in a vṛddhi-causing taddhita, unless it denotes dyed (rakta) or modification (vikāra):
straughnībhāryaḥ, māthurīmāninī; but kāṣāyakanthaḥ (dyed), haimamudrikaḥ (product) do take it. - 841 svāṅgāc ceto'mānini 6.3.40 — no puṃvadbhāva for an ī-ending feminine after a body-part (svāṅga) word — unless the follower is mānin:
sukeśībhāryaḥ; but sukeśamāninī. - 842 jāteś ca 6.3.41 — no puṃvadbhāva for a feminine-affix form after a jāti (class word):
śūdrābhāryaḥ, brāhmaṇībhāryaḥ (prohibition only for the sautra affix, so hāstikam still puṃvat).
C. Extending the bahuvrīhi — numeral-proximity, intermediate directions, reciprocal combat — running example: keśeṣu keśeṣu → keśākeśi
- 843 saṃkhyayā'vyayāsannādūrādhikasaṃkhyāḥ saṃkhyeye 2.2.25 — an indeclinable, and āsanna / adūra / adhika / a numeral, compound with a numeral used as a counted-object (saṃkhyeya) → bahuvrīhi:
upadaśāḥ ("nine or eleven"), dvitrāḥ, dvidaśāḥ. - 844 ti viṃśater ḍiti 6.3.49 — the ti of the bha-stem viṃśati is elided before a ḍit affix (the samāsānta ḍac of 851):
āsannaviṃśāḥ, adūratriṃśāḥ, adhikacatvāriṃśāḥ. - 845 diṅnāmāny antarāle 2.2.26 — the direction-names compound, as before, when an intermediate direction (antarāla) is meant:
dakṣiṇapūrvā ("south-east"); only nāman-words, not etymological ones. - 846 tatra tenedam iti sarūpe 2.2.27 — two same-form words, one locative (means of seizing) and one instrumental (means of striking), compound in the sense "this battle took place," signifying reciprocity (karma-vyatihāra):
keśākeśi, daṇḍādaṇḍi, muṣṭīmuṣṭi (ic samāsānta, avyayībhāva-like, with dīrgha). - 847 orguṇaḥ 6.4.146 — a bha-stem ending in a u-varṇa gets guṇa before a taddhita (then av-substitution):
bāhū, bāhavi; the guṇa-wording is a jñāpaka for saṃjñāpūrvako vidhir anityaḥ (hence svāyambhuvam).
D. The saha- (accompaniment) bahuvrīhi and its sa-substitution — running example: putreṇa saha → saputraḥ
- 848 tena saheti tulyayoge 2.2.28 — in the sense of joint association (tulyayoga), an instrumental word compounds with saha, as before → bahuvrīhi.
- 849 vopasarjanasya 6.3.82 — the member saha optionally becomes sa:
saputraḥ / sahaputraḥ; the tulyayoga restriction being only usual, also sakarmakaḥ, salomakaḥ. - 850 prakṛtyā''śiṣy agovatsahaleṣu 6.3.83 — in a benediction (āśis) saha stays in natural form — except before go, vatsa, hala:
svasti rājñe sahaputrāya, but sagave, savatsāya, sahalāya.
E. Fixing the compound-end I — ḍac, ṣac, ap, and the nāsikā → nas complex — running example: dīrghe sakthinī yasya → dīrghasakthaḥ
- 851 bahuvrīhau saṃkhyeye ḍac abahugaṇāt 5.4.73 — samāsānta ḍac on a bahuvrīhi denoting a countable, except after bahu/gaṇa:
upadaśāḥ; not upabahavaḥ, upagaṇāḥ (accent-difference). Vārttika: also for a saṃkhyā-final tatpuruṣa — nistriṃśaḥ. - 852 bahuvrīhau sakthyakṣṇoḥ svāṅgāt ṣac 5.4.113 — ṣac after sakthi / akṣi denoting a body-part:
dīrghasakthaḥ, jalajākṣī; not dīrghasakthi śakaṭam, sthūlākṣā veṇuyaṣṭiḥ (non-body-part, ac by SK 644). - 853 aṅguler dāruṇi 5.4.114 — ṣac after aṅguli when the sense is timber (dāru):
pañcāṅgulaṃ dāru; not the measure-tatpuruṣa dvyaṅgulā yaṣṭiḥ, not pañcāṅguliḥ hastaḥ. - 854 dvitribhyāṃ ṣa mūrdhnaḥ 5.4.115 — ṣa for mūrdhan after dvi/tri:
dvimūrdhaḥ, trimūrdhaḥ. Vārttika: ab for netṛ in a nakṣatra sense — mṛganetrā rātrayaḥ, puṣyanetrāḥ. - 855 antarbahirbhyāṃ ca lomnaḥ 5.4.117 — ap for loman after antar/bahis:
antarlomaḥ, bahirlomaḥ. - 856 añ nāsikāyāḥ saṃjñāyāṃ nasaṃ ca asthūlāt 5.4.118 — samāsānta ac after nāsikā, and nāsikā → nas, in a name — except after sthūla: sets up
druṇasaḥ etc. - 857 pūrvapadāt saṃjñāyām agaḥ 8.4.3 — the n (of nas) after a cause r/ṣ in the prior member → ṇ in a name, but not after a g:
druṇasaḥ, kharaṇasaḥ; not ṛgayanam; sthūlanāsikaḥ shows "asthūlāt." Vārttika khura-kharābhyāṃ vā nas → khuraṇāḥ/khuraṇasaḥ. - 858 upasargāc ca 5.4.119 — when nāsikā stands after an upasarga, the same ac + nas (for a non-name):
unnatā nāsikā yasya → unnasaḥ. - 859 upasargād bahulam 8.4.28 — the n of nas → ṇ variously after a cause in the upasarga:
praṇasaḥ. Vārttikas: ver graḥ → vigraḥ, and khyaś ca → vikhyaḥ (bahulam explains Bhaṭṭi's vinasā). - 860 suprāta-suśva-sudiva-śārikukṣa-caturaśra-eṇīpada-ajapada-proṣṭhapadāḥ 5.4.120 — a fixed list of ac-ending bahuvrīhis by nipātana:
suprātaḥ, suśvaḥ, sudivaḥ, śārikukṣaḥ, caturaśraḥ, eṇīpadaḥ, ajapadaḥ, proṣṭhapadaḥ. - 861 nañduḥsubhyo halisakthyor anyatarasyām 5.4.121 — ac optionally for hali/sakthi after nañ/dus/su:
ahalaḥ/ahaliḥ, asakthaḥ/asakthiḥ. - 862 nityam asic prajāmedhayoḥ 5.4.122 — samāsānta asic obligatorily for prajā/medhā (after nañ/dur/su):
aprajāḥ, sumedhāḥ, durmedhāḥ.
F. Fixing the compound-end II — anic, ic, and the stem-substitutes jñu / anaṅ / niṅ — running example: keśeṣu keśeṣu gṛhītvā → keśākeśi
- 863 dharmādanic kevalāt 5.4.124 — samāsānta anic after a bahuvrīhi ending in dharma with a single (kevala) prior member:
kalyāṇadharmā; not tripada paramasvadharma unless its prior member is a karmadhāraya (nivṛttidharmā). - 864 jambhā suharitatṛṇasomebhyaḥ 5.4.125 — jambhā irregularly formed (with samāsānta done) after su/harita/tṛṇa/soma:
sujambhā, haritajambhā, tṛṇajambhā, somajambhā; not patitajambhaḥ. - 865 dakṣiṇermā lubdhayoge 5.4.126 — the nipātana dakṣiṇermā ("the deer wounded on the right side") when connected with a hunter (lubdha).
- 866 ic karmavyatihāre 5.4.127 — samāsānta ic in a reciprocal-action bahuvrīhi:
keśākeśi, musalāmusali. - 867 dvidaṇḍyādibhyaś ca 5.4.128 — ic for the dvidaṇḍi-class:
dvidaṇḍi, dvimusali, ubhāhasti, ubhayāhasti. - 868 prasambhyāṃ jānunor jñuḥ 5.4.129 — jñu for jānu after pra/sam:
prajñuḥ ("whose knees are advanced"), saṃjñuḥ. - 869 ūrdhvād vibhāṣā 5.4.130 — optionally jānu → jñu after ūrdhva:
ūrdhvajñuḥ / ūrdhvajānuḥ. - 870 dhanuṣaś ca 5.4.132 — substitute anaṅ for a bahuvrīhi ending in dhanus:
śārṅgadhanvā. - 871 vā saṃjñāyām 5.4.133 — the dhanus→anaṅ is optional in a name:
śatadhanvā / śatadhanuḥ. - 872 jāyāyā niṅ 5.4.134 — substitute niṅ for jāyā as final member: sets up
yuvajāniḥ. - 873 lopo vyorvali 6.1.66 — elision of a v/y before a val consonant; then puṃvadbhāva:
yuvatir jāyā yasya → yuvajāniḥ.
G. Fixing the compound-end III — the gandha / pāda / danta / kakud / hṛd substitutions — running example: vyāghrasyeva pādāvasya → vyāghrapāt
- 874 gandhasya id ut-pūti-su-surabhibhyaḥ 5.4.135 — final i (id) for gandha after ut/pūti/su/surabhi:
udgandhiḥ, pūtigandhiḥ, sugandhiḥ, surabhigandhiḥ; only when the scent is an inseparable single domain (tad-ekānta). - 875 alpākhyāyām 5.4.136 — final i for gandha when a small trace (alpa) is meant:
sūpagandhi, ghṛtagandhi. - 876 upamānāc ca 5.4.137 — and final i for gandha after an upamāna prior member:
padmagandhi. - 877 pādasya lopo'hastyādibhyaḥ 5.4.138 — elision of pāda after an upamāna (other than hastin etc.):
vyāghrapāt; but hastipādaḥ, kusūlapādaḥ retain it. - 878 kumbhapadīṣu ca 5.4.139 — in the kumbhapadī-class, elision of pāda + ṅīp, feminine, by nipātana:
kumbhapadī; masculine kumbhapādaḥ. - 879 saṃkhyāsupūrvasya 5.4.140 — elision of pāda's final after a numeral or su:
dvipāt, supāt. - 880 vayasi dantasya datṛ 5.4.141 — substitute datṛ for danta after a numeral/su when age (vayas) is meant:
dvidan, caturdan, ṣoḍan, sudan (f. sudatī); not dvidantaḥ karī. - 881 striyāṃ saṃjñāyām 5.4.143 — datṛ for danta in a feminine name:
ayodatī, phāladatī; not samadantī. - 882 vibhāṣā śyāvārokābhyām 5.4.144 — optionally datṛ after śyāva/aroka:
śyāvadan / śyāvadantaḥ, arokadan / arokadantaḥ. - 883 agrāntaśuddhaśubhravṛṣavarāhebhyaś ca 5.4.145 — and optionally datṛ after agra-ending / śuddha / śubhra / vṛṣa / varāha:
kuḍmalāgradan / kuḍmalāgradantaḥ. - 884 kakudasyāvasthāyāṃ lopaḥ 5.4.146 — elision of kakud(a) when a stage/condition (avasthā) is meant:
ajātakakut, pūrṇakakut. - 885 trikakut parvate 5.4.147 — the nipātana trikakut for a particular mountain:
trikakut; ordinary trikakudaḥ otherwise. - 886 udvibhyāṃ kākudasya 5.4.148 — elision of kākuda's final after ud/vi:
utkākut, vikākut (kākuda = palate). - 887 pūrṇād vibhāṣā 5.4.149 — after pūrṇa the kākud-elision is optional:
pūrṇakākut / pūrṇakākudaḥ. - 888 suhṛddurhṛdau mitrāmitrayoḥ 5.4.150 — the nipātanas suhṛt (friend) and durhṛt (enemy), with hṛdaya → hṛd; other senses
suhṛdayaḥ, durhṛdayaḥ.
H. The śaiṣika kap and its prohibitions — running example: mahāyaśaskaḥ / mahāyaśāḥ
- 889 uraḥprabhṛtibhyaḥ kap 5.4.151 — samāsānta kap after the uras-class:
vyūḍhoraskaḥ, priyasarpiṣkaḥ; the class reads pumān/anaḍvān/payas/nau/lakṣmī as singular. Gaṇa-sūtra arthān nañaḥ → anarthakam. - 890 inaḥ striyām 5.4.152 — kap after an in-ending bahuvrīhi in the feminine:
bahudaṇḍikā nagarī, bahuvāggmikā; masculine bahudaṇḍī. - 891 śeṣād vibhāṣā 5.4.154 — for the remainder (a śeṣa-adhikāra bahuvrīhi with no samāsānta otherwise stated), kap optionally:
mahāyaśaskaḥ / mahāyaśāḥ; not the already-fixed vyāghrapāt, sugandhiḥ, nor non-śeṣa upabahavaḥ, suputraḥ. - 892 āpo 'nyatarasyām 7.4.15 — for an āp-ending stem, optional shortening when kap follows:
bahumālākaḥ / bahumālakaḥ; without kap, bahumālaḥ. - 893 na saṃjñāyām 5.4.155 — no kap when the compound is a name:
viśvadevaḥ. - 894 īyasaś ca 5.4.156 — no kap after an uttarapada ending in the comparative īyas(un):
bahuśreyān; vārttika: also no feminine hrasva — bahuśreyasī; not the tatpuruṣa atiśreyasiḥ. - 895 vandite bhrātuḥ 5.4.157 — no kap for bhrātṛ in the sense honoured (vandita):
praśastabhrātā, subhrātā; not mūrkhabhrātṛkaḥ. - 896 nāḍītantryoḥ svāṅge 5.4.158 — no kap for nāḍī / tantrī denoting a body-part:
bahunāḍiḥ kāyaḥ, bahutantrīr grīvā; but bahunāḍīkaḥ stambhaḥ, bahutantrīkā vīṇā. - 897 niṣpravāṇiś ca 5.4.160 — the nipātana niṣpravāṇi (a new cloth, "off the loom-rod"), with absence of kap.
I. Ordering the members — pūrvanipāta in the bahuvrīhi — running example: kaṇṭhe kālo yasya → kaṇṭhekālaḥ
- 898 saptamīviśeṣaṇe bahuvrīhau 2.2.35 — a locative-final word and a qualifier (viśeṣaṇa) are placed first:
kaṇṭhekālaḥ; the saptamī-mention is a jñāpaka licensing vyadhikaraṇa bahuvrīhis (citraguḥ, saccāstrajanmā). Vārttikas: pūrvanipāta of a pronoun/numeral (sarvaśvetaḥ, dviśuklaḥ); numeral before pronoun (dvyanyaḥ); smaller numeral first (dvitrāḥ, dvādaśa); vā priyasya (guḍapriyaḥ/priyaguḍaḥ); after the gaḍu-class the locative goes last (gaḍukaṇṭhaḥ, but vahegaḍuḥ). - 899 niṣṭhā 2.2.36 — a word ending in a niṣṭhā (kta/ktavatu) is placed first:
kṛtakṛtyaḥ. Vārttika: after jāti/kāla/sukha words the niṣṭhā goes second — sāraṅgajagdhī, māsajātā, sukhajātā — but this holds only for the most part (kṛtakaṭaḥ, pītodakaḥ). - 900 vā āhitāgnyādiṣu 2.2.37 — in the āhitāgni-class (an ākṛti-gaṇa) the initial placement is optional:
āhitāgniḥ / agnyāhitaḥ. Vārttika: after weapon-words the niṣṭhā and the locative go last — asyudyataḥ, daṇḍapāṇiḥ, but vivṛtāsiḥ. Thus ends the bahuvrīhi-samāsa-prakaraṇa.