Vaiyākaraṇa-siddhānta-kaumudī — tatpuruṣasamāsaprakaraṇam

Learner edition · Prakaraṇa 18

18. Tatpuruṣa-samāsa-prakaraṇa — The determinative compound

After this chapter you will be able to form, read and decline the tatpuruṣa, the compound in which the first member depends on the second and the second is the head: rājñaḥ puruṣaḥ → rājapuruṣaḥ "the king's man". You will know which case a first member may stand in (accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative) and with which second members it may then combine. You will know the karmadhāraya, the tatpuruṣa whose two members name one thing (nīlam utpalam → nīlotpalam "a blue lotus"), and its numeral-first offshoot, the dvigu (pañcānāṃ gavāṃ samāhāraḥ → pañcagavam "a group of five cows"). You will know how the negative nañ compounds and loses its n (na brāhmaṇaḥ → abrāhmaṇaḥ), which words count as gati before a verb (ūrīkṛtya, alaṃkṛtya), and how a noun that a rule names in the locative — an upapada — must compound with the word it goes with (kumbhaṃ karoti → kumbhakāraḥ "pot-maker"). You will know the compound-ending affixes aC and ṭaC that close a tatpuruṣa (ahaś ca rātriś ca → ahorātraḥ), the changes mahat → mahā and dvi → dvā, tri → trayas (mahādevaḥ, dvādaśa, trayodaśa), and finally the rules that fix the gender and number of the finished compound.

Before you start

From Chapter 1 you know the names it (marker), pratyāhāra (a short name such as ac or hal), nipāta (particle), upasarga (prefix) and gati (the same prefix-words when construed with a verbal action, SK 23). You also know saṃjñā (a technical name), adhikāra (a heading read into the rules that follow), anuvṛtti (carrying a word forward from an earlier sūtra), vārttika (a supplementary statement on a sūtra) and vibhāṣā (an option).
From Chapter 2 you know what a paribhāṣā is: a rule about how other rules are read. You also know jñāpaka: a wording that reveals a principle stated nowhere.
From Chapters 8–13 you know that a noun stem is a prātipadika, that the case-endings su, au, jas … are together called sup, and that a finished noun is therefore a subanta. You know the names bha and ṭi used in declining stems such as rājan, and that the final n of such a stem drops at the end of a word (rājā). You know that the neuter shortens its final vowel and that ṭāp and ṅīp make feminines.
From Chapter 14 you know the name avyaya (indeclinable). From Chapter 15 you know the feminine affixes ṭāp, ṅīp, ūṅ.
From Chapter 16 you know the cases by their numbers: prathamā (first, nominative), dvitīyā (second, accusative), tṛtīyā (third, instrumental), caturthī (fourth, dative), pañcamī (fifth, ablative), ṣaṣṭhī (sixth, genitive), saptamī (seventh, locative). You know that certain particles called karma-pravacanīya govern a case of their own.
From Chapter 17 you know the whole machinery of compounding: a compound rule applies only to words that are samartha, connected in meaning (SK 647); everything up to SK 751 is a samāsa (SK 648); a subanta compounds with a subanta and the result is a prātipadika (SK 649); the case-endings inside a compound are elided by luk (SK 650); the member named in the nominative in a compound rule is upasarjana and goes first, pūrva-nipāta (SK 653–655); from SK 665 on, compounds are optional unless a rule says nitya; and a samāsānta is a compound-ending affix such as ṬaC (SK 676–683). You also know the words pūrvapada (first member) and uttarapada (last member), and that a bahuvrīhi is the compound of the next chapter, which names something outside its members.
You know the affix kta, which makes past participles such as kṛta "done", śrita "resorted to"; the affix ktvā, which makes absolutives such as kṛtvā "having done"; and that affixes added to a root are called kṛt, among them the kṛtya affixes tavya, ya, anīya meaning "to be done".

A. The saṃjñā foundation and the dvitīyā (accusative) tatpuruṣa — running example: `kṛṣṇaṃ śritaḥ → kṛṣṇaśritaḥ`

Two headings open the chapter. The first gives the name tatpuruṣa to every compound taught from here until the bahuvrīhi begins; the second brings the dvigu under the same name. Then the first family of tatpuruṣas is taught: an accusative first member joined to a fixed set of second members. The running example is kṛṣṇaṃ śritaḥ "one who has resorted to Kṛṣṇa": the accusative kṛṣṇam and the participle śritaḥ fuse into kṛṣṇaśritaḥ, with the accusative ending elided inside the compound.

SK 684 · तत्पुरुषः · tatpuruṣaḥ (A 2.1.22)

तत्पुरुषः

tatpuruṣaḥ · A 2.1.22

अधिकारोऽयम् । प्राग्बहुव्रीहेः ॥

Rule. This is an adhikāra, a heading: every compound formed by the rules from here up to (but not including) śeṣo bahuvrīhiḥ bears the name tatpuruṣa. The sūtra forms nothing by itself.

Example.

kṛṣṇaṃ śritaḥ → compounded by SK 686, which stands under this heading → the result is named tatpuruṣa → kṛṣṇaśritaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. The name matters later: the compound-ending affixes of SK 786–806 and the gender rules of SK 812 and 822 are all written for "a tatpuruṣa".

SK 685 · द्विगुश्च · dviguś ca (A 2.1.23)

द्विगुश्च

dviguśca · A 2.1.23

द्विगुरपि तत्पुरुषसंज्ञः स्यात् । इदं सूत्रं त्यक्तुं शक्यम् । संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुश्चेति पठित्वा चकारबलेन संज्ञाद्वयसमावेशस्य सुवचत्वात् । समासान्तः प्रयोजनम् । पञ्चराजम् ॥

Rule. A dvigu — the numeral-first compound that SK 730 will name — also receives the name tatpuruṣa. The purpose is the samāsānta, the compound-ending affix: rules such as SK 788 add ṭac to "a tatpuruṣa ending in rājan", and a dvigu must count as one.

Example.

pañcānāṃ rājñāṃ samāhāraḥ "a group of five kings" → pañcan + rājan → a dvigu → by this rule also a tatpuruṣa → ṭac of SK 788 applies → pañcarājam.

Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji remarks that the sūtra could be dispensed with: had SK 730 been worded saṃkhyāpūrvo dviguś ca, the ca would let the two names apply together.

SK 686 · द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः · dvitīyā śritātītapatitagatātyastaprāptāpannaiḥ (A 2.1.24)

द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः

dvitīyā śritātītapatitagatātyastaprāptāpannaiḥ · A 2.1.24

द्वितीयान्तं श्रितादिप्रकृतिकैः सुबन्तैः सह वा समस्यते स तत्पुरुषः । कृष्णं श्रितः कृष्णश्रितः । दुःखमतीतो दुःखातीत ।

गम्यादीनामुपसंख्यानम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ ग्रामं गमी ग्रामगमी । अन्नं बुभुक्षुः अन्नबुभुक्षुः ॥

Rule. A word ending in the accusative (dvitīyā) optionally compounds with a subanta whose base is śrita "resorted to", atīta "gone past", patita "fallen", gata "gone", atyasta "thrown beyond", prāpta "reached" or āpanna "arrived at". The compound is a tatpuruṣa.

Example.

kṛṣṇaṃ śritaḥ "one who has resorted to Kṛṣṇa" → kṛṣṇa + am and śrita + su are connected in meaning → compound → the endings inside are elided → kṛṣṇaśrita → kṛṣṇaśritaḥ.

duḥkham atītaḥ "one who has passed beyond sorrow" → duḥkhātītaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika adds gamin and the rest: grāmaṃ gamī → grāmagamī "one who will go to the village", annaṃ bubhukṣuḥ → annabubhukṣuḥ "one who wishes to eat food". The compound is optional (SK 665), so kṛṣṇaṃ śritaḥ may also stand as two words.

SK 687 · स्वयं क्तेन · svayaṃ ktena (A 2.1.25)

स्वयं क्तेन

svayaṃ ktena · A 2.1.25

द्वितीया - SK 686 इति न संबद्ध्यते अयोग्यत्वात् । स्वयंकृतस्यापत्यं स्वायंकृतिः ॥

Rule. The indeclinable svayam "oneself" compounds with a word ending in kta. The word dvitīyā is not carried into this rule: svayam is an avyaya and cannot bear an accusative ending.

Example.

svayaṃ kṛtam "done by oneself" → svayaṃkṛtam.

That the two are one word shows when a further affix is added: the descendant of svayaṃkṛta is svāyaṃkṛtiḥ, with vṛddhi of the first vowel of the whole word.

SK 688 · खट्वा क्षेपे · khaṭvā kṣepe (A 2.1.26)

खट्वा क्षेपे

khaṭvā kṣepe · A 2.1.26

खट्वाप्रकृतिकं द्वितीयान्तं क्तान्तप्रकृतिकेन सुबन्तेन समस्यते निन्दायाम् । खट्वारूढो जाल्मः । नित्यसमासोऽयम् । नहि वाक्येन निन्दा गम्यते ॥

Rule. An accusative khaṭvām "cot" compounds with a kta-word when censure (kṣepa, nindā) is meant. This is a nitya-samāsa, an obligatory compound: the uncompounded phrase would not convey the censure.

Example.

khaṭvām ārūḍhaḥ → in the sense "the wretch who has taken to his cot" → khaṭvārūḍho jālmaḥ.

Watch out. Because the compound is nitya, you may not analyse it back into khaṭvām ārūḍhaḥ and keep the censuring sense.

SK 689 · सामि · sāmi (A 2.1.27)

सामि

sāmi · A 2.1.27

सामिकृतम् ॥

Rule. The indeclinable sāmi "half" compounds with a kta-word.

Example.

sāmi kṛtam "half-done" → sāmikṛtam.

SK 690 · कालाः · kālāḥ (A 2.1.28)

कालाः

kālāḥ · A 2.1.28

क्तेनेत्येव । अनत्यन्तसंयोगार्थं वचनम् । मासप्रमितः प्रतिपच्चन्द्रः । मासं परिच्छेत्तुमारब्धवानित्यर्थः ॥

Rule. Time-words in the accusative compound with a kta-word (ktena is carried forward). The rule is made for non-continuous connection with the time (anatyanta-saṃyoga).

Example.

māsaṃ pramitaḥ "measured over a month" → māsapramitaḥ (pratipac-candraḥ): the new-moon-day moon, "which has begun to be marked out over the course of a month".

SK 691 · अत्यन्तसंयोगे च · atyantasaṃyoge ca (A 2.1.29)

अत्यन्तसंयोगे च

atyantasaṃyoge ca · A 2.1.29

काला इत्येव । अक्तान्तार्थं वचनम् । मुहूर्तं सुखं मुहूर्तसुखम् ॥

Rule. And a time-word in the accusative compounds with a subanta — now one not ending in kta — when continuous connection with the time (atyanta-saṃyoga) is meant. kālāḥ is carried forward; the rule is made for the non-kta case.

Example.

muhūrtaṃ sukham "happiness lasting a whole muhūrta" → muhūrtasukham.

B. tṛtīyā (instrumental) tatpuruṣa — running example: `śaṅkulayā khaṇḍaḥ → śaṅkulākhaṇḍaḥ`

Six rules let an instrumental first member compound. The second member is either a quality produced by the instrument, one of a short list of words, a kṛt-derivative in the agent or instrument sense, a kṛtya in a hyperbole, a food seasoned by the first member, or an edible mixed with it. The running example is śaṅkulayā khaṇḍaḥ "broken by an awl" → śaṅkulākhaṇḍaḥ.

SK 692 · तृतीया तत्कृतार्थेन गुणवचनेन · tṛtīyā tatkṛtārthena guṇavacanena (A 2.1.30)

तृतीया तत्कृतार्थेन गुणवचनेन

tṛtīyā tatkṛtārthena guṇavacanena · A 2.1.30

तत्कृतेति लुप्ततृतीयाकम् । तृतीयान्तं तृतीयान्तार्थकृतगुणवचनेनार्थशब्देन च सह प्राग्वत् । शङ्कुलया खण्डः शङ्कुलाखण्डः । धान्येनार्थो धान्यार्थः । तत्कृतेति किम् । अक्ष्णा काणः ॥

Rule. A word ending in the instrumental (tṛtīyā) compounds with a quality-word (guṇavacana) denoting a quality produced by the thing the instrumental names (tatkṛta), and with the word artha "wealth, purpose". The word tatkṛta in the sūtra has its own instrumental ending dropped; read tatkṛtena.

Example.

śaṅkulayā khaṇḍaḥ "broken by an awl" → the breaking is produced by the awl → śaṅkulākhaṇḍaḥ.

dhānyena arthaḥ "wealth got by grain" → dhānyārthaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not akṣṇā kāṇaḥ "blind in one eye": the blindness is not produced by the eye, so there is no compound.

SK 693 · पूर्वसदृशसमोनार्थकलहनिपुणमिश्रश्लक्ष्णैः · pūrvasadṛśasamonārthakalahanipuṇamiśraślakṣṇaiḥ (A 2.1.31)

पूर्वसदृशसमोनार्थकलहनिपुणमिश्रश्लक्ष्णैः

pūrvasadṛśasamonārthakalahanipuṇamiśraślakṣṇaiḥ · A 2.1.31

तृतीयान्तमेतैः प्राग्वत् । मासपूर्वः । मातृसदृशः । पितृसमः । ऊनार्थे । माषोनं कार्षापणम् । माषविकलम् । वाक्कलहः । आचारनिपुणः । गुडमिश्रः । आचारश्लक्ष्णः । मिश्रग्रहणे सोपसर्गस्यापि ग्रहणम् । मिश्रं चानुपसर्गमसन्धौ SK 3888 इत्यत्रानुपसर्गग्रहणात् । गुडसंमिश्रा धानाः ।

अवरस्योपसंख्यानम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ मासेनावरो मासावरः ॥

Rule. An instrumental word compounds with pūrva "prior", sadṛśa "like", sama "equal", a word meaning ūna "deficient", kalaha "quarrel", nipuṇa "skilled", miśra "mixed" or ślakṣṇa "refined", and is placed first as before.

Example.

māsena pūrvaḥ → māsapūrvaḥ "earlier by a month"; mātṛsadṛśaḥ "like one's mother"; pitṛsamaḥ "equal to one's father"; māṣonaṃ kārṣāpaṇam "a kārṣāpaṇa short by a māṣa" (also māṣavikalam); vākkalahaḥ "a quarrel of words"; ācāranipuṇaḥ "skilled in conduct"; guḍamiśraḥ "mixed with molasses"; ācāraślakṣṇaḥ "refined in conduct".

Applies when / blocked by. miśra includes miśra with a prefix, so guḍasaṃmiśrā dhānāḥ "parched grain mixed with molasses" is also a compound; this follows from a later rule (SK 3888) that has to say "miśra without a prefix" expressly. A vārttika adds avara "later": māsena avaraḥ → māsāvaraḥ "later by a month".

SK 694 · कर्तृकरणे कृता बहुलम् · kartṛkaraṇe kṛtā bahulam (A 2.1.32)

कर्तृकरणे कृता बहुलम्

kartṛkaraṇe kṛtā bahulam · A 2.1.32

कर्तरि करणे च तृतीया कृदन्तेन बहुलं प्रागवत् । हरिणा त्रातो हरित्रातः । नखैर्भिन्नो नखभिन्नः ॥ [(परिभाषा - ) कृद्ग्रहणे गतिकारकपूर्वस्यापि ग्रहणम्] ॥ नखनिर्भिन्नः । कर्तृकरणे इति किम् । भिक्षाभिरुषितः । हेतावेषा तृतीया । बहुलग्रहणं सर्वोपाधिव्यभिचारार्थम् । तेन दात्रेण लूनवानित्यादौ न । कृता किम् । काष्ठैः पचतितराम् ॥

Rule. An instrumental word in the sense of agent (kartṛ) or instrument (karaṇa) compounds with a word ending in a kṛt affix, variously (bahulam). "Variously" means the compound may fail in a given case even when every condition is met.

Example.

hariṇā trātaḥ "protected by Hari" (agent) → haritrātaḥ.

nakhair bhinnaḥ "split by the nails" (instrument) → nakhabhinnaḥ.

nakhair nirbhinnaḥ → nakhanirbhinnaḥ: by the paribhāṣā kṛdgrahaṇe gatikārakapūrvasyāpi grahaṇam, "a kṛt-word" includes one preceded by a gati or a kāraka, here nir-.

Applies when / blocked by. Not bhikṣābhir uṣitaḥ "lived on alms" — the instrumental there expresses cause (hetu), not agent or instrument. Not kāṣṭhaiḥ pacatitarām "cooks very much with sticks" — pacatitarām is not a kṛt-word. And because of bahulam, dātreṇa lūnavān "he cut with a sickle" does not compound.

SK 695 · कृत्यैरधिकार्थवचने · kṛtyair adhikārthavacane (A 2.1.33)

कृत्यैरधिकार्थवचने

kṛtyairadhikārthavacane · A 2.1.33

स्तुतिनिन्दाफलकमर्थवादवचनमधिकार्थवचनं तत्र कर्तरि करणे च तृतीया कृत्यैः सह प्राग्वत् । वातच्छेद्यं तृणम् । काकपेया नदी ॥

Rule. An instrumental word (agent or instrument) compounds with a kṛtya-form when the utterance is an exaggeration (adhikārtha-vacana): a statement made for praise or blame.

Example.

vātena chedyaṃ tṛṇam "grass that even the wind could cut" → vātacchedyaṃ tṛṇam.

kākaiḥ peyā nadī "a river a crow could drink from" → kākapeyā nadī.

SK 696 · अन्नेन व्यञ्जनम् · annena vyañjanam (A 2.1.34)

अन्नेन व्यञ्जनम्

annena vyañjanam · A 2.1.34

संस्कारकद्रव्यवाचकं तृतीयान्तमन्नेन प्राग्वत् । दध्ना ओदनो दध्योदनः । इहान्तर्भूतोपसेकक्रियाद्वारा सामर्थ्यम् ॥

Rule. An instrumental word naming a seasoning (vyañjana) compounds with a word for food (anna). The connectedness needed for the compound comes through an implied action of sprinkling (upaseka).

Example.

dadhnā odanaḥ "rice with curds" → dadhyodanaḥ.

SK 697 · भक्ष्येण मिश्रीकरणम् · bhakṣyeṇa miśrīkaraṇam (A 2.1.35)

भक्ष्येण मिश्रीकरणम्

bhakṣyeṇa miśrīkaraṇam · A 2.1.35

गुडेन धानाः गुडधानाः । मिश्रणक्रियाद्वारा सामर्थ्यम् ॥

Rule. An instrumental word naming a mixing-agent (miśrīkaraṇa) compounds with a word for an edible (bhakṣya). Here the connectedness comes through an implied action of mixing (miśraṇa).

Example.

guḍena dhānāḥ "parched grain with molasses" → guḍadhānāḥ.

C. caturthī (dative) and pañcamī (ablative) tatpuruṣa — running example: `yūpāya dāru → yūpadāru`; `corād bhayam → corabhayam`

A dative first member compounds only with a handful of second members, and the widest of them, tadartha "for the sake of that", is narrowed to the relation of material and product. An ablative first member compounds with bhaya "fear", with a few participles of departure when what is left behind is slight, and with kta-words after words meaning "a little", "near", "far", "with difficulty" — in which case the ablative ending is not elided.

SK 698 · चतुर्थी तदर्थार्थबलिहितसुखरक्षितैः · caturthī tadarthārthabalihitasukharakṣitaiḥ (A 2.1.36)

चतुर्थी तदर्थार्थबलिहितसुखरक्षितैः

caturthī tadarthārthabalihitasukharakṣitaiḥ · A 2.1.36

चतुर्थ्यन्तार्थाय यत्तद्वाचिनाऽर्थादिभिश्च चतुर्थ्यन्तं वा प्राग्वत् । तदर्थेन प्रकृतिविकृतिभावः एव गृह्यते । बलिरक्षितग्रहणाज्ज्ञापकात् । यूपाय दारु यूपदारु । नेह । रन्धनाय स्थाली । अश्वघासादयस्तु षष्ठी समासाः ।

अर्थेन नित्यसमासो विशेष्यलिङ्गता चेति वक्तव्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ द्विजायायं द्विजार्थः सूपः । द्विजार्था यवागूः । द्विजार्थं पयः । भूतबलिः । गोहितम् । गोसुखम् । गोरक्षितम् ॥

Rule. A word ending in the dative (caturthī) optionally compounds with a word naming that for which the dative thing exists (tadartha), and with artha "meant for", bali "offering", hita "good for", sukha "comfort for", rakṣita "kept for". tadartha is taken only in the relation of material to product (prakṛti-vikṛti); the separate mention of bali and rakṣita, which would otherwise be covered, is the jñāpaka for this restriction.

Example.

yūpāya dāru "wood for a sacrificial post" → the wood becomes the post → yūpadāru.

bhūtebhyo baliḥ → bhūtabaliḥ "an offering to the beings"; gobhyo hitam → gohitam; gosukham; gorakṣitam.

Applies when / blocked by. Not randhanāya sthālī "a pot for cooking" — no material-to-product relation. Forms like aśvaghāsa "grass for a horse" are genitive compounds instead. A vārttika adds that with artha the compound is nitya and takes the gender of the thing qualified: dvijāya ayam → dvijārthaḥ sūpaḥ "broth for a brāhmaṇa" (masculine), dvijārthā yavāgūḥ (feminine), dvijārthaṃ payaḥ (neuter).

SK 699 · पञ्चमी भयेन · pañcamī bhayena (A 2.1.37)

पञ्चमी भयेन

pañcamī bhayena · A 2.1.37

चोराद्भयं चोरभयम् ।

भयभीतभीतिभीभिरिति वाच्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ वृकभीतः । वृकभीतिः । वृकभीः ॥

Rule. A word ending in the ablative (pañcamī) compounds with bhaya "fear".

Example.

corād bhayam "fear of a thief" → corabhayam.

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika extends the rule to bhīta, bhīti and bhī: vṛkabhītaḥ, vṛkabhītiḥ, vṛkabhīḥ "afraid of a wolf".

SK 700 · अपेतापोढमुक्तपतितापत्रस्तैरल्पशः · apetāpoḍhamuktapatitāpatrastair alpaśaḥ (A 2.1.38)

अपेतापोढमुक्तपतितापत्रस्तैरल्पशः

apetāpoḍhamuktapatitāpatrastairalpaśaḥ · A 2.1.38

एतैः सहाल्पं पञ्चम्यन्तं समस्यते स तत्पुरुषः । सुखापेतः । कल्पनापोढः । चक्रमुक्तः । स्वर्गपतितः । तरङ्गापत्रस्तः । अल्पशः किम् । प्रसादात्पतितः ॥

Rule. An ablative word naming something slight (alpa) compounds with apeta "gone away from", apoḍha "carried off from", mukta "released from", patita "fallen from", apatrasta "frightened away from".

Example.

sukhād apetaḥ "gone away from ease" → sukhāpetaḥ; kalpanāpoḍhaḥ; cakramuktaḥ; svargapatitaḥ; taraṅgāpatrastaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not prasādāt patitaḥ "fallen from favour": what is fallen from is not something slight.

SK 701 · स्तोकान्तिकदूरार्थकृच्छ्राणि क्तेन · stokāntikadūrārthakṛcchrāṇi ktena (A 2.1.39)

स्तोकान्तिकदूरार्थकृच्छ्राणि क्तेन

stokāntikadūrārthakṛcchrāṇi ktena · A 2.1.39

स्तोकान्मुक्तः । अल्पान्मुक्तः । अन्तिकादागतः । अभ्याशादागतः । दूरादागतः । विप्रकृष्टादागतः । कृच्छ्रादागतः । पञ्चम्याः स्तोकादिभ्यः SK 159 इत्यलुक् ॥

Rule. Ablative words meaning stoka "a little", antika "near", dūra "far" (and their synonyms, since the sūtra says -artha), and the word kṛcchra "difficulty", compound with a kta-word. The ablative ending is not elided: SK 159 (pañcamyāḥ stokādibhyaḥ) prescribes aluk, non-elision.

Example.

stokāt muktaḥ → the ending stays → stokānmuktaḥ "released by a little"; likewise alpānmuktaḥ.

antikādāgataḥ, abhyāśādāgataḥ "come from near"; dūrādāgataḥ, viprakṛṣṭādāgataḥ "come from afar"; kṛcchrādāgataḥ "come with difficulty".

Watch out. These are single words although the ablative ending is visible inside them; that is what aluk means.

D. ṣaṣṭhī (genitive) tatpuruṣa and its prohibitions — running example: `rājñaḥ puruṣaḥ → rājapuruṣaḥ`

The genitive compound is the widest tatpuruṣa: a genitive word compounds with any connected subanta. The rules that follow the one-word sūtra ṣaṣṭhī are almost all prohibitions — a genitive of singling-out, a genitive with an ordinal or a quality-word, a genitive with an agent-noun in -tṛ or -aka, and so on — and two of them (SK 703, 711) re-open what the prohibitions closed. The running example is rājñaḥ puruṣaḥ "the king's man" → rājapuruṣaḥ.

SK 702 · षष्ठी · ṣaṣṭhī (A 2.2.8)

षष्ठी

ṣaṣṭhī · A 2.2.8

राज्ञः पुरुषो राजपुरुषः ॥

Rule. A word ending in the genitive (ṣaṣṭhī) compounds with a subanta; the compound is a tatpuruṣa.

Example.

rājñaḥ puruṣaḥ "the king's man" → rājan + ṅas and puruṣa + su → compound → the inner endings are elided → the final n of rājan drops as at the end of a word → rājapuruṣa → rājapuruṣaḥ.

SK 703 · याजकादिभिश्च · yājakādibhiś ca (A 2.2.9)

याजकादिभिश्च

yājakādibhiśca · A 2.2.9

एभिः षष्ठ्यन्तं समस्यते । तृजकाभ्यां कर्तरि SK 709 इत्यस्य प्रतिप्रसवोऽयम् । ब्राह्मणयाजकः । देवपूजकः ।

गुणात्तरणे तरलोपश्चेति वक्तव्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ तरबन्तं यद्गुणवाचि तेन सह समासस्तरप्प्रत्ययलोपश्च । न निर्धारणे SK 704 इति पूरणगुण SK 705 इति च निषेधस्य प्रतिप्रसवोऽयम् । सर्वेषां श्वेततरः सर्वश्वेतः । सर्वेषां महत्तरः सर्वमहान् ।

कृद्योगा च षष्ठी समस्यत इति वाच्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ इध्मस्य व्रश्चनः इध्मव्रश्चनः ॥

Rule. And a genitive word compounds with yājaka "sacrificer" and the rest of that list. This is a pratiprasava, a re-permission: SK 709 will forbid a genitive with agent-nouns in -aka, and this rule lets the listed ones through.

Example.

brāhmaṇasya yājakaḥ "the brāhmaṇa's sacrificer" → brāhmaṇayājakaḥ; devānāṃ pūjakaḥ → devapūjakaḥ "worshipper of the gods".

Applies when / blocked by. Two vārttikas. First: a genitive compounds with a comparative in tarap built on a quality-word, and the tarap is then elided — sarveṣāṃ śvetataraḥ → sarvaśvetaḥ "whitest of all", sarveṣāṃ mahattaraḥ → sarvamahān; this re-opens the prohibitions of SK 704 and 705. Second: a genitive construed with a kṛt-word compounds — idhmasya vraścanaḥ → idhmavraścanaḥ "splitter of firewood".

SK 704 · न निर्धारणे · na nirdhāraṇe (A 2.2.10)

न निर्धारणे

na nirdhāraṇe · A 2.2.10

निर्धारणे या षष्ठी सा न समस्यते । नृणां द्विजः श्रेष्ठः ।

प्रतिपदविधाना षष्ठी न समस्यत इति वाच्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ सर्पिषो ज्ञानम् ॥

Rule. A genitive of singling-out (nirdhāraṇa, picking one out of a group) does not compound.

Example.

nṛṇāṃ dvijaḥ śreṣṭhaḥ "among men the brāhmaṇa is best" → the genitive nṛṇām singles out → no compound.

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika adds: a genitive prescribed by a specific rule (pratipada-vidhānā ṣaṣṭhī) does not compound either — sarpiṣo jñānam "knowledge of ghee".

SK 705 · पूरणगुणसुहितार्थसदव्ययतव्यसमानाधिकरणेन · pūraṇaguṇasuhitārthasadavyayatavyasamānādhikaraṇena (A 2.2.11)

पूरणगुणसुहितार्थसदव्ययतव्यसमानाधिकरणेन

pūraṇaguṇasuhitārthasadavyayatavyasamānādhikaraṇena · A 2.2.11

पूरणाद्यर्थैः सदादिभिश्च षष्ठी न समस्यते । पूरणे । सतां षष्ठः । गुणे । काकस्य कार्ष्ण्यम् । ब्राह्मणस्य शुक्लाः । यदा प्रकरणादिना दन्ता इति विशेष्यं ज्ञातं तदेवमुदाहरणम् । अनित्योऽयं गुणेन निषेधः । तदाशिष्यं संज्ञाप्रमाणत्वात् SK 1295 इत्यादिनिर्देशात् । तेनार्थगौरवम् बुद्धिमान्द्यमित्यादि सिद्धम् । सुहितार्थास्तृप्त्यर्थाः । फलानां सुहितः । तृतीयासमासस्तु स्यादेव । स्वरे विशेषः । सत् । द्विजस्य कुर्वन्कुर्वाणो वा । किंकरः इत्यर्थः । अव्ययम् । ब्राह्मणस्य कृत्वा । पूर्वोत्तरसाहचर्यात्कृदव्ययमेव गृह्यते । तेन तदुपरीत्यादि सिद्धमिति रक्षितः । तव्ये । ब्राह्मणस्य कर्तव्यम् । तव्यता तु भवत्येव । स्वकर्तव्यम् स्वरे भेदः । समानाधिकरणेन । तक्षकस्य सर्पस्य । विशेषणसमासस्त्विह बहुलग्रहणान्न । गोर्धेनोरित्यादिषु पोटायुवति SK 744 इत्यादीनां विभक्त्यन्तरे चरितार्थानां परत्वाद्बाधकः षष्ठीसमासः प्राप्तः । सोऽप्यनेन वार्यते ॥

Rule. A genitive word does not compound with: an ordinal (pūraṇa); a quality-word (guṇa); a word meaning "satiated" (suhitārtha); a present participle in śatṛ or śānac (sat); a kṛt-made indeclinable (avyaya); a word in tavya; or a co-referential word (samānādhikaraṇa), one that names the same thing as the genitive.

Example.

satāṃ ṣaṣṭhaḥ "the sixth of the good" — ordinal — no compound.

kākasya kārṣṇyam "the blackness of a crow" — quality — no compound.

phalānāṃ suhitaḥ "sated with fruit" — no genitive compound (though the instrumental compound phalasuhita does form, with a different accent).

dvijasya kurvan "acting for a brāhmaṇa" — śatṛ — no compound.

brāhmaṇasya kṛtvā "having acted for a brāhmaṇa" — kṛt-indeclinable — no compound.

brāhmaṇasya kartavyam "to be done for a brāhmaṇa" — tavya — no compound.

takṣakasya sarpasya "of Takṣaka the serpent" — co-referential — no compound.

Applies when / blocked by. The guṇa-prohibition is not constant (anitya), as a later wording (SK 1295) shows; so arthagauravam "weightiness of meaning" and buddhimāndyam "dullness of mind" stand. avyaya means only a kṛt-made indeclinable such as kṛtvā, by its company with sat and tavya; so tadupari "above that" is fine. The tavya form svakartavyam "one's own duty" does occur, with a different accent. The last item also stops a genitive compound from beating the karmadhāraya rules: in gor dhenoḥ "of a cow, a milch-cow" the genitive compound, being the later rule, would block SK 744, and this sūtra prevents that.

SK 706 · क्तेन च पूजायाम् · ktena ca pūjāyām (A 2.2.12)

क्तेन च पूजायाम्

ktena ca pūjāyām · A 2.2.12

मतिबुद्धि - SK 3089 इति सूत्रेण विहितो यः क्तस्तदन्तेन षष्ठी न समस्यते । राज्ञां मतो बुद्धः पूजितो वा । राजपूजित इत्यादौ तु भूते क्तान्तेन सह तृतीयासमासः ॥

Rule. And a genitive does not compound with a kta-word of the present sense, the kta taught by matibuddhipūjārthebhyaś ca (SK 3089), when esteem (pūjā) is meant.

Example.

rājñāṃ mataḥ "esteemed by kings", rājñāṃ buddhaḥ, rājñāṃ pūjitaḥ → no compound.

Applies when / blocked by. When the kta has its past sense, rājapūjitaḥ "honoured by the king" is an instrumental tatpuruṣa (SK 694), not a genitive one.

SK 707 · अधिकरणवाचिना च · adhikaraṇavācinā ca (A 2.2.13)

अधिकरणवाचिना च

adhikaraṇavācinā ca · A 2.2.13

क्तेन षष्ठी न समस्यते । इदमेषामासितं गतं भुक्तं वा ॥

Rule. And a genitive does not compound with a kta-word that denotes the locus (adhikaraṇa) of the action.

Example.

idam eṣām āsitaṃ gataṃ bhuktaṃ vā "this is where they sat, went, ate" → āsita names the place → no compound with eṣām.

SK 708 · कर्मणि च · karmaṇi ca (A 2.2.14)

कर्मणि च

karmaṇi ca · A 2.2.14

उभयप्राप्तौ कर्मणि SK 624 इति या षष्ठी सा न समस्यते । आश्चर्यो गवां दोहोऽगोपेन ॥

Rule. And the genitive that expresses the object when both agent and object are available — the genitive of ubhayaprāptau karmaṇi (SK 624) — does not compound.

Example.

āścaryo gavāṃ doho 'gopena "the milking of the cows by one who is no cowherd is a marvel" → gavām is the object-genitive → no compound.

SK 709 · तृजकाभ्यां कर्तरि · tṛjakābhyāṃ kartari (A 2.2.15)

तृजकाभ्यां कर्तरि

tṛjakābhyāṃ kartari · A 2.2.15

कर्त्रर्थतृजकाभ्यां षष्ठ्या न समासः । अपां स्रष्टा । वज्रस्य भर्ता । ओदनस्य पाचकः । कर्तरि किम् । इक्षूणां भक्षणमिक्षुभक्षिका । पत्यर्थभर्तृशब्दस्य तु याजकत्वादिसमासः । भूभर्ता । कथं तर्हि घटानां निर्मातुस्त्रिभुवनविधातुश्च कलह इति । शेषषष्ठ्या समास इति कैयटः ॥

Rule. A genitive does not compound with a word in tṛc (the agent affix -tṛ) or in aka when these denote the agent.

Example.

apāṃ sraṣṭā "creator of the waters", vajrasya bhartā "wielder of the thunderbolt", odanasya pācakaḥ "cook of the rice" → no compound.

Applies when / blocked by. ikṣūṇāṃ bhakṣaṇam → ikṣubhakṣikā compounds, because there the affix is not agentive. bhartṛ in the sense "lord, husband" belongs to the yājakādi list (SK 703), so bhūbhartā "lord of the earth" compounds. Scholars discuss how a phrase such as ghaṭānāṃ nirmātus tribhuvanavidhātuś ca kalahaḥ is to be taken.

SK 710 · कर्तरि च · kartari ca (A 2.2.16)

कर्तरि च

kartari ca · A 2.2.16

कर्तरि षष्ठ्या अकेन न समासः । भवतः शायिका । नेह तृजनुवर्तते । तद्योगे कर्तुरभिहितत्वेन कर्तृषष्ठ्या अभावात् ॥

Rule. And the genitive that expresses the agent does not compound with a word in aka. tṛc is not carried here: with a tṛc-word the agent is already expressed by the affix, so no agent-genitive arises.

Example.

bhavataḥ śāyikā "your honour's lying-down" → bhavataḥ is an agent-genitive → no compound.

SK 711 · नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः · nityaṃ krīḍājīvikayoḥ (A 2.2.17)

नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः

nityaṃ krīḍājīvikayoḥ · A 2.2.17

एतयोरर्थयोरकेन नित्यं षष्ठी समस्यते । उद्दालकपुष्पभञ्जिका । क्रीडाविशेषस्य संज्ञा । संज्ञायाम् SK 3286 इति भावे ण्वुल् । जीविकायां । दन्तलेखकः । तत्र क्रीडायां विकल्पे जीविकायां तृजकाभ्यां कर्तरि SK 709 इति निषेधे प्राप्ते वचनम् ॥

Rule. In the senses of a game (krīḍā) and a livelihood (jīvikā) a genitive compounds obligatorily (nityam) with an aka-word.

Example.

uddālakapuṣpāṇāṃ bhañjikā → uddālakapuṣpabhañjikā, the name of a game (the affix in bhañjikā is ṇvul in the sense of the action itself, by SK 3286).

dantānāṃ lekhakaḥ → dantalekhakaḥ "tooth-scraper", a livelihood.

Applies when / blocked by. Without this rule the game-compound would be merely optional and the livelihood-compound blocked by SK 709; the rule makes both obligatory.

E. The part/whole and measure tatpuruṣas (pāda-opening 2.2.1–5, pulled in here) — running example: `pūrvaṃ kāyasya → pūrvakāyaḥ`

Bhaṭṭoji places the first five rules of the second pāda here, after the genitive block. A pāda is a quarter of an adhyāya, a book of Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. They cover words for a part (pūrva, ardha, dvitīya …) compounding with the word for the whole, prāpta and āpanna placed first, and a time-word with the thing it measures. The running example is pūrvaṃ kāyasya "the front of the body" → pūrvakāyaḥ.

SK 712 · पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे · pūrvāparādharottaram ekadeśinaikādhikaraṇe (A 2.2.1)

पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे

pūrvāparādharottaramekadeśinaikādhikaraṇe · A 2.2.1

अवयविना सह पूर्वादयः समस्यन्ते एकत्वसंख्याविशिष्टश्चेदवयवी । षष्ठीसमासापवादः । पूर्वं कायस्य पूर्वकायः । अपरकायः । एकदेशिना किम् । पूर्वं नाभेः कायस्य । एकाधिकरणे किम् । पूर्वश्छात्राणाम् । सर्वोऽप्येकदेशोऽह्ना समस्यते । संख्याविसाय - SK 238 इति ज्ञापकात् । मध्याह्नः । सायाह्नः । केचित्तु सर्वोप्येकदेशः कालेन समस्यते न त्वह्नैव । ज्ञापकस्य सामान्यापेक्षत्वात् । तेन मध्यरात्रः । उपारताः पश्चिमरात्रगोचरा इत्यादि सिद्धमित्याहुः ॥

Rule. pūrva "front", apara "back", adhara "lower", uttara "upper" compound with the word for the whole of which they are a part (ekadeśin, avayavin), provided the whole is one thing (ekādhikaraṇa). This is an exception (apavāda) to the genitive compound, and it fixes which member goes first.

Example.

pūrvaṃ kāyasya "the front of the body" → pūrvakāyaḥ; aparakāyaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not pūrvaṃ nābheḥ kāyasya "the part of the body in front of the navel" — nābhi is not the whole. Not pūrvaś chātrāṇām "the foremost of the students" — the whole is plural. Any part-word compounds with ahan "day", by the jñāpaka of SK 238: madhyāhnaḥ "midday", sāyāhnaḥ "evening". Some extend this to any time-word: madhyarātraḥ "midnight".

SK 713 · अर्धं नपुंसकम् · ardhaṃ napuṃsakam (A 2.2.2)

अर्धं नपुंसकम्

ardhaṃ napuṃsakam · A 2.2.2

समांसवाच्यर्ध शब्दो नित्यं क्लीबे स प्राग्वत् ।

एकविभक्तावषष्ठ्यन्तवचनम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ एकदेशिसमासविषयकोऽयमुपसर्जनसंज्ञानिषेधः । तेन पञ्चखट्वी इत्यादि सिद्ध्यति । अर्धं पिपल्या अर्धपिप्पली । क्लीबे किम् । ग्राम्यार्धः । द्रव्यैक्य एव । अर्धं पिप्पलीनाम् ॥

Rule. ardha, when it means an equal half and is therefore always neuter, compounds with the word for the whole, as before.

Example.

ardhaṃ pippalyāḥ "half of a long-pepper" → ardhapippalī.

Applies when / blocked by. Not grāmyārdhaḥ "a portion of the village" (the commentators read grāmārdhaḥ) — there ardha means a part in general and is masculine. Not ardhaṃ pippalīnām "half of the peppers" — the whole must be one substance. A vārttika adds to the upasarjana rule the words "not ending in the genitive": in a part-whole compound the genitive member is not upasarjana, so it is not shortened; this also secures pañcakhaṭvī.

SK 714 · द्वितीयतृतीयचतुर्थतुर्याण्यन्यतरस्याम् · dvitīyatṛtīyacaturthaturyāṇy anyatarasyām (A 2.2.3)

द्वितीयतृतीयचतुर्थतुर्याण्यन्यतरस्याम्

dvitīyatṛtīyacaturthaturyāṇyanyatarasyām · A 2.2.3

एतान्येकदेशिना सह प्राग्वद्वा । द्वितीयं भिक्षाया द्वितीयभिक्षा । एकदेशिना किम् । द्वितीयं भिक्षाया भिक्षुकस्य । अन्यतरस्यांग्रहणसामर्थ्यात् पूरणगुण - SK 705 इति निषेधं बाधित्वा पक्षे षष्ठीसमासः । भिक्षाद्वितीयम् ॥

Rule. dvitīya "second", tṛtīya, caturtha, turya "fourth" optionally compound with the word for the whole, as before.

Example.

dvitīyaṃ bhikṣāyāḥ "the second part of the alms" → dvitīyabhikṣā.

Applies when / blocked by. Not dvitīyaṃ bhikṣāyā bhikṣukasya — bhikṣuka is not the whole. Because the sūtra says "optionally", the other alternative is a genitive compound, bhikṣādvitīyam, which overrides the ordinal-prohibition of SK 705.

SK 715 · प्राप्तापन्ने च द्वितीयया · prāptāpanne ca dvitīyayā (A 2.2.4)

प्राप्तापन्ने च द्वितीयया

prāptāpanne ca dvitīyayā · A 2.2.4

पक्षे द्वितीयाश्रिता - SK 686 इति समासः । प्राप्तो जीविकां प्राप्तजीविकः । जीविकाप्राप्तः । आपन्नजीविकः । जीविकापन्नः । इह सूत्रे द्वितीयया अ इति छित्वा अकारोऽपि विधीयते । तेन जीविकां प्राप्ता स्त्री प्राप्तजीविका । आपन्न जीविका ॥

Rule. prāpta and āpanna compound with an accusative word, and here they stand first. Read the sūtra also as dvitīyayā a: an a replaces the final ā of feminine prāptā and āpannā.

Example.

prāpto jīvikām "one who has got a livelihood" → prāptajīvikaḥ; in the other alternative SK 686 gives jīvikāprāptaḥ. Likewise āpannajīvikaḥ / jīvikāpannaḥ.

jīvikāṃ prāptā strī → prāptā → a for its final → prāptajīvikā; āpannajīvikā.

SK 716 · कालाः परिमाणिना · kālāḥ parimāṇinā (A 2.2.5)

कालाः परिमाणिना

kālāḥ parimāṇinā · A 2.2.5

परिच्छेद्यवाचिना सुबन्तेन सह कालाः समस्यन्ते । मासो जातस्य मासजातः । द्व्यहजातः । द्वयोरह्नोः समाहारो द्व्यहः । द्व्यहो जातस्य यस्य सः इति विग्रहः ।

उत्तरपदेन परिमाणिना द्विगोः सिद्धये बहूनां तत्पुरुषस्योपसंख्यानम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ द्वे अहनी जातस्य यस्य स द्व्यह्नजातः । अह्नोऽह्न- SK 790 इति वक्ष्यमाणोऽह्नादेशः । पूर्वत्र तु न सङ्ख्यादेः समाहारे SK 793 इति निषेधः ॥

Rule. Time-words compound with a subanta naming the thing they measure (parimāṇin).

Example.

māso jātasya "a month of the born one" → māsajātaḥ "a month old".

dvyaho jātasya → dvyahajātaḥ "two days old"; dvyaha is "a group of two days", and the analysis is "he whose being born is measured by two days".

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika allows a tatpuruṣa of more than two members so that the measured word can be the last member: dve ahanī jātasya → dvyahnajātaḥ, with the substitute ahna of SK 790; in dvyaha itself SK 793 forbids that substitute.

F. saptamī (locative) tatpuruṣa — running example: `akṣeṣu śauṇḍaḥ → akṣaśauṇḍaḥ`

A locative first member compounds with a listed set of second members (śauṇḍa "addicted", siddha, śuṣka, pakva, bandha), with "crow" in censure, with a kṛtya denoting an obligation, in proper names, and — for parts of the day and night, tatra, and censure — with a kta-word. The running example is akṣeṣu śauṇḍaḥ "addicted to dice" → akṣaśauṇḍaḥ.

SK 717 · सप्तमी शौण्डैः · saptamī śauṇḍaiḥ (A 2.1.40)

सप्तमी शौण्डैः

saptamī śauṇḍaiḥ · A 2.1.40

सप्तम्यन्तं शौण्डादिभिः प्राग्वद्वा । अक्षेषु शौण्डः अक्षशौण्डः । अधिशब्दोऽत्र पठ्यते । अध्युत्तरपदात् SK 2079 इति खः । ईश्वराधीनः ॥

Rule. A word ending in the locative (saptamī) optionally compounds with śauṇḍa "addicted to" and the rest of that list.

Example.

akṣeṣu śauṇḍaḥ → akṣaśauṇḍaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. adhi is read in the list; after it the affix kha comes by SK 2079: īśvarādhīnaḥ "dependent on the lord".

SK 718 · सिद्धशुष्कपक्वबन्धैश्च · siddhaśuṣkapakvabandhaiś ca (A 2.1.41)

सिद्धशुष्कपक्वबन्धैश्च

siddhaśuṣkapakvabandhaiśca · A 2.1.41

एतैः सप्तम्यन्तं प्राग्वत् । सांकाश्यसिद्धः । आतपशुष्कः । स्थालीपक्वः । चक्रबन्धः ॥

Rule. And a locative word compounds with siddha "accomplished", śuṣka "dried", pakva "cooked", bandha "bound".

Example.

sāṃkāśye siddhaḥ → sāṃkāśyasiddhaḥ; ātape śuṣkaḥ → ātapaśuṣkaḥ "sun-dried"; sthālyāṃ pakvaḥ → sthālīpakvaḥ "pot-cooked"; cakre bandhaḥ → cakrabandhaḥ.

SK 719 · ध्वाङ्क्षेण क्षेपे · dhvāṅkṣeṇa kṣepe (A 2.1.42)

ध्वाङ्क्षेण क्षेपे

dhvāṅkṣeṇa kṣepe · A 2.1.42

ध्वाङ्क्षवाचिना सह सप्तम्यन्तं समस्यते निन्दायाम् । तीर्थे ध्वाङ्क्ष इव तीर्थध्वाङ्क्षः । तीर्थकाकः ॥

Rule. A locative word compounds with a word meaning "crow" (dhvāṅkṣa) when censure is meant.

Example.

tīrthe dhvāṅkṣa iva "like a crow at a holy ford" (one who never stays) → tīrthadhvāṅkṣaḥ; tīrthakākaḥ.

SK 720 · कृत्यैर्ऋणे · kṛtyair ṛṇe (A 2.1.43)

कृत्यैर्ऋणे

kṛtyairṛṇe · A 2.1.43

सप्तम्यन्तं कृत्प्रत्ययान्तैः सह प्राग्वदावश्यके । मासेदेयं ऋणम् । ऋणग्रहणं नियोगोपलक्षणार्थम् । पूर्वाह्णेगेयं साम ॥

Rule. A locative word compounds with a kṛtya-word when an obligation is meant. The sūtra says ṛṇa "debt", but this stands for obligation (niyoga) in general.

Example.

māse deyam ṛṇam "a debt to be paid within the month" → māsedeyam.

pūrvāhṇe geyaṃ sāma "a chant to be sung in the forenoon" → pūrvāhṇegeyam.

Watch out. The locative ending is visible inside these compounds; it is not elided here.

SK 721 · संज्ञायाम् · saṃjñāyām (A 2.1.44)

संज्ञायाम्

saṃjñāyām · A 2.1.44

सप्तम्यन्तं सुपा प्राग्वत् संज्ञायाम् । वाक्येन संज्ञानवगमान्नित्यसमासोऽयम् । अरण्येतिलकाः । वनेकसेरुकाः । हलदन्तात्सप्तम्या SK 966 इत्यलुक् ॥

Rule. A locative word compounds with a subanta when the result is a proper name. The compound is nitya, since the phrase would not convey the name. The locative ending is not elided, by haladantāt saptamyāḥ (SK 966).

Example.

araṇye tilakāḥ → araṇyetilakāḥ "forest-sesames" (a name); vanekaserukāḥ.

SK 722 · क्तेनाहोरात्रावयवाः · ktenāhorātrāvayavāḥ (A 2.1.45)

क्तेनाहोरात्रावयवाः

ktenāhorātrāvayavāḥ · A 2.1.45

अह्नो रात्रेश्चावयवाः सप्तम्यन्ताः क्तान्तेन सह प्राग्वत् । पूर्वाह्णकृतम् । अपररात्रकृतम् । अवयवग्रहणं किम् । अह्नि दृष्टम् ॥

Rule. Words for parts of the day and of the night, in the locative, compound with a kta-word.

Example.

pūrvāhṇe kṛtam "done in the forenoon" → pūrvāhṇakṛtam; apararātre kṛtam → apararātrakṛtam.

Applies when / blocked by. Not ahni dṛṣṭam "seen by day" — ahan is the whole day, not a part.

SK 723 · तत्र · tatra (A 2.1.46)

तत्र

tatra · A 2.1.46

तत्रेत्येतत्सप्तम्यन्तं क्तान्तेन सह प्राग्वत् । तत्र भुक्तम् ॥

Rule. The locative word tatra "there" compounds with a kta-word.

Example.

tatra bhuktam "eaten there" → tatrabhuktam.

SK 724 · क्षेपे · kṣepe (A 2.1.47)

क्षेपे

kṣepe · A 2.1.47

सप्तम्यन्तं क्तान्तेन प्राग्वन्निन्दायाम् । अवतप्तेनकुलस्थितं त एतत् ॥

Rule. A locative word compounds with a kta-word when censure is meant.

Example.

avatapte nakulasthitam → avataptenakulasthitaṃ ta etat "this conduct of yours is a mongoose standing on scorched ground" — a proverb for unsteadiness. The locative ending stays.

SK 725 · पात्रेसमितादयश्च · pātresamitādayaś ca (A 2.1.48)

पात्रेसमितादयश्च

pātresamitādayaśca · A 2.1.48

एते निपात्यन्ते क्षेपे । पात्रेसमिताः । भोजनसमये एव संगताः नतु कार्ये । गेहेशूरः । गेहेनर्दी । आकृतिगणोऽयम् । चकारोऽवधारणार्थः । तेनैषां समासान्तरे घटकतया प्रवेशो न । परमाः पात्रेसमिताः ॥

Rule. And pātresamita and the rest are laid down ready-made (nipātana) in the sense of censure. The list is an ākṛti-gaṇa, an open class known by its type. The ca restricts: these words do not enter any other compound as a member.

Example.

pātresamitāḥ "those who gather only at the dish" (at meal-time, never for work); geheśūraḥ "a hero at home"; gehenardī "one who roars at home".

Applies when / blocked by. paramāḥ pātresamitāḥ stays two words; the compound cannot become a member of a larger one.

G. samānādhikaraṇa foundation, the dik/saṃkhyā compounds, and the dvigu — running example: `pañcānāṃ gavāṃ samāhāraḥ → pañcagavam`

From here the first member no longer stands in an oblique case: the two members are samānādhikaraṇa, "co-referential", naming one and the same thing, as nīla and utpala both name the lotus. SK 726 opens this family and SK 727 makes samānādhikaraṇena a heading to the end of the pāda. Direction-words and numerals compound with a co-referential word only in a name, or when a taddhita-sense, a further member or an aggregate is meant; the numeral-first case is the dvigu. The running example is pañcānāṃ gavāṃ samāhāraḥ "a group of five cows" → pañcagavam.

SK 726 · पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन · pūrvakālaikasarvajaratpurāṇanavakevalāḥ samānādhikaraṇena (A 2.1.49)

पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन

pūrvakālaikasarvajaratpurāṇanavakevalāḥ samānādhikaraṇena · A 2.1.49

विशेषणं विशेष्येण SK 736 इति सिद्धे पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थं सूत्रम् । एकशब्दस्य दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम् SK 727 इति नियमबाधनार्थं च । पूर्वं स्नातः पश्चादनुलिप्तः स्नातानुलिप्तः । एकनाथः । सर्वयाज्ञिकाः । जरन्नैयायिकाः । पुराणमीमांसकाः । नवपाठकाः । केवलवैयाकरणाः ॥

Rule. A word denoting an earlier action (pūrvakāla), and the words eka "one, sole", sarva "all", jarat "old", purāṇa "ancient", nava "new", kevala "mere", compound with a co-referential subanta and are placed first. The compound itself is already given by SK 736; this rule fixes the order and, for eka, sets aside the restriction of SK 727.

Example.

pūrvaṃ snātaḥ paścād anuliptaḥ "first bathed, then anointed" → snātānuliptaḥ.

ekanāthaḥ "sole lord"; sarvayājñikāḥ; jarannaiyāyikāḥ "old logicians"; purāṇamīmāṃsakāḥ; navapāṭhakāḥ; kevalavaiyākaraṇāḥ "mere grammarians".

SK 727 · दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम् · diksaṃkhye saṃjñāyām (A 2.1.50)

दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम्

diksaṃkhye saṃjñāyām · A 2.1.50

समानाधिकरणेनेत्यापादपरिसमाप्तेरधिकारः । संज्ञायामेवेति नियमार्थं सूत्रम् । पूर्वेषुकामशमी । सप्तर्षयः । नेह । उत्तरा वृक्षाः । पञ्च ब्राह्मणाः ॥

Rule. samānādhikaraṇena is now a heading up to the end of the pāda (the quarter-book of the Aṣṭādhyāyī). A direction-word (dik) or a numeral (saṃkhyā) compounds with a co-referential word only when the whole is a name — the sūtra is a niyama, a restriction.

Example.

pūrveṣukāmaśamī (a place-name); sapta ṛṣayaḥ → saptarṣayaḥ "the Seven Sages" (a name).

Applies when / blocked by. Not uttarā vṛkṣāḥ "the northern trees", not pañca brāhmaṇāḥ "five brāhmaṇas" — not names.

SK 728 · तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च · taddhitārthottarapadasamāhāre ca (A 2.1.51)

तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च

taddhitārthottarapadasamāhāre ca · A 2.1.51

तद्धितार्थे विषये उत्तरपदे च परतः समाहारे च वाच्ये दिक्संख्ये प्राग्वद्वा । पूर्वस्यां शालायां भवः पौर्वशालः । समासे कृते दिक्पूर्वपदादसंज्ञायां ञः SK 1328 इति ञः ॥ सर्वनाम्नो वृत्तिमात्रे पुंवद्भावः ॥ आपरशालः । पूर्वा शाला प्रिया यस्येति त्रिपदे बहुव्रीहौ कृते प्रियाशब्दे उत्तरपदे पूर्वयोस्तत्पुरुषः । तेन शाला शब्दे आकारः उदात्तः । पूर्वशालाप्रियः । दिक्षु समाहारो नास्त्यनभिधानात् । संख्यायास्तद्धितार्थे । षण्णां मातॄणामपत्यं षाण्मातुरः । पञ्च गावो धनं यस्येति त्रिपदे बहुव्रीहाववान्तरतत्पुरुषस्य विकल्पे प्राप्ते ।

द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोरुत्तरपदे नित्यसमासवचनम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥

Rule. And a direction-word or numeral optionally compounds with a co-referential word (i) when a taddhita-sense is to be expressed, (ii) when a further member (uttarapada) follows, and (iii) when an aggregate (samāhāra) is meant. A taddhita is a secondary affix added to a stem.

Example.

(i) pūrvasyāṃ śālāyāṃ bhavaḥ "born in the eastern hall" → pūrvā + śālā compound → the affix ña by SK 1328 → paurvaśālaḥ; a pronoun such as pūrvā takes its masculine form in any derivative, so pūrva-. Likewise āparaśālaḥ. With a numeral: ṣaṇṇāṃ mātṝṇām apatyam "child of six mothers" → ṣāṇmāturaḥ.

(ii) pūrvā śālā priyā yasya "whose favourite is the eastern hall" → a three-word bahuvrīhi in which pūrvā + śālā form an inner tatpuruṣa before priyā → pūrvaśālāpriyaḥ (the point is the accent on śālā).

(iii) pañcānāṃ gavāṃ samāhāraḥ → pañcagavam (see SK 731).

Applies when / blocked by. Direction-words have no aggregate sense in use. A vārttika: a dvandva or tatpuruṣa is nitya when a further member follows. A dvandva is the "and"-compound of a later chapter: ahaś ca rātriś ca "day and night" → ahorātraḥ. The three-word bahuvrīhi pañca gāvo dhanaṃ yasya "whose wealth is five cows" leads to the next rule.

SK 729 · गोरतद्धितलुकि · gor ataddhitaluki (A 5.4.92)

गोरतद्धितलुकि

gorataddhitaluki · A 5.4.92

गोन्तात्तत्पुरुषाट्टच् स्यात् समासान्तो न तद्धितलुकि । पञ्चगवधनः ॥

Rule. The compound-ending ṬaC is added after a tatpuruṣa ending in go "cow", but not when a taddhita affix has been elided by luk (ataddhitaluki).

Example.

pañca gāvo dhanaṃ yasya → the inner tatpuruṣa pañcago → ṬaC → pañcagava → pañcagavadhanaḥ "whose wealth is five cows".

SK 730 · संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुः · saṃkhyāpūrvo dviguḥ (A 2.1.52)

संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुः

saṃkhyāpūrvo dviguḥ · A 2.1.52

तद्धितार्थ - SK 728 इत्यत्रोक्तस्त्रिविधः संख्यापूर्वो द्विगोः स्यात् ॥

Rule. The threefold compound of SK 728 (taddhita-sense, further member, aggregate), when its first member is a numeral, is named dvigu.

Example.

pañcānāṃ gavāṃ samāhāraḥ → pañcan + go, numeral first, aggregate sense → a dvigu → pañcagavam.

pañcarājam (SK 685) is a dvigu too.

SK 731 · द्विगुरेकवचनम् · dvigur ekavacanam (A 2.4.1)

द्विगुरेकवचनम्

dvigurekavacanam · A 2.4.1

द्विग्वर्थः समाहार एकवत्स्यात् । स नपुंसकम् SK 821 इति नपुंसकत्वम् । पञ्चानां गवां समाहारः पञ्चगवम् ॥

Rule. The meaning of a dvigu in the aggregate sense is treated as one (ekavat): the compound is singular. Its neuter gender comes from SK 821.

Example.

pañcānāṃ gavāṃ samāhāraḥ "a group of five cows" → dvigu → singular → neuter by SK 821 → pañcagavam.

H. karmadhāraya — the co-referential (adjectival) compounds — running example: `nīlam utpalam → nīlotpalam`

These rules teach compounds whose two members name one thing, most of them fixing which member goes first: the reviled thing before the reviling word, the standard of comparison before the shared property, the qualifier before the qualified. The master rule is SK 736, viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam; the running example is nīlam utpalam "a blue lotus" → nīlotpalam.

SK 732 · कुत्सितानि कुत्सनैः · kutsitāni kutsanaiḥ (A 2.1.53)

कुत्सितानि कुत्सनैः

kutsitāni kutsanaiḥ · A 2.1.53

कुत्स्यमानानि कुत्सनैः सह प्राग्वत् । वैयाकरणखसूचिः । मीमांसकदुर्दुरूढः ॥

Rule. A word for the thing reviled (kutsita) compounds with the reviling word (kutsana), as before.

Example.

vaiyākaraṇaḥ khasūciḥ "a grammarian who is a sky-needle (a fool)" → vaiyākaraṇakhasūciḥ; mīmāṃsakadurdurūḍhaḥ.

SK 733 · पापाणके कुत्सितैः · pāpāṇake kutsitaiḥ (A 2.1.54)

पापाणके कुत्सितैः

pāpāṇake kutsitaiḥ · A 2.1.54

पूर्वसूत्रापवादः । पापनापितः । आणककुलालः ॥

Rule. pāpa "wicked" and āṇaka "worthless" compound with words for the thing reviled — and stand first. This is an exception to the previous rule.

Example.

pāpo nāpitaḥ "a wicked barber" → pāpanāpitaḥ; āṇakakulālaḥ "a worthless potter".

SK 734 · उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः · upamānāni sāmānyavacanaiḥ (A 2.1.55)

उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः

upamānāni sāmānyavacanaiḥ · A 2.1.55

घन इव श्यामो घनयामः । इह पूर्वपदं तत्सदृशे लाक्षणिकमिति सूचयितुं लौकिकविग्रहे इवशब्दः प्रयुज्यते । पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थं सूत्रम् ॥

Rule. A word naming the standard of comparison (upamāna) compounds with a word naming the shared property (sāmānya-vacana). The rule fixes the order: the standard goes first.

Example.

ghana iva śyāmaḥ "dark like a cloud" → ghanaśyāmaḥ. In the ordinary analysis the word iva "like" is used to show that ghana is figurative, "cloud-like".

SK 735 · उपमितं व्याघ्रादिभिः सामान्याप्रयोगे · upamitaṃ vyāghrādibhiḥ sāmānyāprayoge (A 2.1.56)

उपमितं व्याघ्रादिभिः सामान्याप्रयोगे

upamitaṃ vyāghrādibhiḥ sāmānyāprayoge · A 2.1.56

उपमेयं व्याघ्रादिभिः सह प्राग्वत्साधारणधर्मस्याप्रयोगे सति । विशेष्यस्य पूर्वनिपातार्थं सूत्रम् । पुरुषव्याघ्रः । नृसोमः । व्याघ्रादिराकृतिगणः । सामान्यप्रयेगे किम् । पुरुषो व्याघ्र इव शूरः ॥

Rule. The thing compared (upameya) compounds with vyāghra "tiger" and the rest of that open list, when the shared property is not expressed. The rule puts the thing compared first.

Example.

puruṣo vyāghra iva "a man like a tiger" → puruṣavyāghraḥ; nṛsomaḥ "a man like the moon".

Applies when / blocked by. Not puruṣo vyāghra iva śūraḥ "a man brave as a tiger" — the property śūra is expressed.

SK 736 · विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम् · viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam (A 2.1.57)

विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्

viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam · A 2.1.57

भेदकं समानाधिकरणेन भेद्येन बहुलं प्राग्वत् । नीलमुत्पलं नीलोत्पलम् । बहुलग्रहणात् क्वचिन्नित्यम् । कृष्णसर्पः । क्वचिन्न । रामो जामदग्न्यः ॥

Rule. A qualifier (viśeṣaṇa) compounds with the co-referential thing it qualifies (viśeṣya), variously (bahulam): sometimes obligatorily, sometimes not at all.

Example.

nīlam utpalam "a blue lotus" → nīlotpalam.

Obligatory: kṛṣṇasarpaḥ "cobra". Never: rāmo jāmadagnyaḥ "Rāma son of Jamadagni".

SK 737 · पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीराश्च · pūrvāparaprathamacaramajaghanyasamānamadhyamadhyamavīrāś ca (A 2.1.58)

पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीराश्च

pūrvāparaprathamacaramajaghanyasamānamadhyamadhyamavīrāśca · A 2.1.58

पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थमिदम् । पूर्ववैयाकरणः । अपराध्यापकः ।

अपरस्यार्धे पश्चभावो वक्तव्यः

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ अपरश्चासावर्धश्च पश्चार्धः । कथमेकवीर इति । पूर्वकालैक - SK 726 इति बाधित्वा परत्वादनेन समासे वीरैक इति हि स्यात् । बहुलग्रहणाद्भविष्यति ॥

Rule. And pūrva, apara, prathama "first", carama "last", jaghanya "lowest", samāna "same", madhya "middle", madhyama "middling", vīra "hero" compound with a co-referential word and stand first.

Example.

pūrvo vaiyākaraṇaḥ → pūrvavaiyākaraṇaḥ; aparādhyāpakaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika: apara becomes paśca before ardha in the sense "latter half" — paścārdhaḥ. In ekavīraḥ "sole hero" eka stands first by SK 726, not vīra by this rule; bahulam lets this rule stand aside.

SK 738 · श्रेण्यादयः कृतादिभिः · śreṇyādayaḥ kṛtādibhiḥ (A 2.1.59)

श्रेण्यादयः कृतादिभिः

śreṇyādayaḥ kṛtādibhiḥ · A 2.1.59

।

श्रेण्यादिषु च्व्यर्थवचनं कर्तव्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ अश्रेणयः श्रेणयः कृताः श्रेणीकृताः ॥

Rule. śreṇi "row, guild" and the rest compound with kṛta "made" and the rest. A vārttika adds the condition: in the sense of cvi, becoming what one was not.

Example.

aśreṇayaḥ śreṇayaḥ kṛtāḥ "made into rows, which they were not" → śreṇīkṛtāḥ.

SK 739 · क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ् · ktena nañviśiṣṭenānañ (A 2.1.60)

क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ्

ktena nañviśiṣṭenānañ · A 2.1.60

नञ्विशिष्टेन क्तान्तेनानञ् क्तान्तं समस्यते । कृतं च तदकृतं च कृताकृतम् ।

शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्योपसंख्यानम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ शाकप्रियः पार्थिवः शकपार्थिवः । देवब्राह्मणः ॥

Rule. A kta-word without the negative nañ compounds with the same kta-word bearing nañ.

Example.

kṛtaṃ ca tad akṛtaṃ ca "done and not done" → kṛtākṛtam.

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika adds elision of a middle member (uttarapada-lopa) to explain śākapriyaḥ pārthivaḥ → śākapārthivaḥ "the vegetable-loving king" and devabrāhmaṇaḥ.

SK 740 · सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः · sanmahatparamottamotkṛṣṭāḥ pūjyamānaiḥ (A 2.1.61)

सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः

sanmahatparamottamotkṛṣṭāḥ pūjyamānaiḥ · A 2.1.61

सद्वैद्यः । वक्ष्यमाणेन महत आकारः । महावैयाकरणः । पूज्यमानैः किम् । उत्कृष्टो गौः । पङ्कादुद्धृत इत्यर्थः ॥

Rule. sat "good", mahat "great", parama "highest", uttama "best", utkṛṣṭa "excellent" compound with co-referential words naming something honoured (pūjyamāna).

Example.

san vaidyaḥ → sadvaidyaḥ "a good physician".

mahān vaiyākaraṇaḥ → mahat → mahā by SK 807 → mahāvaiyākaraṇaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not utkṛṣṭo gauḥ "an ox pulled up (out of the mud)" — nothing is honoured.

SK 741 · वृन्दारकनागकुञ्जरैः पूज्यमानम् · vṛndārakanāgakuñjaraiḥ pūjyamānam (A 2.1.62)

वृन्दारकनागकुञ्जरैः पूज्यमानम्

vṛndārakanāgakuñjaraiḥ pūjyamānam · A 2.1.62

गोवृन्दारकः ॥ व्याघ्रादेराकृतिगणत्वादेव सिद्धे सामान्यप्रयोगार्थं वचनम् ॥

Rule. A word for something honoured compounds with vṛndāraka "chief", nāga "elephant", kuñjara "elephant" (as words of praise), and stands first.

Example.

gaur vṛndārakaḥ → govṛndārakaḥ "a chief among cows".

Applies when / blocked by. The vyāghrādi list of SK 735 is open, so these forms were already possible; the rule states these compounds generally, beyond what the vyāghrādi list already gives.

SK 742 · कतरकतमौ जातिपरिप्रश्ने · katarakatamau jātiparipraśne (A 2.1.63)

कतरकतमौ जातिपरिप्रश्ने

katarakatamau jātiparipraśne · A 2.1.63

कतरकठः । कतमकलापः । गोत्रं च चरणैः सहेति जातित्वम् ॥

Rule. katara "which of two" and katama "which of many" compound with a co-referential word when the question asks about a class (jāti).

Example.

kataraḥ kaṭhaḥ "which Kaṭha?" → katarakaṭhaḥ; katamakalāpaḥ. Names of lineages together with Vedic schools count as classes.

SK 743 · किं क्षेपे · kiṃ kṣepe (A 2.1.64)

किं क्षेपे

kiṃ kṣepe · A 2.1.64

कुत्सितो राजा किंराजा । यो न रक्षति ॥

Rule. kim compounds with a co-referential word when censure is meant.

Example.

kutsito rājā "a wretched king" — one who does not protect → kiṃrājā.

SK 744 · पोटायुवतिस्तोककतिपयगृष्टिधेनुवशावेहत्बष्कयणीप्रवक्तृश्रोत्रियाध्यापकधूर्तैर्जातिः · poṭāyuvatistokakatipayagṛṣṭidhenuvaśāvehatbaṣkayaṇīpravaktṛśrotriyādhyāpakadhūrtair jātiḥ (A 2.1.65)

पोटायुवतिस्तोककतिपयगृष्टिधेनुवशावेहत्बष्कयणीप्रवक्तृश्रोत्रियाध्यापकधूर्तैर्जातिः

poṭāyuvatistokakatipayagṛṣṭidhenuvaśāvehatbaṣkayaṇīpravaktṛśrotriyādhyāpakadhūrtairjātiḥ · A 2.1.65

Rule. A class-word (jāti) compounds with the co-referential words poṭā, yuvati, stoka, katipaya, gṛṣṭi, dhenu, vaśā, vehat, baṣkayaṇī, pravaktṛ, śrotriya, adhyāpaka, dhūrta, and stands first.

Example. (Bhaṭṭoji gives the forms under SK 746.)

ibhī poṭā → ibhapoṭā "a female elephant with male marks"; ibhayuvatiḥ "a young she-elephant"; agnistokaḥ "a little fire"; udaścitkatipayam "some buttermilk"; gogṛṣṭiḥ "a cow that has calved once"; godhenuḥ "a newly-calved cow"; govaśā "a barren cow"; govehat "a cow that miscarries"; gobaṣkayaṇī (scholars discuss the gloss); kaṭhapravaktā, kaṭhaśrotriyaḥ, kaṭhādhyāpakaḥ, kaṭhadhūrtaḥ.

I. The karmadhāraya saṃjñā, its puṃvad-bhāva, and the remaining karmadhāraya rules — running example: `mahatī navamī → mahānavamī`; `kumārī śramaṇā → kumāraśramaṇā`

The co-referential tatpuruṣa now receives its own name, karmadhāraya, and the first operation keyed to that name: a feminine first member takes its masculine form (puṃvat). Then the remaining co-referential rules follow — praise-words, yuvan, kṛtya- and tulya-words, colour with colour, kaḍāra placed first, kumāra with śramaṇā, catuṣpād with garbhiṇī, and the ready-made mayūravyaṃsakādi class.

SK 745 · तत्पुरुषः समानाधिकरणः कर्मधारयः · tatpuruṣaḥ samānādhikaraṇaḥ karmadhārayaḥ (A 1.2.42)

तत्पुरुषः समानाधिकरणः कर्मधारयः

tatpuruṣaḥ samānādhikaraṇaḥ karmadhārayaḥ · A 1.2.42

Rule. A tatpuruṣa whose members are co-referential — name one and the same thing — receives the name karmadhāraya. The name governs the operations that follow.

Example.

nīlam utpalam → nīlotpalam → a tatpuruṣa (SK 684) → its members name one thing → also a karmadhāraya.

Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators note that the name is given outside the tatpuruṣa heading on purpose: inside it, the rule that allows only one name would let karmadhāraya displace tatpuruṣa.

SK 746 · पुंवत् कर्मधारयजातीयदेशीयेषु · puṃvat karmadhārayajātīyadeśīyeṣu (A 6.3.42)

पुंवत् कर्मधारयजातीयदेशीयेषु

puṃvat karmadhārayajātīyadeśīyeṣu · A 6.3.42

कर्मधारये जातीयदेशीययोश्च परतो भाषितपुंस्कात्पर ऊङभावो यस्ंिमस्तथाभूतं पूर्वं पुंवत् । पूरणीप्रियादिष्वप्राप्तः पुंवद्भावोऽनेन विधीयते । महानवमी । कृष्णचतुर्दशी । महाप्रिया । तथा कोपधादेः प्रतिषिद्धः पुंवद्भावः कर्मधारयादौ प्रतिप्रसूयते । पाचकस्त्री । दत्तभार्या । पञ्चमभार्या । स्त्रौघ्नभार्या । सुकेशभार्या । ब्राह्मणभार्या । एवं । पाचकजातीया । पाचकदेशीयेत्यादि । इभपोटा । पोटा स्त्री पुंसलक्षणा । इभयुवतिः । अग्निस्तोकः । उदश्चित्कतिपयम् । गृष्टिः सकृत्प्रसूता, गोगृष्टिः । धेनुर्नवप्रसूतिका, गोधेनुः । वशा वन्ध्या, गोवशा । वेहत् गर्भघातिनी । गोवेहत् । बष्कयणी तरुणवत्सा, गोबष्कयणी । कठप्रवक्ता । कठश्रोत्रियः । कठाध्यापकः । कठधूर्तः ॥

Rule. A feminine first member — one formed from a stem that also has a masculine (bhāṣita-puṃska) and not ending in ūṅ — takes its masculine form (puṃvat) in a karmadhāraya and before the affixes jātīya and deśīya. The rule supplies the masculine treatment where earlier rules withheld it (ordinals, priyā) and re-enables it where they forbade it (stems with penultimate k, and the like).

Example.

mahatī navamī "the great ninth" → mahatī → mahat → mahā by SK 807 → mahānavamī.

kṛṣṇā caturdaśī → kṛṣṇacaturdaśī; mahatī priyā → mahāpriyā.

pācikā strī → pācakastrī "a woman cook"; dattabhāryā, pañcamabhāryā, straughnabhāryā, sukeśabhāryā, brāhmaṇabhāryā.

Before jātīya, deśīya: pācakajātīyā, pācakadeśīyā.

SK 747 · प्रशंसावचनैश्च · praśaṃsāvacanaiś ca (A 2.1.66)

प्रशंसावचनैश्च

praśaṃsāvacanaiśca · A 2.1.66

एतैः सह जातिः प्राग्वत् । गोमतल्लिका । गोमचर्चिका । गोप्रकाण्डम् । गवोद्धः । गोतल्लजः । प्रशस्ता गौरित्यर्थः । मतल्लिकादयो नियतलिङ्गाः न तु विशेष्यनिध्नाः । जातिः किम् । कुमारी मतल्लिका ॥

Rule. And a class-word compounds with words of praise (praśaṃsā-vacana), standing first.

Example.

gomatallikā, gomacarcikā, goprakāṇḍam, gavoddhaḥ, gotallajaḥ — all "an excellent cow".

Applies when / blocked by. The praise-words have a fixed gender of their own; they do not follow the thing qualified. Not kumārī matallikā — kumārī is not a class-word.

SK 748 · युवा खलतिपलितवलिनजरतीभिः · yuvā khalatipalitavalinajaratībhiḥ (A 2.1.67)

युवा खलतिपलितवलिनजरतीभिः

yuvā khalatipalitavalinajaratībhiḥ · A 2.1.67

पूर्वनिपातनियमार्थं सूत्रम् । लिङ्गविशिष्टपरिभाषया युवतिशब्दोऽपि समस्यते । युवा खलतिः युवखलतिः । युवतिः खलती युवखलती । युवजरती । युवत्यामेव जरतीधर्मोपलम्भेन तद्रूपारोपात्समानाधिकरण्यम् ॥

Rule. yuvan "young" compounds with khalati "bald", palita "grey", valina "wrinkled", jaratī "old woman", and stands first. By the liṅga-viśiṣṭa reading — a stem named in a rule includes its other-gender forms — yuvati also compounds.

Example.

yuvā khalatiḥ → yuvakhalatiḥ "young and bald"; yuvatiḥ khalatī → yuvakhalatī; yuvajaratī.

Applies when / blocked by. yuvajaratī is co-referential because the old woman's traits are seen ahead of time in the young one.

SK 749 · कृत्यतुल्याख्या अजात्या · kṛtyatulyākhyā ajātyā (A 2.1.68)

कृत्यतुल्याख्या अजात्या

kṛtyatulyākhyā ajātyā · A 2.1.68

भोज्योष्णम् । तुल्यश्वेतः । सदृशश्वेतः । अजात्या किम् । भोज्य ओदनः । प्रतिषेधसामर्थ्याद्विशेषणसमासोऽपि न ॥

Rule. A kṛtya-word, and a word meaning tulya "equal", compound with a co-referential word that is not a class-word.

Example.

bhojyam uṣṇam "to be eaten hot" → bhojyoṣṇam; tulyaśvetaḥ, sadṛśaśvetaḥ "equally white".

Applies when / blocked by. Not bhojya odanaḥ — odana is a class-word; and the force of this prohibition stops even SK 736 from compounding it.

SK 750 · वर्णो वर्णेन · varṇo varṇena (A 2.1.69)

वर्णो वर्णेन

varṇo varṇena · A 2.1.69

समानाधिकरणेन सह प्राग्वत् । कृष्णसारङ्गः ॥

Rule. A colour-word compounds with a co-referential colour-word, as before.

Example.

kṛṣṇaḥ sāraṅgaḥ "black and dappled" → kṛṣṇasāraṅgaḥ.

SK 751 · कडाराः कर्मधारये · kaḍārāḥ karmadhāraye (A 2.2.38)

कडाराः कर्मधारये

kaḍārāḥ karmadhāraye · A 2.2.38

कडारादयः शब्दाः कर्मधारये वा पूर्वं प्रयोज्याः । कडारजैमिनिः । जैमिनिकडारः ॥

Rule. kaḍāra "tawny" and the rest of its list are optionally placed first in a karmadhāraya. (This sūtra is also the end-point of the samāsa heading of SK 648.)

Example.

kaḍāraś ca jaiminiś ca → kaḍārajaiminiḥ or jaiminikaḍāraḥ.

SK 752 · कुमारः श्रमणादिभिः · kumāraḥ śramaṇādibhiḥ (A 2.1.70)

कुमारः श्रमणादिभिः

kumāraḥ śramaṇādibhiḥ · A 2.1.70

कुमारी श्रमणा कुमारश्रमणा । इह गणे श्रमणा प्रव्रजिता गर्भिणीत्यादयः स्त्रीलिङ्गाः पठ्यन्ते । लिङ्गविशिष्टपरिभाषाया एतदेव ज्ञापकं बोध्यम् ॥

Rule. kumāra "young" compounds with śramaṇā "female ascetic" and the rest of that list, standing first.

Example.

kumārī śramaṇā → kumārī → masculine form by SK 746 → kumāraśramaṇā.

Applies when / blocked by. The list recites śramaṇā, pravrajitā, garbhiṇī in the feminine; that is the jñāpaka for the liṅga-viśiṣṭa reading used at SK 748.

SK 753 · चतुष्पादो गर्भिण्या · catuṣpādo garbhiṇyā (A 2.1.71)

चतुष्पादो गर्भिण्या

catuṣpādo garbhiṇyā · A 2.1.71

चतुष्पाज्जातिवाचिनो गर्भिणी शब्देन सह प्राग्वत् । गोगर्भिणी ।

चतुष्पाज्जातिरिति वक्तव्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ नेह । स्वस्तिमती गर्भिणी ॥

Rule. catuṣpād — that is, a species-word for a quadruped, as a vārttika specifies — compounds with garbhiṇī "pregnant".

Example.

gaur garbhiṇī → gogarbhiṇī "a pregnant cow".

Applies when / blocked by. Not svastimatī garbhiṇī — svastimatī is not a species-word.

SK 754 · मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च · mayūravyaṃsakādayaś ca (A 2.1.72)

मयूरव्यंसकादयश्च

mayūravyaṃsakādayaśca · A 2.1.72

एते निपात्यन्ते । मयूरो व्यंसको । मयूरव्यंसकः । व्यंसको धूर्तः । उदक्चावाक् च उच्चावचम् । निश्चितं च प्रचितं च निश्चप्रचम् । नास्ति किंचन यस्य सः अकिंचनः ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) आख्यातमाख्यातेन क्रियासातत्ये ॥ अश्नीत पिबतेत्येवं सततं यत्राभिधीयते सा अश्नीतपिबता । पचतभृज्जता । खादतमोदता ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) एहीडादयोऽन्यपदार्थे ॥ एहीड इति यस्मिन्कर्मणि तदेहीडम् । एहिपचम् । उद्धर कोष्ठादुत्सृज देहीति यस्यां क्रियायां सा उद्धरोत्सृजा । उद्धमविधमा । असातत्यार्थमिह पाठः ॥ (गणसूत्रम् -) जहिकर्मणा बहुलमाभीक्ष्ण्ये कर्तारं चाभिदधाति ॥ जहीत्येतत्कर्मणा बहुलं समस्यते आभीक्ष्ण्ये गम्ये समासेन चेत्कर्ताभिधीयत इत्यर्थः ॥ जहिजोडः । जहिस्तम्बः ॥ नास्ति कुतो भयं सोऽकुतोभयः । अन्यो राजा राजान्तरम् । चिदेव चिन्मात्रम् ॥

Rule. And mayūravyaṃsaka and the rest are laid down ready-made (nipātana), irregularities included.

Example.

mayūro vyaṃsakaḥ "the peacock is a rogue" → mayūravyaṃsakaḥ; udak ca avāk ca → uccāvacam "high and low"; niścitaṃ ca pracitaṃ ca → niścapracam; nāsti kiṃcana yasya → akiṃcanaḥ "who has nothing".

Rules attached to the list: a finite verb with a finite verb, for a continual action — aśnītapibatā "the constant 'eat! drink!'", pacatabhṛjjatā, khādatamodatā; ehīḍa and the rest in the sense of another thing — ehīḍam, ehipacam, uddharotsṛjā, uddhamavidhamā; jahi with its object, variously, for repeated action, denoting the agent — jahijoḍaḥ, jahistambaḥ. Also akutobhayaḥ "fearing from nowhere", rājāntaram "another king", cinmātram "pure consciousness".

J. nañ-samāsa and its na-lopa / nuṭ apparatus — running example: `na brāhmaṇaḥ → abrāhmaṇaḥ`; `na aśvaḥ → anaśvaḥ`

The negative particle nañ — the na of na brāhmaṇaḥ, with a marker ñ — compounds with a subanta. Bhaṭṭoji then brings in the rules that shape the result: the n of nañ drops before the second member, an augment n appears before a vowel, a fixed list keeps the na whole, and naga keeps it optionally. The group opens with īṣat "slightly", which Bhaṭṭoji places before nañ although it is the later sūtra.

SK 755 · ईषदकृता · īṣad akṛtā (A 2.2.7)

ईषदकृता

īṣadakṛtā · A 2.2.7

ईषत्पिङ्गलः ।

ईषद्गुणवचनेनेति वाच्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ ईषद्रक्तम् ॥

Rule. The indeclinable īṣat "slightly" compounds with a word that is not kṛt-derived. A vārttika narrows this to a quality-word.

Example.

īṣat piṅgalaḥ "slightly tawny" → īṣatpiṅgalaḥ; īṣadraktam "slightly red".

SK 756 · नञ् · nañ (A 2.2.6)

नञ्

nañ · A 2.2.6

नञ् सुपा सह समस्यते ॥

Rule. The negative nañ compounds with a subanta.

Example.

na brāhmaṇaḥ "not a brāhmaṇa" → nañ + brāhmaṇa + su → compound → the following rules give abrāhmaṇaḥ.

SK 757 · नलोपो नञः · nalopo nañaḥ (A 6.3.73)

नलोपो नञः

nalopo nañaḥ · A 6.3.73

नञो नस्य लोपः स्यादुत्तरपदे । न ब्राह्मणः, अब्राह्मणः ॥

Rule. The n of nañ is elided (lopa) when a second member follows.

Example.

na brāhmaṇaḥ → na + brāhmaṇa → the n drops → a + brāhmaṇa → abrāhmaṇaḥ.

SK 758 · तस्मान्नुडचि · tasmān nuḍ aci (A 6.3.74)

तस्मान्नुडचि

tasmānnuḍaci · A 6.3.74

लुप्तनकारन्नञ उत्तरपदस्याजादेर्नुडागमः स्यात् । अनश्वः । अर्थाभावे अव्ययीभावेन सहायं विकल्पते । रक्षोहागमलघ्वसंदेहाः प्रयोजनम् इति, ।

अद्रुतायामसंहितम् इति च भाष्यवार्तिकप्रयोगात्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ तेनानुपलब्धिरविवादोऽविघ्नमित्यादि सिद्धम् ।

नञो नलोपस्तिङि क्षेपे

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ अपचसि त्वं जाल्म ॥ नैकधेत्यादौ तु न शब्देन सह सूपा SK 649 इति समासः ॥

Rule. After that nañ whose n has dropped, the augment nuṬ (an n) is added to a second member beginning with a vowel.

Example.

na aśvaḥ "not a horse" → a + aśva → nuṬ → anaśvaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. In the sense "absence of the thing" this tatpuruṣa is optional beside the avyayībhāva (the indeclinable compound of Chapter 17); the neuter asaṃhitam in the Bhāṣya (Patañjali's Mahābhāṣya) and a vārttika show the avyayībhāva, and so anupalabdhiḥ, avivādaḥ, avighnam are all in order. A vārttika adds that the n of nañ also drops before a finite verb in censure: apacasi tvaṃ jālma "you cook badly, wretch". In naikadhā and the like, the compound is with the word na by SK 649, not with nañ.

SK 759 · नभ्राण्नपान्नवेदानासत्यानमुचिनकुलनखनपुंसकनक्षत्रनक्रनाकेषु प्रकृत्या · nabhrāṇnapānnavedānāsatyānamucinakulanakhanapuṃsakanakṣatranakranākeṣu prakṛtyā (A 6.3.75)

नभ्राण्नपान्नवेदानासत्यानमुचिनकुलनखनपुंसकनक्षत्रनक्रनाकेषु प्रकृत्या

nabhrāṇnapānnavedānāsatyānamucinakulanakhanapuṃsakanakṣatranakranākeṣu prakṛtyā · A 6.3.75

पाद् शत्रन्तः । वेदाः इत्यसुन्नन्तः । न सत्या असत्याः । न असत्या नासत्याः । न मुञ्चतीति नमुचिः । न कुलमस्य नकुलम् । न खमस्य नखम् । नस्त्रीपुमान् नपुंसकम् । स्त्रीपुंसयोः पुंसकभावो निपातनात् । न क्षरतीति नक्षत्रम् । क्षरतेः क्षीयतेर्वा क्षत्रमिति निपात्यते । न क्रामतीति नक्रः । क्रमेर्डः । न अकस्मिन्निति नाकः ॥

Rule. In nabhrāṭ, napāt, navedāḥ, nāsatyā, namuci, nakula, nakha, napuṃsaka, nakṣatra, nakra, nāka the nañ stays in its natural form (prakṛtyā): the n is not elided.

Example.

na kulam asya "has no family" → nakulam "mongoose"; na kham asya → nakham "nail"; na strī pumān → napuṃsakam "neuter"; na kṣarati → nakṣatram "star"; na krāmati → nakraḥ "crocodile"; na akasmin → nākaḥ "heaven"; na muñcati → namuciḥ; na asatyāḥ → nāsatyāḥ "the Aśvins"; napāt, navedāḥ.

SK 760 · नगोऽप्राणिष्वन्यतरस्याम् · nago 'prāṇiṣv anyatarasyām (A 6.3.77)

नगोऽप्राणिष्वन्यतरस्याम्

nago'prāṇiṣvanyatarasyām · A 6.3.77

नग इत्यत्र नञ्प्रकृत्या वा । नगाः अगाः पर्वताः । अप्राणिषु इति किम् । अगो वृषलः शीतेन । नित्यं क्रीडा SK 711 इत्यतो नित्यमित्यनुवर्तमाने ॥

Rule. In naga the nañ optionally keeps its natural form, when the word denotes something non-living.

Example.

na gacchanti → nagāḥ or agāḥ "mountains" (they do not move).

Applies when / blocked by. For a living being only aga: ago vṛṣalaḥ śītena "a serf who does not move for cold". The word nityam from SK 711 is carried forward into the next rule.

K. gati-samāsa: ku/prādi and the gati/nipāta saṃjñā block (1.4.61–79) — running example: `ūrīkṛtya`; `kutsitaḥ puruṣaḥ → kupuruṣaḥ`

ku "bad", the gati-words and pra and the rest compound obligatorily with their connected word. Because the rule uses the name gati, Bhaṭṭoji inserts here the sūtras of 1.4.61–79 that give that name to further words before a verb. The visible effect of the name is on the absolutive: after a gati, ktvā is replaced by lyap (-ya), so ūrī kṛtvā becomes ūrīkṛtya.

SK 761 · कुगतिप्रादयः · kugatiprādayaḥ (A 2.2.18)

कुगतिप्रादयः

kugatiprādayaḥ · A 2.2.18

एते समर्थेन नित्यं समस्यन्ते । कुत्सितः पुरुषः कुपुरुषः । गतिश्च SK 23 इत्यनुवर्तमाने ॥

Rule. ku, the gati-words, and pra and the rest (the prādi list) compound obligatorily (nityam, carried from SK 711) with a connected word. The name gati is carried from SK 23. Only ku meaning "contemptible" is meant, not ku "earth".

Example.

kutsitaḥ puruṣaḥ "a contemptible man" → kupuruṣaḥ. Since the compound is nitya, its analysis uses other words than its own members.

supuruṣaḥ "a good man": su is a prādi here in a non-gati use (see SK 780).

SK 762 · ऊर्यादिच्विडाचश्च · ūryādicviḍācaś ca (A 1.4.61)

ऊर्यादिच्विडाचश्च

ūryādicviḍācaśca · A 1.4.61

एते क्रियायोगे गतिसंज्ञा स्युः । ऊरीकृत्य । उररीकृत्य । शुक्लीकृत्य । पटपटाकृत्य । कारिकाशब्दस्योपसंख्यानम् ॥ कारिका क्रिया कारिकाकृत्य ॥

Rule. ūrī "yes" and the rest of its list, words ending in the affix cvi (which makes "become X"), and words ending in ḍāc (which makes sound-imitations) receive the name gati when joined to a verbal action.

Example.

ūrī kṛtvā "having assented" → ūrī is gati → ktvā → lyap → ūrīkṛtya; urarīkṛtya.

śuklī kṛtvā "having whitened" (cvi) → śuklīkṛtya; paṭapaṭā kṛtvā (ḍāc) → paṭapaṭākṛtya.

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika adds kārikā "action": kārikākṛtya.

SK 763 · अनुकरणं चानितिपरम् · anukaraṇaṃ cānitiparam (A 1.4.62)

अनुकरणं चानितिपरम्

anukaraṇaṃ cānitiparam · A 1.4.62

खाट्कृत्य । अनितिपरं किम् । खाडिति कृत्वा निरष्ठीवत् ॥

Rule. And a sound-imitation (anukaraṇa) not followed by iti is gati.

Example.

khāṭ kṛtvā → khāṭkṛtya "having gone 'khāṭ'".

Applies when / blocked by. Not khāḍ iti kṛtvā niraṣṭhīvat "having gone 'khāḍ', he spat" — iti follows, so no gati and no lyap.

SK 764 · आदरानादरयोः सदसती · ādarānādarayoḥ sadasatī (A 1.4.63)

आदरानादरयोः सदसती

ādarānādarayoḥ sadasatī · A 1.4.63

सत्कृत्य । असत्कृत्य ॥

Rule. sat and asat are gati in the senses of respect and disrespect.

Example.

satkṛtya "having honoured"; asatkṛtya "having slighted".

SK 765 · भूषणेऽलम् · bhūṣaṇe 'lam (A 1.4.64)

भूषणेऽलम्

bhūṣaṇe'lam · A 1.4.64

अलंकृत्य । भूषणे किम् । अलं कृत्वौदनं गतः । पर्याप्तमित्यर्थः । अनुकरणम् - SK 763 इत्यादित्रिसूत्री स्वभावात्कृञ्विषया ॥

Rule. alam is gati in the sense of adorning.

Example.

alaṃ kṛtvā "having adorned" → alaṃkṛtya.

Applies when / blocked by. Not alaṃ kṛtvā odanaṃ gataḥ "having had enough rice, he went" — alam means "enough". The three sūtras from SK 763 concern the root kṛ by their nature.

SK 766 · अन्तरपरिग्रहे · antar aparigrahe (A 1.4.65)

अन्तरपरिग्रहे

antaraparigrahe · A 1.4.65

अन्तर्हत्य । मध्ये हत्वेत्यर्थः । अपरिग्रहे किम् । अन्तर्हत्वा गतः । हतं परिगृह्य गत इत्यर्थः ॥

Rule. antar "within" is gati when non-acceptance is meant.

Example.

antar hatvā "having struck in the middle" → antarhatya.

Applies when / blocked by. Not antarhatvā gataḥ "he went having taken up what was struck" — acceptance is meant, so ktvā stays.

SK 767 · कणेमनसी श्रद्धाप्रतीघाते · kaṇemanasī śraddhāpratīghāte (A 1.4.66)

कणेमनसी श्रद्धाप्रतीघाते

kaṇemanasī śraddhāpratīghāte · A 1.4.66

कणेहत्य पयः पिबति । मनोहत्य । कणेशब्दः सप्तमीप्रतिरूपको निपातऽभिलाषातिशये वर्तते । मनः शब्दोऽप्यत्रैव ॥

Rule. kaṇe and manas are gati in the sense of satisfying an intense craving. kaṇe is a particle that looks like a locative.

Example.

kaṇehatya payaḥ pibati "he drinks milk to his heart's content"; manohatya.

SK 768 · पुरोऽव्ययम् · puro 'vyayam (A 1.4.67)

पुरोऽव्ययम्

puro'vyayam · A 1.4.67

पुरस्कृत्य ॥

Rule. puras "in front", when it is an indeclinable, is gati.

Example.

puraḥ kṛtvā "having placed in front" → puraskṛtya.

SK 769 · अस्तं च · astaṃ ca (A 1.4.68)

अस्तं च

astaṃ ca · A 1.4.68

अस्तमिति मान्तमव्ययं गतिसंज्ञं स्यात् ॥ अस्तंगत्य ॥

Rule. And astam, an indeclinable ending in m, is gati.

Example.

astaṃ gatvā "having set" → astaṃgatya.

SK 770 · अच्छ गत्यर्थवदेषु · accha gatyarthavadeṣu (A 1.4.69)

अच्छ गत्यर्थवदेषु

accha gatyarthavadeṣu · A 1.4.69

अव्ययमित्येव । अच्छगत्य । अच्छोद्य । अभिमुखं गत्वा उक्त्वा चेत्यर्थः । अव्ययं किम् । जलमच्छं गच्छति ॥

Rule. The indeclinable accha "toward" is gati before verbs of motion and before vad "speak".

Example.

accha gatvā → acchagatya "having gone toward"; acchodya "having spoken toward".

Applies when / blocked by. Not jalam acchaṃ gacchati "clear water flows" — there accha is an adjective.

SK 771 · अदोऽनुपदेशे · ado 'nupadeśe (A 1.4.70)

अदोऽनुपदेशे

ado'nupadeśe · A 1.4.70

अदःकृत्य अदःकृतम् । परं प्रत्युपदेशे प्रत्युदाहरणम् । अदः कृत्वा ॥

Rule. adas "that" is gati when it is not an instruction to someone else.

Example.

adaḥkṛtya; adaḥkṛtam.

Applies when / blocked by. Not adaḥ kṛtvā when one is instructing another.

SK 772 · तिरोऽन्तर्द्धौ · tiro 'ntardhau (A 1.4.71)

तिरोऽन्तर्द्धौ

tiro'ntarddhau · A 1.4.71

तिरोभूय ॥

Rule. tiras is gati in the sense of disappearance.

Example.

tiro bhūtvā "having vanished" → tirobhūya.

SK 773 · विभाषा कृञि · vibhāṣā kṛñi (A 1.4.72)

विभाषा कृञि

vibhāṣā kṛñi · A 1.4.72

तिरस्कृत्य । तिर≍कृत्य । तिरः कृत्वा ॥

Rule. tiras (carried forward) is optionally gati before the root kṛ.

Example.

tiraḥ kṛtvā "having scorned" → tiras gati → compound, lyap → tiraskṛtya (visarga, the final breath-sound written ḥ, → s) or tiraḫkṛtya (visarga → jihvāmūlīya, the throat-sound ḫ heard before k); or not gati → tiraḥ kṛtvā, two words.

SK 774 · उपाजेऽन्वाजे · upāje 'nvāje (A 1.4.73)

उपाजेऽन्वाजे

upāje'nvāje · A 1.4.73

एतौ कृञि वा गतिसंज्ञौ स्तः । उपाजेकृत्य । उपाजेकृत्वा । अन्वाजेकृत्य । अन्वाजेकृत्वा । दुर्बलस्य बलमाधायेत्यर्थः ॥

Rule. upāje and anvāje are optionally gati before kṛ. Both mean "lending strength to the weak".

Example.

upājekṛtya or upāje kṛtvā; anvājekṛtya or anvāje kṛtvā.

SK 775 · साक्षात्प्रभृतीनि च · sākṣātprabhṛtīni ca (A 1.4.74)

साक्षात्प्रभृतीनि च

sākṣātprabhṛtīni ca · A 1.4.74

कृञि वा गतिसंज्ञानि स्युः ।

च्व्यर्थ इति वाच्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ साक्षात्कृत्य । साक्षात्कृत्वा । लवणंकृत्य । लवणं कृत्वा । मान्तत्वं निपातनात् ॥

Rule. And sākṣāt "before the eyes" and the rest of its list are optionally gati before kṛ. A vārttika adds: in the cvi sense, becoming what one was not.

Example.

sākṣātkṛtya or sākṣāt kṛtvā "having made manifest"; lavaṇaṃkṛtya or lavaṇaṃ kṛtvā "having made salty" — the final m of lavaṇam is laid down ready-made.

SK 776 · अनत्याधान उरसिमनसी · anatyādhāna urasimanasī (A 1.4.75)

अनत्याधान उरसिमनसी

anatyādhāna urasimanasī · A 1.4.75

उरसिकृत्य । उरसि कृत्वा । अभ्युपगम्येत्यर्थः । मनसिकृत्य । मनसि कृत्वा । निश्चित्येत्यर्थः । अत्याधानमुपश्लेषणं तत्र न । उरसि कृत्वा पाणिं शेते ॥

Rule. urasi "on the chest" and manasi "in the mind" are optionally gati before kṛ when no actual placing (atyādhāna, physical contact) is meant.

Example.

urasikṛtya or urasi kṛtvā "having accepted"; manasikṛtya or manasi kṛtvā "having resolved".

Applies when / blocked by. Not urasi kṛtvā pāṇiṃ śete "he lies with his hand placed on his chest" — actual contact.

SK 777 · मध्ये पदे निवचने च · madhye pade nivacane ca (A 1.4.76)

मध्ये पदे निवचने च

madhye pade nivacane ca · A 1.4.76

एते कृञि वा गतिसंज्ञाः स्युरनत्याधाने । मध्येकृत्य । मध्ये कृत्वा । पदेकृत्य । पदे कृत्वा । निवचनेकृत्य । निवचने कृत्वा । वाचं नियम्येत्यर्थः ॥

Rule. madhye "in the middle", pade "in place", nivacane "in silence" are optionally gati before kṛ, when no actual placing is meant.

Example.

madhyekṛtya or madhye kṛtvā; padekṛtya or pade kṛtvā; nivacanekṛtya or nivacane kṛtvā "having restrained speech".

SK 778 · नित्यं हस्ते पाणावुपयमने · nityaṃ haste pāṇāv upayamane (A 1.4.77)

नित्यं हस्ते पाणावुपयमने

nityaṃ haste pāṇāvupayamane · A 1.4.77

कृञि । उपयमनं विवाहः । स्वीकारमात्रमित्यन्ये । हस्तेकृत्य । पाणौकृत्य ॥

Rule. haste and pāṇau "in the hand" are obligatorily gati before kṛ when marriage (upayamana) is meant. Some take upayamana as mere taking.

Example.

hastekṛtya, pāṇaukṛtya "having married".

SK 779 · प्राध्वं बन्धने · prādhvaṃ bandhane (A 1.4.78)

प्राध्वं बन्धने

prādhvaṃ bandhane · A 1.4.78

प्राध्वमित्यव्ययम् । प्राध्वंकृत्य । बन्धनेनानुकूल्यं कृत्वेत्यर्थः । प्रार्थनादिना त्वानुकूल्यकरणे । प्राध्वं कृत्वा ॥

Rule. The indeclinable prādhvam is gati when compliance is brought about by binding.

Example.

prādhvaṃkṛtya "having made compliant by binding".

Applies when / blocked by. When the compliance is won by request, two words: prādhvaṃ kṛtvā.

SK 780 · जीविकोपनिषदावौपम्ये · jīvikopaniṣadāv aupamye (A 1.4.79)

जीविकोपनिषदावौपम्ये

jīvikopaniṣadāvaupamye · A 1.4.79

जीविकामिव कृत्वा जीविकाकृत्य । उपनिषदमिव कृत्वा उपनिषत्कृत्य । औपम्ये किम् । जीविकां कृत्वा । प्रादिग्रहणमगत्यर्थम् । सुपुरुषः । अत्र वार्तिकानि ।

प्रादयो गताद्यर्थे प्रथमया

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ प्रगत आचार्यः प्राचार्यः ।

अत्यादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे द्वितीयया

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ अतिक्रान्तो मालामतिमालः ।

अवादयः क्रुष्टाद्यर्थे तृतीयया

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ अवक्रुष्टः कोकिलया अवकोकिलः ।

पर्यादयो ग्लानाद्यर्थे चतुर्थ्या

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ परिग्लानोऽध्ययनाय पर्यध्ययनः ।

निरादयः क्रान्ताद्यर्थे पञ्चम्या

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ निष्क्रान्तः कौशाम्ब्या निष्कशाम्बिः ।

कर्मप्रवचनीयानां प्रतिषेधः

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ वृक्षं प्रति ॥

Rule. jīvikā "livelihood" and upaniṣad are gati before kṛ in the sense of comparison.

Example.

jīvikām iva kṛtvā "having treated as if it were his livelihood" → jīvikākṛtya; upaniṣadam iva kṛtvā → upaniṣatkṛtya.

Applies when / blocked by. Not jīvikāṃ kṛtvā "having made a living" — literal. The mention of prādi in SK 761 is for the non-gati use: supuruṣaḥ. Vārttikas let the prādi compound with a case-word: with a nominative in the sense "gone" — pragata ācāryaḥ → prācāryaḥ; with an accusative, "surpassed" — atikrānto mālām → atimālaḥ; with an instrumental, "called to" — avakruṣṭaḥ kokilayā → avakokilaḥ; with a dative, "wearied" — pariglāno 'dhyayanāya → paryadhyayanaḥ; with an ablative, "gone out" — niṣkrāntaḥ kauśāmbyāḥ → niṣkauśāmbiḥ. The karma-pravacanīya particles are excluded: vṛkṣaṃ prati "toward the tree" stays two words.

L. upapada-samāsa — running example: `kumbhaṃ karoti → kumbhakāraḥ`

Many kṛt affixes are taught with a condition such as "when an object is present": karmaṇy aṇ says that aṇ is added to a root when a word for its object stands beside it. That side-word, named in the locative in the rule, is the upapada, and it must compound with the kṛt-word. The running example is kumbhaṃ karoti "he makes pots" → kumbhakāraḥ "pot-maker".

SK 781 · तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम् · tatropapadaṃ saptamīstham (A 3.1.92)

तत्रोपपदं सप्तमीस्थम्

tatropapadaṃ saptamīstham · A 3.1.92

सप्तम्यन्ते पदे कर्मणि - SK 2913 इत्यादौ वाच्यत्वेन स्थितं कुम्भादि तद्वाचकं पदमुपपदसंज्ञं स्यात्तस्मिंश्च सत्येव वक्ष्यमाणः प्रत्ययः ॥

Rule. In the section of kṛt affixes, the word that a rule names in the locative — such as kumbha, the object of karmaṇy aṇ (SK 2913) — is called upapada, and the affix applies only when that upapada is present.

Example.

kumbhaṃ karoti → kumbha is the object named by karmaṇi → kumbha is the upapada of the affix aṇ → kumbhakāraḥ.

SK 782 · उपपदमतिङ् · upapadam atiṅ (A 2.2.19)

उपपदमतिङ्

upapadamatiṅ · A 2.2.19

उपपदं सुबन्तं समर्थेन नित्यं समस्यते । अतिङन्तश्चायं समासः । कुम्भं करोतीति कुम्भकारः । इह कुम्भ अस् कार इत्यलौकिकं प्रक्रियावाक्यम् । अतिङ् किम् । मा भवान् भूत् । माङि लुङ् SK 1219 इति सप्तमीनिर्देशान्माङुपपदम् । अतिङ्ग्रहणं ज्ञापयति सुपेत्येन्नेहानुवर्तत इति । पूर्वसूत्रेऽपि गतिग्रहणं पृथक्कृत्यातिङ्ग्रहणं तत्रापकृष्यते । सुपेति च निवृत्तम् । तथा च [(परिभाषा - ) गतिकारकोपपदानां कृद्भिः सह समासवचनं प्राक्सुबुत्पत्तेः] इति सिद्धम् ॥ व्याघ्री । अश्वक्रीती । कच्छपी ॥

Rule. An upapada that is a subanta compounds obligatorily with its connected word, and the compound does not end in a finite verb (atiṅ).

Example.

kumbhaṃ karoti → the technical string is kumbha as kāra (the ending inside is the genitive as, Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explain) → compound → kumbhakāraḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not mā bhavān bhūt "may your honour not …" — māṅ is an upapada by the locative in māṅi luṅ (SK 1219), but bhūt is a finite verb. The word atiṅ shows that sup is not carried into this rule, and it is drawn back into SK 761 as well. Hence the paribhāṣā: the compounding of a gati, a kāraka or an upapada with a kṛt-word is stated before the case-ending arises (prāk sub-utpatteḥ); this is what gives vyāghrī, aśvakrītī, kacchapī their feminine form on the compound as a whole.

SK 783 · अमैवाव्ययेन · amaivāvyayena (A 2.2.20)

अमैवाव्ययेन

amaivāvyayena · A 2.2.20

अमैव तुल्यविधानं यदुपपदं तदेवाव्ययेन सह समस्यते । स्वादुंकारम् । नेह ॥ कालसमयवेलासु तुमुन् SK 3179 ॥ कालः समयो वेला वा भोक्तुम् । अमैवेति किम् । अग्रे भोजम् । अग्रे भुक्त्वा । विभाषाऽग्रेप्रथमपूर्वेष्विति क्त्वाणमुलौ । अमा चान्येन च तुल्यविधानमेतत् ॥

Rule. Only an upapada that is provided with the affix am alone (the absolutive affix ṇamul) compounds with an indeclinable.

Example.

svāduṃkāram "making it sweet" — svādu is an upapada named by a rule that gives ṇamul alone, so it compounds with the indeclinable.

Applies when / blocked by. Not kālaḥ samayo velā vā bhoktum "it is time to eat" — here the affix is tumun (by kālasamayavelāsu tumun, SK 3179), not am. Not agre bhojam / agre bhuktvā — agre is provided with ktvā and ṇamul alike, not with am alone.

SK 784 · तृतीयाप्रभृतीन्यन्यतरस्याम् · tṛtīyāprabhṛtīny anyatarasyām (A 2.2.21)

तृतीयाप्रभृतीन्यन्यतरस्याम्

tṛtīyāprabhṛtīnyanyatarasyām · A 2.2.21

उपदंशस्तृतीयायाम् SK 3368 इत्यादीन्युपपदान्यमन्तेनाव्ययेन सह वा समस्यन्ते । मूलकेनोपदंशं भुङ्क्ते । मूलकोपदंशम् ॥

Rule. The upapadas from the rule upadaṃśas tṛtīyāyām (SK 3368) onward compound optionally with an indeclinable ending in am.

Example.

mūlakena upadaṃśaṃ bhuṅkte "he eats with radish as relish" → mūlakopadaṃśam bhuṅkte, or uncompounded.

SK 785 · क्त्वा च · ktvā ca (A 2.2.22)

क्त्वा च

ktvā ca · A 2.2.22

तृतीयाप्रभृतीन्युपपदानि क्त्वान्तेन सह वा समस्यन्ते । उच्चैः कृत्य । उच्चैः कृत्वा । अव्ययेऽयथाभिप्रेत - SK 3381 इति क्त्वा । तृतीयाप्रभृतीनीति किम् । अलं कृत्वा । खलु कृत्वा ॥

Rule. And those same upapadas (from tṛtīyā onward) compound optionally with a word ending in ktvā.

Example.

uccaiḥ kṛtvā "having done loudly" → uccaiḥkṛtya or uccaiḥ kṛtvā (the ktvā here is by SK 3381).

Applies when / blocked by. Not alaṃ kṛtvā, khalu kṛtvā — these upapadas come earlier than tṛtīyā in the list.

M. samāsānta affixes I — aC/ṭaC/ṭac on aṅguli, rātri, ahan, and the ahan-substitute apparatus — running example: `ahaś ca rātriś ca → ahorātraḥ`; `ahno madhyam → madhyāhnaḥ`

A samāsānta affix is added at the end of a compound and counts as part of it. Here the tatpuruṣa receives aC (an a with marker c) after aṅguli and rātri, and ṭac (an a with markers ṭ and c) after rājan, ahan, sakhi. Around ahan "day" a small apparatus grows: its ṭi drops only before ṭa and kha; after sarva and the like it becomes ahna; the n of ahna becomes ṇ after an r; and the substitute is withheld after a numeral in the aggregate sense and after uttama and eka.

SK 786 · तत्पुरुषस्याङ्गुलेः संख्याव्ययादेः · tatpuruṣasyāṅguleḥ saṃkhyāvyayādeḥ (A 5.4.86)

तत्पुरुषस्याङ्गुलेः संख्याव्ययादेः

tatpuruṣasyāṅguleḥ saṃkhyāvyayādeḥ · A 5.4.86

संख्याव्ययादेरङ्गुल्यन्तस्य तत्पुरुषस्य समासान्तोऽच् स्यात् । द्वे अङ्गुली प्रमाणमस्य द्व्यङ्गुलं दारु । निर्गतमङ्गुलिभ्यो निरङ्गुलम् ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in aṅguli "finger" and beginning with a numeral or an indeclinable takes the compound-ending affix aC.

Example.

dve aṅgulī pramāṇam asya "measuring two fingers" → dvi + aṅguli → aC → dvyaṅgulaṃ dāru "a two-finger piece of wood".

nirgatam aṅgulibhyaḥ → nir + aṅguli → aC → niraṅgulam.

SK 787 · अहस्सर्वैकदेशसंख्यातपुण्याच्च रात्रेः · ahassarvaikadeśasaṃkhyātapuṇyāc ca rātreḥ (A 5.4.87)

अहस्सर्वैकदेशसंख्यातपुण्याच्च रात्रेः

ahassarvaikadeśasaṃkhyātapuṇyācca rātreḥ · A 5.4.87

एभ्यो रात्रेरच् स्याच्चात्संख्याव्ययादेः ।

अहर्ग्रहणं द्वन्द्वार्थम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ अहश्च रात्रिश्चाहोरात्रः । सर्वा रात्रिः सर्वरात्रः । पूर्वं रात्रेः पूर्वरात्रः । संख्यातरात्रः । पुण्यरात्रः । द्वयोः रात्र्योः समाहारो द्विरात्रम् । अतिक्रान्तो रात्रिमतिरात्रः ॥

Rule. After ahar "day", sarva "whole", a part-word (ekadeśa), saṃkhyāta "counted" and puṇya "auspicious", a compound ending in rātri "night" takes aC; by ca, so does one beginning with a numeral or an indeclinable. A vārttika: ahar is mentioned for the dvandva.

Example.

ahaś ca rātriś ca → ahar + rātri → aC → ahorātraḥ "day and night".

sarvā rātriḥ → sarvarātraḥ; pūrvaṃ rātreḥ → pūrvarātraḥ; saṃkhyātarātraḥ; puṇyarātraḥ; dvayo rātryoḥ samāhāraḥ → dvirātram; atikrānto rātrim → atirātraḥ.

SK 788 · राजाहस्सखिभ्यष्टच् · rājāhassakhibhyaṣ ṭac (A 5.4.91)

राजाहस्सखिभ्यष्टच्

rājāhassakhibhyaṣṭac · A 5.4.91

एतदन्तात्तत्पुरुषाट्टच् स्यात् । परमराजः । अतिराजी । कृष्णसखः ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in rājan, ahan or sakhi takes the compound-ending affix ṭac.

Example.

paramaś cāsau rājā ca → parama + rājan → ṭac → the ṭi of rājan drops → paramarājaḥ.

kṛṣṇasya sakhā → kṛṣṇa + sakhi → ṭac → the i of sakhi drops → kṛṣṇasakhaḥ.

With ahan: madhyāhnaḥ, see SK 790.

SK 789 · अह्नष्टखोरेव · ahnaṣ ṭakhor eva (A 6.4.145)

अह्नष्टखोरेव

ahnaṣṭakhoreva · A 6.4.145

टिलोपः स्यान्नान्यत्र । उत्तमाहः । द्वे अहनी भृतो द्व्यहीनः क्रतुः । तद्धितार्थे द्विगुः । तमधीष्टः - SK 1744 इत्यधिकारे द्विगोर्वेत्यनुवृत्तौ रात्र्यहः संवत्सराच् SK 1751 इति खः । लिङ्गविशिष्टपरिभाषाया अनित्यत्वान्नेह । मद्राणां राज्ञी मद्रराज्ञी ॥

Rule. The ṭi of ahan is elided only before ṭa (the ṭac just taught) and kha, nowhere else.

Example.

uttamam ahaḥ → uttama + ahan → ṭac → ṭi-elision → uttamāhaḥ.

dve ahanī bhṛtaḥ "hired for two days" → a dvigu in a taddhita-sense → kha by SK 1751 → ṭi-elision → dvyahīnaḥ kratuḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not madrāṇāṃ rājñī → madrarājñī: the reading that lets a stem stand for its feminine is not constant, so the feminine rājñī is not treated as rājan here.

SK 790 · अह्नोऽह्न एतेभ्यः · ahno 'hna etebhyaḥ (A 5.4.88)

अह्नोऽह्न एतेभ्यः

ahno'hna etebhyaḥ · A 5.4.88

सर्वादिभ्यः परस्याहन्शब्दस्याह्नादेशः स्यात्समासान्ते परे ॥

Rule. After sarva and the other words of SK 787, ahan is replaced by ahna when a compound-ending affix follows.

Example.

ahno madhyam → madhya + ahan → ṭac by SK 788 → ahan → ahna → madhyāhnaḥ "midday"; sāyāhnaḥ; dvyahnajātaḥ (SK 716).

SK 791 · अह्नोऽदन्तात् · ahno 'dantāt (A 8.4.7)

अह्नोऽदन्तात्

ahno'dantāt · A 8.4.7

अदन्तपूर्वपदस्थाद्रेफात्परस्यऽह्नादेशस्य नस्य णः स्यात् । सर्वाह्णः । पूर्वाह्णः । संख्याताह्नः । द्वयोरह्नोर्भवः ॥ कालाट्ठज्ञ् SK 1381 ॥ द्विगोर्लुगनपत्य SK 1080 इति ठञो लुक् । द्व्यह्नः । स्त्रियामदन्तत्वाट्टाप् । द्वयह्ना । द्व्यह्नप्रियः । अत्यह्नः ॥

Rule. The n of the substitute ahna becomes ṇ after an r standing in a first member that ends in a.

Example.

sarvam ahaḥ → sarva + ahna → the r of sarva → sarvāhṇaḥ; pūrvāhṇaḥ "forenoon".

dvayor ahnor bhavaḥ → the taddhita ṭhañ (SK 1381) is elided by luk (SK 1080) → dvyahnaḥ; feminine dvyahnā (with ṭāp, the stem ending in a); dvyahnapriyaḥ; atyahnaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not saṃkhyātāhnaḥ — no r.

SK 792 · क्षुभ्नाऽऽदिषु च · kṣubhnādiṣu ca (A 8.4.39)

क्षुभ्नाऽऽदिषु च

kṣubhnā''diṣu ca · A 8.4.39

एषु णत्वं न स्यात् । दीर्घाह्नी प्रावृट् । एवं चैतदर्थमह्न इत्यदन्तानुकरणक्लेशो न कर्तव्यः । प्रातिपदिकान्त - SK 1055 इति णत्ववारणाय क्षुभ्नादिषु पाठस्यावश्यकत्वात् । अदन्तादिति तपकरणान्नेह । परगतमहः पराह्नः ॥

Rule. And in the kṣubhnādi list of words there is no change of n to ṇ. ahna stands in that list.

Example.

dīrghāṇy ahāni asyāḥ → dīrghāhnī prāvṛṭ "a monsoon of long days" — no ṇ.

Applies when / blocked by. Because ahna must be in this list anyway (to ward off the ṇ that SK 1055 would give), one need not treat ahna as an artificial a-ending word. The t after adanta in SK 791 shows the first member must end in exactly a, so paragatam ahaḥ → parāhnaḥ "afternoon" has no ṇ.

SK 793 · न संख्यादेः समाहारे · na saṃkhyādeḥ samāhāre (A 5.4.89)

न संख्यादेः समाहारे

na saṃkhyādeḥ samāhāre · A 5.4.89

समाहारे वर्तमानस्य संख्यादेरह्नादेशो न स्यात् । संख्यादेरिति स्पष्टार्थम् । द्व्योरह्नोः समाहारो द्व्यहः । त्र्यहः ॥

Rule. The substitute ahna does not apply to a compound beginning with a numeral in the aggregate sense.

Example.

dvayor ahnoḥ samāhāraḥ → dvi + ahan → ṭac → no ahna → dvyahaḥ "a two-day period"; tryahaḥ.

SK 794 · उत्तमैकाभ्यां च · uttamaikābhyāṃ ca (A 5.4.90)

उत्तमैकाभ्यां च

uttamaikābhyāṃ ca · A 5.4.90

आभ्यामह्नादेशो न । उत्तमशब्दोऽन्त्यार्थः । पुण्यशब्दमाह । पुण्यैकाभ्यामित्येव सूत्रयितुमुचितम् । पुण्याहम् । सुदिनाहम् । सुदिनशब्दः प्रशस्तवाची । एकाहः । उत्तमग्रहणमुपान्त्यस्यापि संग्रहार्थमित्येके । संख्याताहः ॥

Rule. And after uttama and eka the substitute ahna does not apply. uttama here means "the last item" of the list in SK 787, namely puṇya; Bhaṭṭoji remarks the sūtra might as well have said puṇyaikābhyām.

Example.

puṇyam ahaḥ → puṇyāham "an auspicious day"; sudināham (sudina also means "excellent"); ekāhaḥ "one day".

Applies when / blocked by. Some take uttama to include the next-to-last item too: saṃkhyātāhaḥ.

N. samāsānta affixes II — ṭaC/ṭac after uras, an-stems, takṣan, śvan, sakthi, nau, khārī, añjali, brahman — running example: `aśvānām ura iva → aśvorasam`; `grāmasya takṣā → grāmatakṣaḥ`

The compound-ending ṭaC continues, now keyed to particular final members and particular senses: uras meaning "chief", stems in an in a class or name sense, takṣan, śvan, sakthi, nau, khārī, añjali, brahman.

SK 795 · अग्राख्यायामुरसः · agrākhyāyām urasaḥ (A 5.4.93)

अग्राख्यायामुरसः

agrākhyāyāmurasaḥ · A 5.4.93

टच् स्यात् । अश्वानामुर इव अश्वोरसम् । मुख्योऽश्व इत्यर्थः ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in uras "chest" takes ṭaC when it means "chief".

Example.

aśvānām ura iva "the chest, as it were, of the horses" → aśva + uras → ṭaC → aśvorasam "the chief horse".

SK 796 · अनोऽश्मायस्सरसाम् जातिसंज्ञयोः · ano 'śmāyassarasāṃ jātisaṃjñayoḥ (A 5.4.94)

अनोऽश्मायस्सरसाम् जातिसंज्ञयोः

ano'śmāyassarasām jātisaṃjñayoḥ · A 5.4.94

टच्स्याज्जातौ संज्ञायां च । उपानसम् । अमृताश्मः । कालायसम् । मण्डूकसरसमिति जातिः । महानसम् । पिण्डाश्मः । लोहितायसम् । जलसरसमिति संज्ञा ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in a stem in an, or in aśman "stone", ayas "iron", saras "lake", takes ṭaC when it denotes a class or a proper name.

Example.

Class: upānasam, amṛtāśmaḥ, kālāyasam "black iron", maṇḍūkasarasam.

Name: mahānasam "kitchen", piṇḍāśmaḥ, lohitāyasam "copper", jalasarasam.

SK 797 · ग्रामकौटाभ्यां च तक्ष्णः · grāmakauṭābhyāṃ ca takṣṇaḥ (A 5.4.95)

ग्रामकौटाभ्यां च तक्ष्णः

grāmakauṭābhyāṃ ca takṣṇaḥ · A 5.4.95

ग्रामस्य तक्षा ग्रामतक्षः । साधारण इत्यर्थः । कुट्यां भवः कौटः स्वतन्त्रः स चासौ तक्षा च कौटतक्षः ॥

Rule. And takṣan "carpenter" after grāma and kauṭa takes ṭaC.

Example.

grāmasya takṣā "the village carpenter" (a communal one) → grāmatakṣaḥ.

kauṭaś cāsau takṣā ca (an independent one, from kuṭī) → kauṭatakṣaḥ.

SK 798 · अतेः शुनः · ateḥ śunaḥ (A 5.4.96)

अतेः शुनः

ateḥ śunaḥ · A 5.4.96

अतिश्वो वराहः । अतिश्वी सेना ॥

Rule. śvan "dog" after ati takes ṭaC.

Example.

atiśvo varāhaḥ "a boar that outdoes a dog"; atiśvī senā "an army baser than a dog".

SK 799 · उपमानादप्राणिषु · upamānād aprāṇiṣu (A 5.4.97)

उपमानादप्राणिषु

upamānādaprāṇiṣu · A 5.4.97

अप्राणिविषयकोपमानवाचिनः शुनष्टच्स्यात् । आकर्षः श्वेव आकर्षश्वः । अप्राणिषु किम् । वानरः श्वेव वानरश्वा ॥

Rule. śvan after a standard of comparison takes ṭaC when the standard is a non-living thing.

Example.

ākarṣaḥ śva iva "a dog like a magnet" → ākarṣaśvaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not vānaraḥ śva iva → vānaraśvā — a monkey is living, so the stem stays śvan.

SK 800 · उत्तरमृगपूर्वाच्च सक्थ्नः · uttaramṛgapūrvāc ca sakthnaḥ (A 5.4.98)

उत्तरमृगपूर्वाच्च सक्थ्नः

uttaramṛgapūrvācca sakthnaḥ · A 5.4.98

चादुपमानात् । उत्तरसक्थम् । मृगसक्थम् । पूर्वसक्थम् । फलकमिव सक्थि फलकसक्थम् ॥

Rule. And sakthi "thigh" after uttara, mṛga, pūrva — and, by ca, after a standard of comparison — takes ṭac.

Example.

uttarasaktham, mṛgasaktham "deer's thigh", pūrvasaktham; phalakam iva sakthi → phalakasaktham "a plank-like thigh".

SK 801 · नावो द्विगोः · nāvo dvigoḥ (A 5.4.99)

नावो द्विगोः

nāvo dvigoḥ · A 5.4.99

नौशब्दान्ताद्द्विगोष्टच् स्यान्न तु तद्धितलुकि । द्वाभ्यां नौभ्यामागतः द्विनावरूप्यः । द्विगोर्लुगनपत्ये SK 1080 इत्यत्र अचीत्यस्यापकर्षणाद्धलादेर्न लुक् । पञ्चनावप्रियः । द्विनावम् । त्रिनावम् । अतद्धितलुकीति किम् । पञ्चभिर्नौभिः क्रीतः पञ्चनौः ॥

Rule. A dvigu ending in nau "boat" takes ṭac, but not when a taddhita has been elided by luk.

Example.

dvābhyāṃ naubhyām āgataḥ "come by two boats" → dvi + nau → ṭac → dvināvarūpyaḥ (the taddhita rūpya begins with a consonant, so SK 1080 does not elide it); pañcanāvapriyaḥ; dvināvam, trināvam.

Applies when / blocked by. Not pañcabhir naubhiḥ krītaḥ → pañcanauḥ "bought for five boats" — the taddhita is elided, so no ṭac.

SK 802 · अर्धाच्च · ardhāc ca (A 5.4.100)

अर्धाच्च

ardhācca · A 5.4.100

अर्धान्नावष्टच् स्यात् । नावोऽर्धम् । अर्धनावम् । क्लीबत्वं लोकात् ॥

Rule. And nau after ardha takes ṭaC.

Example.

nāvo 'rdham "half a boat" → ardhanāvam — neuter, by usage.

SK 803 · खार्याः प्राचाम् · khāryāḥ prācām (A 5.4.101)

खार्याः प्राचाम्

khāryāḥ prācām · A 5.4.101

द्विगोरर्धाच्च खार्याष्टज्वा स्यात् । द्विखारम् । द्विखारि । अर्धखारम् । अर्धखारि ॥

Rule. A dvigu, or a compound with ardha, ending in khārī (a measure) optionally takes ṭac — "according to the eastern grammarians".

Example.

dvikhāram or dvikhāri; ardhakhāram or ardhakhāri.

SK 804 · द्वित्रिभ्यामञ्जलेः · dvitribhyām añjaleḥ (A 5.4.102)

द्वित्रिभ्यामञ्जलेः

dvitribhyāmañjaleḥ · A 5.4.102

टज्वा स्याद् द्विगौ । द्व्यञ्जलम् । द्व्यञ्जलि । अतद्धितलुकीत्येव । द्वाभ्यामञ्जलिभ्यां क्रीतो द्व्यञ्जलिः ॥

Rule. A dvigu with añjali "handful" after dvi or tri optionally takes ṭaC; "not under taddhita-luk" still holds.

Example.

dvyañjalam or dvyañjali.

Applies when / blocked by. Not dvābhyām añjalibhyāṃ krītaḥ → dvyañjaliḥ — taddhita-luk.

SK 805 · ब्रह्मणो जानपदाख्यायाम् · brahmaṇo jānapadākhyāyām (A 5.4.104)

ब्रह्मणो जानपदाख्यायाम्

brahmaṇo jānapadākhyāyām · A 5.4.104

ब्रह्मान्तात्तत्पुरुषाट्टच् स्यात्समासेन जानपदत्वमाख्यायते चेत् । सुराष्ट्रे ब्रह्मा सुराष्ट्रब्रह्मः ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in brahman takes ṭaC when the compound expresses belonging to a region.

Example.

surāṣṭre brahmā "a brahman of Surāṣṭra" → surāṣṭrabrahmaḥ.

SK 806 · कुमहद्भ्यामन्यतरस्याम् · kumahadbhyām anyatarasyām (A 5.4.105)

कुमहद्भ्यामन्यतरस्याम्

kumahadbhyāmanyatarasyām · A 5.4.105

आभ्यां ब्रह्मणो वा टच् स्यात् तत्पुरुषे । कुत्सितो ब्रह्मा कुब्रह्मः । कुब्रह्मा ॥

Rule. After ku and mahat, brahman in a tatpuruṣa optionally takes ṭaC.

Example.

kutsito brahmā "a contemptible brahman" → kubrahmaḥ (with ṭaC) or kubrahmā (without); likewise mahābrahmaḥ / mahābrahmā (SK 807).

O. uttarapada operations — mahat → mahā and the numeral sandhi (dvi/tri/aṣṭan) — running example: `mahat + devaḥ → mahādevaḥ`; `dvi + daśa → dvādaśa`

Once a compound is formed, a few first members change shape before the second. mahat ends in ā before a co-referential member and before jātīya; dvi and aṣṭan end in ā and tri becomes trayas before a numeral below a hundred; and in "nineteen" the negative keeps its n and eka takes an augment.

SK 807 · आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः · ān mahataḥ samānādhikaraṇajātīyayoḥ (A 6.3.46)

आन्महतः समानाधिकरणजातीययोः

ānmahataḥ samānādhikaraṇajātīyayoḥ · A 6.3.46

महत आकारोऽन्तादेशः स्यात्समानाधिकरणे उत्तरपदे जातीये च परे । महाब्रह्मः । महाब्रह्मा । महादेवः । महाजातीयः । समानाधिकरणे किम् । महतः सेवा महत्सेवा । लाक्षणिकं विहाय प्रतिपदोक्तः सन्महत् SK 740 इति समासोऽत्र ग्रहीष्यते इति चेत्, महाबाहुर्न स्यात् । तस्मात् [(परिभाषा - ) लक्षणप्रतिपदोक्तयोः प्रतिपदोक्तस्य] इति परिभाषा नेह प्रवर्तते । समानाधिकरणग्रहणसामर्थ्यात् । आदिति योगविभागादात्वम् । प्रागेकादशभ्यः SK 1995 इति निर्देशाद्वा । एकादश । महतीशब्दस्य पुंवत्कर्मधारय SK 746 इति पुंवद्भावे कृते आत्त्वम् । महाजातीया ।

महदात्त्वे घासकरविशिष्टेषूपसंख्यानं पुंवद्भावश्च

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ असामानाधिकरण्यार्थमिदम् । महतो महत्या वा घासो महाघासः । महाकरः । महाविशिष्टः ।

अष्टनः कपाले हविषि

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ अष्टाकपालः ।

गवि च युक्ते

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ गोशब्दे परे युक्त इत्यर्थे गम्येऽष्टन आत्त्वं वक्तव्यमित्यर्थः ॥ अष्टागवं शकटम् । अच्प्रत्यन्वव SK 943 इत्यत्राजिति योगविभागाद्बहुव्रीहावप्यच् । अष्टानां गवां समाहारः अष्टगवम् । तद्युक्तत्वाच्छकटमष्टागवमिति वा ॥

Rule. The final of mahat "great" is replaced by ā when a co-referential second member follows, and before jātīya.

Example.

mahān devaḥ → mahat + deva → final t → ā → mahādevaḥ.

mahābrahmaḥ / mahābrahmā; mahājātīyaḥ.

mahatī jātīyā → masculine form by SK 746 → mahat → mahājātīyā.

Applies when / blocked by. Not mahataḥ sevā → mahatsevā "service of a great one" — a genitive compound, not co-referential. The word samānādhikaraṇa is needed so that the bahuvrīhi mahābāhuḥ "great-armed" gets the change too; the paribhāṣā preferring the specifically taught compound (SK 740) over the generally derived one does not operate here. Splitting off āt as a rule of its own (or the wording of SK 1995) gives ekādaśa "eleven". Vārttikas extend mahā to non-co-referential ghāsa, kara, viśiṣṭa — mahāghāsaḥ, mahākaraḥ, mahāviśiṣṭaḥ; give aṣṭan the ā before kapāla for an oblation — aṣṭākapālaḥ; and before go in the sense "yoked" — aṣṭāgavaṃ śakaṭam "a cart drawn by eight oxen" (the aggregate itself is aṣṭagavam).

SK 808 · द्व्यष्टनः संख्यायामबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः · dvyaṣṭanaḥ saṃkhyāyām abahuvrīhyaśītyoḥ (A 6.3.47)

द्व्यष्टनः संख्यायामबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः

dvyaṣṭanaḥ saṃkhyāyāmabahuvrīhyaśītyoḥ · A 6.3.47

आत्स्यात् । द्वौ च दश च द्वादश । द्व्यधिका दशेति वा । द्वाविंशतिः । अष्टादश । अष्टाविंशतिः । अबहुव्रीह्यशीत्योः किम् । द्वित्राः । द्व्यशीतिः ।

प्राक्शतादिति वक्तव्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ नेह । द्विशतम् । द्विसहस्त्रम् ॥

Rule. The final of dvi and of aṣṭan is replaced by ā when a numeral follows, except in a bahuvrīhi and except before aśīti "eighty". A vārttika: only before numerals below śata "hundred".

Example.

dvau ca daśa ca → dvi + daśa → dvādaśa "twelve"; dvāviṃśatiḥ "twenty-two"; aṣṭādaśa "eighteen"; aṣṭāviṃśatiḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not dvitrāḥ "two or three" (bahuvrīhi), not dvyaśītiḥ "eighty-two", not dviśatam, dvisahasram.

SK 809 · त्रेस्त्रयः · tres trayaḥ (A 6.3.48)

त्रेस्त्रयः

trestrayaḥ · A 6.3.48

त्रिशब्दस्य त्रयस् स्यात्पूर्वविषये । त्रयोदश । त्रयोविंशतिः । बहुव्रीहौ तु त्रिर्दश त्रिदशाः । सुजर्थे बहुव्रीहिः । अशीतौ तु त्र्यशीतिः । प्राक् शतादित्येव । त्रिशतम् । त्रिसहस्त्रम् ॥

Rule. tri becomes trayas in the same domain: as first member before a numeral below a hundred, not in a bahuvrīhi, not before aśīti.

Example.

trayodaśa "thirteen"; trayoviṃśatiḥ "twenty-three".

Applies when / blocked by. Not tridaśāḥ "the thrice-ten gods" — a bahuvrīhi (with tris "thrice"); not tryaśītiḥ; not triśatam, trisahasram.

SK 810 · विभाषा चत्वारिंशत्प्रभृतौ सर्वेषाम् · vibhāṣā catvāriṃśatprabhṛtau sarveṣām (A 6.3.49)

विभाषा चत्वारिंशत्प्रभृतौ सर्वेषाम्

vibhāṣā catvāriṃśatprabhṛtau sarveṣām · A 6.3.49

द्व्यष्टनोस्त्रेश्च प्रागुक्तं वा स्याच्चत्वारिंशदादौ परे । द्विचत्वारिंशत् । द्वाचत्वारिंशत् । अष्टचत्वारिंशत् । अष्टाचत्वारिंशत् । त्रिचत्वारिंशत् । त्रयश्चत्वारिंशत् । एवं पञ्चाशत्षष्टिसप्ततिनवतिषु ॥

Rule. For all three — dvi, aṣṭan, tri — the change just taught is optional before catvāriṃśat "forty" and the following tens.

Example.

dvicatvāriṃśat or dvācatvāriṃśat; aṣṭacatvāriṃśat or aṣṭācatvāriṃśat; tricatvāriṃśat or trayaścatvāriṃśat; likewise before pañcāśat, ṣaṣṭi, saptati, navati.

SK 811 · एकादिश्चैकस्य चादुक् · ekādiś caikasya cāduk (A 6.3.76)

एकादिश्चैकस्य चादुक्

ekādiścaikasya cāduk · A 6.3.76

एकादिर्नञ्प्रकृत्या स्यादेकस्य च अदुगागमश्च । नञो विंशत्या सह समासे कृते एकशब्देन सह तृतीयेति योगविभागात्समासः । अनुनासिकविकल्पः । एकेन नविंशतिः एकान्नविंशतिः । एकाद्नविंशतिः । एकोनविंशतिरित्यर्थः ।

षष उत्त्वं दतृदशधासूत्तरपदादेः ष्टुत्वं च धासु वेति वाच्यम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ षोडन् । षोडश । षोढा । षड्धा ॥

Rule. When the compound begins with eka, the nañ keeps its n, and eka takes the augment aduk (ad). The compound of nañ with viṃśati joins eka in the instrumental by a split reading of an earlier rule; the nasal is optional.

Example.

ekena na viṃśatiḥ "twenty less one" → eka + ad + na + viṃśati → ekānnaviṃśatiḥ or ekādnaviṃśatiḥ "nineteen" (= ekonaviṃśatiḥ).

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika: ṣaṣ "six" ends in o before datṛ, daśa and dhā, and the dh of dhā optionally becomes ḍh — ṣoḍan, ṣoḍaśa "sixteen", ṣoḍhā / ṣaḍdhā "in six ways".

P. Gender and number of the finished compound, I — paravalliṅga, the masculine-only tatpuruṣas, and the number atideśas — running example: `ardhapippalī`; `ahaś ca rātriś ca → ahorātraḥ`

A finished dvandva or tatpuruṣa takes the gender of its last member — with a list of exceptions that are masculine regardless, or both masculine and neuter. Bhaṭṭoji then adds four rules on number, each an atideśa — a rule that treats one thing as if it were another: cases where one thing may be spoken of in the plural, or two things in the plural, or a plural must be a dual.

SK 812 · परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः · paravalliṅgaṃ dvandvatatpuruṣayoḥ (A 2.4.26)

परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः

paravalliṅgaṃ dvandvatatpuruṣayoḥ · A 2.4.26

एतयोः परपदस्येव लिङ्गं स्यात् । कुक्कुटमयूर्याविमे । मयूरीकुक्कुटाविमौ । अर्धपिप्पली ।

द्विगुप्राप्तापन्नालंपूर्वगतिसमासेषु प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ पञ्चसु कपालेषु संस्कृतः पञ्चकपालः पुरोडाशः । प्राप्तो जीविकां प्राप्तजीविकः । आपन्नजीविकः । अलं कुमार्यै अलंकुमारिः । अत एव ज्ञापकात्समासः । निष्कौशाम्बिः ॥

Rule. A dvandva and a tatpuruṣa take the gender of their last member (paravat).

Example.

kukkuṭaś ca mayūrī ca → last member feminine → kukkuṭamayūryāv ime "these two, a cock and a peahen".

mayūrī ca kukkuṭaś ca → mayūrīkukkuṭāv imau (masculine).

ardhaṃ pippalyāḥ → ardhapippalī (feminine, from pippalī).

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika withholds this for a dvigu, for compounds with prāpta and āpanna, with alam first, and for gati-compounds: pañcakapālaḥ puroḍāśaḥ "an oblation on five potsherds", prāptajīvikaḥ, āpannajīvikaḥ, alaṃ kumāryai → alaṃkumāriḥ "a match for a maiden" (the compound itself is known from this jñāpaka), niṣkauśāmbiḥ — all masculine.

SK 813 · पूर्ववदश्ववडवौ · pūrvavad aśvavaḍavau (A 2.4.27)

पूर्ववदश्ववडवौ

pūrvavadaśvavaḍavau · A 2.4.27

द्विवचनमतन्त्रम् । अश्ववडवौ । अश्ववडवान् । अश्ववडवैः ॥

Rule. The dvandva aśvavaḍava "horse and mare" takes the gender of its first member. The dual in the sūtra is not binding.

Example.

aśvaś ca vaḍavā ca → masculine → aśvavaḍavau, aśvavaḍavān, aśvavaḍavaiḥ.

SK 814 · रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि · rātrāhnāhāḥ puṃsi (A 2.4.29)

रात्राह्नाहाः पुंसि

rātrāhnāhāḥ puṃsi · A 2.4.29

एतदन्तौ द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषौ पुंस्येव । अनन्तरत्वात्परवल्लिङ्गतापवादोऽप्ययं परत्वात्समाहारनपुंसकतां बाधते । अहोरात्रः । रात्रेः पूर्वभागः पूर्वरात्रः । पूर्वाह्णः । द्व्यहः ॥ संङ्ख्यापूर्वं रात्रं क्लीबम् ॥ लि. SK 131 द्विरात्रम् । त्रिरात्रम् । गणरात्रम् ॥

Rule. A dvandva or tatpuruṣa ending in rātra, ahna or aha is masculine only. Being the later rule, it also overrides the neuter that an aggregate would take (SK 821).

Example.

ahorātraḥ "day and night"; pūrvarātraḥ "the early night"; pūrvāhṇaḥ; dvyahaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. A rule of the Liṅgānuśāsana (the treatise on gender, cf. SK 131) makes a rātra after a numeral neuter: dvirātram, trirātram, gaṇarātram.

SK 815 · अपथं नपुंसकम् · apathaṃ napuṃsakam (A 2.4.30)

अपथं नपुंसकम्

apathaṃ napuṃsakam · A 2.4.30

तत्पुरुषः इत्येव । अन्यत्र तु अपथो देशः । कृतसमासान्तनिर्देशान्नेह । अपन्थाः ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in apatha "bad road" is neuter.

Example.

apatham.

Applies when / blocked by. As a bahuvrīhi it is masculine: apatho deśaḥ "a trackless region". The sūtra names the form with its compound-ending affix already added, so apanthāḥ (without it) is untouched.

SK 816 · अर्धर्चाः पुंसि च · ardharcāḥ puṃsi ca (A 2.4.31)

अर्धर्चाः पुंसि च

ardharcāḥ puṃsi ca · A 2.4.31

अर्धर्चादयः शब्दाः पुंसि क्लीबे च स्युः । अर्धर्चः । अर्घर्चम् । ध्वजः । ध्वजम् । एवं तीर्थ, शरीर, मण्ड, पीयूष, देह, अङ्कुश, कलश इत्यादि ॥

Rule. The words of the ardharcādi list are masculine as well as neuter.

Example.

ardharcaḥ / ardharcam "half-verse"; dhvajaḥ / dhvajam "banner"; so too tīrtha, śarīra, maṇḍa, pīyūṣa, deha, aṅkuśa, kalaśa.

SK 817 · जात्याख्यायामेकस्मिन् बहुवचनमन्यतरस्याम् · jātyākhyāyām ekasmin bahuvacanam anyatarasyām (A 1.2.58)

जात्याख्यायामेकस्मिन् बहुवचनमन्यतरस्याम्

jātyākhyāyāmekasmin bahuvacanamanyatarasyām · A 1.2.58

एकोऽप्यर्थो वा बहुवद्भवति । ब्राह्मणाः पूज्याः । ब्राह्मणः पूज्यः ॥

Rule. When a class is named, a single thing may optionally be spoken of in the plural.

Example.

brāhmaṇāḥ pūjyāḥ or brāhmaṇaḥ pūjyaḥ "the brāhmaṇa is to be honoured".

SK 818 · अस्मदो द्वयोश्च · asmado dvayoś ca (A 1.2.59)

अस्मदो द्वयोश्च

asmado dvayośca · A 1.2.59

एकत्वे द्वित्वे च विवक्षितेऽस्मदो बहुवचनं वा स्यात् । वयं ब्रूमः । पक्षे अहं ब्रवीमि । आवां ब्रूवः इति वा ।

सविशेषणस्य प्रतिषेधः

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ पटुरहं ब्रवीमि ॥

Rule. asmad "I" optionally takes the plural when one or two are meant.

Example.

vayaṃ brūmaḥ "we say" for one speaker; otherwise ahaṃ bravīmi, āvāṃ brūvaḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika: not when asmad has a qualifier — paṭur ahaṃ bravīmi "I, the clever one, say".

SK 819 · फल्गुनीप्रोष्ठपदानां च नक्षत्रे · phalgunīproṣṭhapadānāṃ ca nakṣatre (A 1.2.60)

फल्गुनीप्रोष्ठपदानां च नक्षत्रे

phalgunīproṣṭhapadānāṃ ca nakṣatre · A 1.2.60

द्वित्वे बहुत्वप्रयुक्तं कार्यं वा स्यात् । पूर्वे फल्गुन्यौ । पूर्वाः फल्गुन्यः ॥ पूर्वे प्रोष्ठपदे । पूर्वाः प्रोष्ठपदाः ॥ नक्षत्रे किम् । फल्गुन्यौ माणविके ॥

Rule. phalgunī and proṣṭhapadā, naming lunar asterisms (nakṣatra), optionally take the plural for the dual.

Example.

pūrve phalgunyau or pūrvāḥ phalgunyaḥ; pūrve proṣṭhapade or pūrvāḥ proṣṭhapadāḥ.

Applies when / blocked by. Not phalgunyau māṇavike "two girls named Phalgunī".

SK 820 · तिष्यपुनर्वस्वोर्नक्षत्रद्वन्द्वे बहुवचनस्य द्विवचनं नित्यम् · tiṣyapunarvasvor nakṣatradvandve bahuvacanasya dvivacanaṃ nityam (A 1.2.63)

तिष्यपुनर्वस्वोर्नक्षत्रद्वन्द्वे बहुवचनस्य द्विवचनं नित्यम्

tiṣyapunarvasvornakṣatradvandve bahuvacanasya dvivacanaṃ nityam · A 1.2.63

बहुत्वं द्वित्ववद्भवति । तिष्यश्च पुनर्वसू च तिष्यपुनर्वसू । तिष्येति किम् । विशाखानूराधाः । नक्षत्रेति किम् । तिष्यपुनर्वसवो माणवकाः ॥

Rule. In the dvandva of the asterisms tiṣya and punarvasu the plural is obligatorily replaced by the dual.

Example.

tiṣyaś ca punarvasū ca → tiṣyapunarvasū.

Applies when / blocked by. Not viśākhānūrādhāḥ (other asterisms, plural); not tiṣyapunarvasavo māṇavakāḥ (boys so named).

Q. Gender of the finished compound, II — the samāhāra-neuter and the tatpuruṣa-neuter rules — running example: `pañcagavam`; `ikṣūṇāṃ chāyā → ikṣucchāyam`

The aggregate dvigu and dvandva are neuter. Then a heading confines the remaining neuter rules to tatpuruṣas that are neither nañ-compounds nor karmadhārayas, and six rules make such compounds neuter when they end in kanthā, upajñā/upakrama, chāyā, sabhā, or optionally senā, surā, chāyā, śālā, niśā.

SK 821 · स नपुंसकम् · sa napuṃsakam (A 2.4.17)

स नपुंसकम्

sa napuṃsakam · A 2.4.17

समाहारे द्विगुर्द्वन्द्वाश्च नपुंसकं स्यात् । परवल्लिङ्गपवादः । पञ्चगवम् । दन्तोष्ठम् ।

अकारान्तोत्तरपदो द्विगुः स्त्रियामिष्टः

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ पञ्चमूली ।

आबन्तो वा

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ पञ्चखट्वम् । पञ्चखट्वी ।

अनो नलोपश्च वा द्विगुः स्त्रियाम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ पञ्चतक्षी । पञ्चतक्षम् ।

पात्राद्यन्तस्य न

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ पञ्चपात्रम् । त्रिभुवनम् । चतुर्युगम् ।

पुण्यसुदिनाभ्यामह्नः क्लीबतेष्टा

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ पुण्याहम् । सुदिनाहम् ।

पथः संख्याव्ययादेः

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ संख्याव्ययादेः परः कृतसमासान्तः पथशब्दः क्लीबमित्यर्थः । त्रयाणां पन्थास्त्रिपथम् । विरूपः पन्था विपथम् । कृतसमासान्तनिर्देशान्नेह । सुपन्थाः । अतिपन्थाः ।

सामान्ये नपुंसकम्

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ मृदु पचति । प्रातः कमनीयम् ॥

Rule. A dvigu and a dvandva in the aggregate sense are neuter — an exception to SK 812.

Example.

pañcānāṃ gavāṃ samāhāraḥ → pañcagavam; dantāś ca oṣṭhau ca → dantoṣṭham "teeth and lips".

Applies when / blocked by. A run of vārttikas adjusts the dvigu: with a last member in a it is feminine — pañcamūlī; with one in ā, optionally — pañcakhaṭvam / pañcakhaṭvī; with one in an, optionally feminine with loss of the n — pañcatakṣī / pañcatakṣam; but not for the pātrādi words — pañcapātram, tribhuvanam, caturyugam. After puṇya and sudina the ahan-compound is neuter — puṇyāham, sudināham. pathin after a numeral or indeclinable, with its ending affix, is neuter — tripatham, vipatham (not supanthāḥ, atipanthāḥ). In a general statement the neuter is used — mṛdu pacati "cooks gently", prātaḥ kamanīyam "the morning is lovely".

SK 822 · तत्पुरुषोऽनञ् कर्मधारयः · tatpuruṣo 'nañ karmadhārayaḥ (A 2.4.19)

तत्पुरुषोऽनञ् कर्मधारयः

tatpuruṣo'nañ karmadhārayaḥ · A 2.4.19

अधिकारोऽयम् ॥

Rule. A heading: the rules that follow (SK 823–828) concern a tatpuruṣa that is neither a nañ-compound nor a karmadhāraya, and make it neuter. It forms nothing by itself.

Example.

ikṣūṇāṃ chāyā → ikṣucchāyam (SK 825) falls under it; asenā, paramasenā (SK 828) do not.

SK 823 · संज्ञायां कन्थोशीनरेषु · saṃjñāyāṃ kanthośīnareṣu (A 2.4.20)

संज्ञायां कन्थोशीनरेषु

saṃjñāyāṃ kanthośīnareṣu · A 2.4.20

कन्थान्तस्तत्पुरुषः क्लीबं स्यात्सा चेदुशीनरदेशोत्पन्नायाः कन्थायाः संज्ञा । सुशमस्यापत्यानि सौशमयः तेषां कन्था सौशमिकन्थम् । संज्ञायां किम् । वीरणकन्था । उशीनरेषु किम् । दाक्षिकन्था ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in kanthā is neuter when it is the name of a settlement in the Uśīnara country.

Example.

suśamasya apatyāni → sauśamayaḥ; teṣāṃ kanthā → sauśamikantham.

Applies when / blocked by. Not vīraṇakanthā (not a name); not dākṣikanthā (not among the Uśīnaras).

SK 824 · उपज्ञोपक्रमं तदाद्याचिख्यासायाम् · upajñopakramaṃ tadādyācikhyāsāyām (A 2.4.21)

उपज्ञोपक्रमं तदाद्याचिख्यासायाम्

upajñopakramaṃ tadādyācikhyāsāyām · A 2.4.21

उपज्ञान्तः उपक्रमान्तश्च तत्पुरुषो नपुंसकं स्यात् तयोरुपज्ञायमानोपक्रम्यमाणयोरादिः प्राथम्यं चेदाख्यातुमिष्यते । पाणिनेरुपज्ञा पाणिन्युपज्ञं ग्रन्थः । नन्दोपक्रमं द्रोणः ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in upajñā "first knowledge" or upakrama "beginning" is neuter when one wishes to state that the thing was first known or first begun by the first member.

Example.

pāṇiner upajñā → pāṇinyupajñaṃ granthaḥ "a work first taught by Pāṇini"; nandopakramaṃ droṇaḥ "a measure first introduced by Nanda".

SK 825 · छाया बाहुल्ये · chāyā bāhulye (A 2.4.22)

छाया बाहुल्ये

chāyā bāhulye · A 2.4.22

छायान्तस्तत्पुरुषो नपुंसकं स्यात्पूर्वपदार्थबाहुल्ये । इक्षूणां छाया इक्षुच्छायम् । विभाषासेना - SK 828 इति विकल्पस्यायमपवादः । इक्षुच्छायानिषादिन्यः इति तु आ समन्तान्निषादिन्य इत्याङ्श्लेषो बोध्यः ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in chāyā "shade" is neuter when abundance of the first member's shade is meant. This is an exception to the option of SK 828.

Example.

ikṣūṇāṃ chāyā "the shade of many sugarcanes" → ikṣucchāyam.

Applies when / blocked by. ikṣucchāyāniṣādinyaḥ is not a counter-example: there ā is the prefix āṅ joined to niṣādinyaḥ, "settling all around".

SK 826 · सभा राजामनुष्यपूर्वा · sabhā rājāmanuṣyapūrvā (A 2.4.23)

सभा राजामनुष्यपूर्वा

sabhā rājāmanuṣyapūrvā · A 2.4.23

राजपर्यायपूर्वोऽमनुष्यपूर्वश्च सभान्तस्तत्पुरुषो नपुंसकं स्यात् । इनसभम् । ईश्वरसभम् ।

पर्यायस्यैवेष्यते

(वार्तिकम्) ॥ नेह । राजसभा । चन्द्रगुप्तसभा । अमनुष्यशब्दो रूढ्या रक्षः पिशाचादीनाह । रक्षः सभम् । पिशाचसभम् ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in sabhā "assembly" after a synonym of rājan or after a word for a non-human being is neuter.

Example.

inasabham, īśvarasabham "the king's court"; rakṣaḥsabham, piśācasabham (amanuṣya means by convention demons such as rakṣas and piśāca).

Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika: only a synonym, not rājan itself or a particular king — rājasabhā, candraguptasabhā (feminine).

SK 827 · अशाला च · aśālā ca (A 2.4.24)

अशाला च

aśālā ca · A 2.4.24

सङ्घातार्था या सभा तदन्तस्तत्पुरुषः क्लीबं स्यात् । स्त्रीसभम् । स्त्रीसंघात इत्यर्थः । आशाला किम् । धर्मसभा । धर्माशालेत्यर्थः ॥

Rule. And a tatpuruṣa ending in sabhā is neuter when sabhā means a gathering, not a hall.

Example.

strīsabham "a gathering of women".

Applies when / blocked by. Not dharmasabhā "a hall of dharma" — a building, so feminine.

SK 828 · विभाषा सेनासुराच्छायाशालानिशानाम् · vibhāṣā senāsurācchāyāśālāniśānām (A 2.4.25)

विभाषा सेनासुराच्छायाशालानिशानाम्

vibhāṣā senāsurācchāyāśālāniśānām · A 2.4.25

एतदन्तस्तत्पुरुषः क्लीबं वा स्यात् । ब्राह्मणसेनम् । ब्राह्मणसेना । यवसुरम् । यवसुरा । कुड्यच्छाम् । कुड्यच्छाया । गोशालम् । गोशाला । श्वनिशम् । श्वनिशा । तत्पुरुषोऽनञ्कर्मधारय - SK 822 इत्यनुवृत्तेर्नेह । दृढसेनो राजा । असेना । परमसेना ॥

Rule. A tatpuruṣa ending in senā "army", surā "wine", chāyā, śālā "hall" or niśā "night" is optionally neuter.

Example.

brāhmaṇasenam / brāhmaṇasenā; yavasuram / yavasurā; kuḍyacchāyam (so read; the text prints kuḍyacchām) / kuḍyacchāyā; gośālam / gośālā; śvaniśam / śvaniśā.

Applies when / blocked by. Because SK 822 is carried forward, not dṛḍhaseno rājā (a bahuvrīhi), not asenā (a nañ-compound), not paramasenā (a karmadhāraya). Here the tatpuruṣa section ends.

Terms used in this chapter

tatpuruṣa — the compound of this chapter: the first member depends on the second, which is the head (SK 684).
samāsa — a compound: two or more words fused into one stem (Chapter 17).
karmadhāraya — a tatpuruṣa whose members name one and the same thing (SK 745).
dvigu — a tatpuruṣa whose first member is a numeral, in the senses of SK 728 (SK 730).
dvandva — the "and"-compound of a later chapter (ahaś ca rātriś ca → ahorātraḥ) (SK 728, 812).
nañ — the negative particle na with marker ñ (SK 756).
gati — a name given to prefix-words and to the items of SK 762–780 when construed with a verbal action; after a gati, ktvā becomes lyap.
upapada — a word that a kṛt-rule names in the locative; it must compound with the kṛt-word (SK 781).
samāsānta — a compound-ending affix, counted as part of the compound (SK 786–806).
aC, ṭaC (ṭac) — the compound-ending affixes a, with marker c / with markers ṭ and c.
it — a marker sound, written in a form's original statement but not counted as part of it.
pratyāhāra — a short name for a set of sounds, built from the Śivasūtras.
nipāta / upasarga — a particle / a prefix.
saṃjñā — a technical name; also a proper name (SK 721, 727).
adhikāra — a heading whose wording is read into the rules that follow (SK 684, 727, 822).
pāda / adhyāya — a quarter of an adhyāya / a book of the Aṣṭādhyāyī (SK 712, 727).
anuvṛtti — carrying a word forward from an earlier sūtra.
vārttika — a supplementary statement on a sūtra, correcting or completing it.
vibhāṣā / anyatarasyām / vā — "optionally".
paribhāṣā — a rule about how other rules are read.
jñāpaka — an indicator: a wording that reveals a principle nowhere stated.
prātipadika — a noun stem; a compound is one.
sup / subanta — the case-endings as a group / a word ending in one.
bha, ṭi — names a stem carries before certain affixes / the last vowel of a stem with any consonant after it (in rājan, ahan it is an).
ṭāp, ṅīp, ūṅ — feminine affixes.
avyaya — an indeclinable.
prathamā … saptamī — the first to seventh cases.
karma-pravacanīya — a particle that governs a case of its own; excluded from the prādi compound (SK 780).
samartha / sāmarthya — semantically connected / the connectedness every compound rule presupposes (SK 696–697).
luk — elision of an affix by that name; the case-endings inside a compound are elided by it.
aluk — non-elision of a case-ending inside a compound (SK 701, 720–721, 724).
upasarjana / pūrva-nipāta — the subordinate member / its placement first.
nitya (nitya-samāsa) — obligatory; a compound whose sense the phrase cannot convey (SK 688, 721, 761, 782).
pūrvapada / uttarapada — the first / the last member of a compound.
bahuvrīhi — the compound of the next chapter, naming something outside its members.
kta — the past-participle affix (kṛta, śrita).
ktvā / lyap — the absolutive affix (kṛtvā) / its substitute (-ya) after a gati (ūrīkṛtya).
kṛt — an affix added to a root; kṛtya — the kṛt affixes meaning "to be done" (tavya, ya, anīya).
vṛddhi — the name of ā, ai, au (Chapter 1).
kṣepa / nindā — censure (SK 688, 719, 724, 743).
atyanta-saṃyoga — continuous connection with a stretch of time (SK 691).
guṇavacana — a word denoting a quality (SK 692).
tatkṛta — produced by the thing the instrumental names (SK 692).
bahulam — "variously": a rule that sometimes applies and sometimes does not (SK 694, 736).
kartṛ / karaṇa / hetu — agent / instrument / cause, as senses of the instrumental.
kāraka — a participant in the action (agent, object, instrument …).
adhikārtha-vacana — an exaggeration made for praise or blame (SK 695).
prakṛti-vikṛti — the relation of material to product (SK 698).
pratiprasava — re-permission of what a prohibition had closed (SK 703).
nirdhāraṇa — singling one out of a group (SK 704).
pūraṇa — an ordinal (SK 705).
śatṛ / śānac — the present-participle affixes (kurvan, kurvāṇa).
tavya — a kṛtya affix (kartavya).
samānādhikaraṇa — co-referential: two words naming one thing (SK 705, 726–727).
tṛc / aka (ṇvul) — agent affixes (sraṣṭṛ, pācaka).
ekadeśin / avayavin — the whole of which something is a part (SK 712).
apavāda — an exception that sets aside a general rule.
parimāṇin — the thing measured by a time-word (SK 716).
samāhāra — an aggregate, "the group of" (SK 728, 731, 821).
taddhita — a secondary affix added to a stem (SK 728).
ekavat — treated as one; singular (SK 731).
kutsita / kutsana — the thing reviled / the reviling word (SK 732).
upamāna / upameya — the standard of a comparison / the thing compared (SK 734–735).
viśeṣaṇa / viśeṣya — the qualifier / the thing qualified (SK 736).
cvi — the affix making "become X" (śuklī-); also the sense "becoming what one was not" (SK 738, 762, 775).
ḍāc — the affix making sound-imitations (paṭapaṭā-) (SK 762).
uttarapada-lopa — elision of a middle member (śākapārthiva) (SK 739).
pūjyamāna — something honoured (SK 740–741).
jāti — a class or species; a class-word (SK 742–744, 749, 753).
puṃvat (puṃvad-bhāva) — treatment of a feminine member as masculine (SK 746).
bhāṣita-puṃska — a stem that also has a masculine form (SK 746).
jātīya / deśīya — the affixes "of the kind of" / "somewhat like" (SK 746, 807).
liṅga-viśiṣṭa — the reading by which a stem named in a rule includes its other-gender forms (SK 748, 752, 789).
nipātana (nipātita) — laying a form down ready-made, irregularities included (SK 725, 754, 759).
ākṛti-gaṇa — an open list known by its type (SK 725, 735).
gaṇa-sūtra — a rule attached to a list (SK 754).
lopa — elision (SK 757).
nuṬ — the augment n (SK 758).
Bhāṣya — Patañjali's Mahābhāṣya (SK 758).
avyayībhāva — the indeclinable compound of Chapter 17 (SK 758).
visarga / jihvāmūlīya — the final breath-sound ḥ / its throat-sound variant ḫ before k (SK 773).
prakṛtyā — "in its natural form", unchanged (SK 759–760).
anukaraṇa — a sound-imitation (SK 763).
atyādhāna — actual placing, physical contact (SK 776–777).
upayamana — marriage (SK 778).
aupamya — comparison (SK 780).
tiṅ — the verb-endings; atiṅ — not ending in one (SK 782).
alaukika vigraha — the technical analysis showing bare endings (kumbha as kāra) (SK 782).
am / ṇamul — the absolutive affix am (svāduṃkāram) (SK 783–784).
tumun — the infinitive affix (bhoktum) (SK 783).
ṭi-lopa — elision of the ṭi (SK 788–789).
ādeśa — a substitute replacing an original: ahna for ahan, ā for the final of mahat.
ṇatva — the change of n to ṇ (SK 791–792).
kṣubhnādi — the list of words exempt from ṇatva (SK 792).
tapara — a letter with t after it; adantāt means "ending in exactly a" (SK 792).
yoga-vibhāga — splitting one sūtra into two rules (SK 807, 811).
aduk — the augment ad on eka (SK 811).
atideśa — a rule that treats one thing as if it were another (SK 812–820).
paravat / pūrvavat — like the last member / like the first member (SK 812–813).
Liṅgānuśāsana — the treatise on gender appended to the grammar (SK 814).
nakṣatra — a lunar asterism (SK 819–820).
ekavacana / dvivacana / bahuvacana — singular / dual / plural.
napuṃsaka / klība — neuter.
jānapada — belonging to a region (SK 805).
prācām — "of the eastern grammarians" (SK 803).

Summary

SK	Sūtra	What it does	Example
684	tatpuruṣaḥ	Heading: compounds up to the bahuvrīhi are tatpuruṣa.	kṛṣṇaśritaḥ
685	dviguś ca	A dvigu is also a tatpuruṣa (for the samāsānta).	pañcarājam
686	dvitīyā śritātīta…	Accusative + śrita, atīta, patita, gata, atyasta, prāpta, āpanna.	kṛṣṇaśritaḥ
687	svayaṃ ktena	svayam + kta-word.	svayaṃkṛtam
688	khaṭvā kṣepe	khaṭvā + kta-word, in censure; nitya.	khaṭvārūḍhaḥ
689	sāmi	sāmi + kta-word.	sāmikṛtam
690	kālāḥ	Time-word + kta-word, non-continuous.	māsapramitaḥ
691	atyantasaṃyoge ca	Time-word + non-kta word, continuous.	muhūrtasukham
692	tṛtīyā tatkṛtārthena…	Instrumental + quality it produces, or artha.	śaṅkulākhaṇḍaḥ
693	pūrvasadṛśasama…	Instrumental + pūrva, sadṛśa, sama, ūna, kalaha, nipuṇa, miśra, ślakṣṇa.	māsapūrvaḥ
694	kartṛkaraṇe kṛtā bahulam	Instrumental (agent/instrument) + kṛt-word, variously.	haritrātaḥ
695	kṛtyair adhikārthavacane	Instrumental + kṛtya, in hyperbole.	vātacchedyam
696	annena vyañjanam	Seasoning + food.	dadhyodanaḥ
697	bhakṣyeṇa miśrīkaraṇam	Mixing-agent + edible.	guḍadhānāḥ
698	caturthī tadarthārtha…	Dative + tadartha (material→product), artha, bali, hita, sukha, rakṣita.	yūpadāru
699	pañcamī bhayena	Ablative + bhaya (bhīta, bhīti, bhī).	corabhayam
700	apetāpoḍhamukta…	Ablative of a slight thing + apeta etc.	sukhāpetaḥ
701	stokāntikadūrārtha…	Ablative "little/near/far/hard" + kta-word; aluk.	dūrādāgataḥ
702	ṣaṣṭhī	Genitive + subanta.	rājapuruṣaḥ
703	yājakādibhiś ca	Genitive + yājaka etc. (re-permission).	brāhmaṇayājakaḥ
704	na nirdhāraṇe	No compound for the genitive of singling-out.	nṛṇāṃ dvijaḥ śreṣṭhaḥ
705	pūraṇaguṇasuhitārtha…	No genitive compound with ordinal, quality, satiety, śatṛ, kṛt-avyaya, tavya, co-referential word.	satāṃ ṣaṣṭhaḥ
706	ktena ca pūjāyām	No genitive compound with present-sense kta in esteem.	rājñāṃ mataḥ
707	adhikaraṇavācinā ca	No genitive compound with locus-kta.	eṣām āsitam
708	karmaṇi ca	No compound for the object-genitive of SK 624.	gavāṃ dohaḥ
709	tṛjakābhyāṃ kartari	No genitive compound with agentive tṛc/aka.	apāṃ sraṣṭā
710	kartari ca	No compound for the agent-genitive with aka.	bhavataḥ śāyikā
711	nityaṃ krīḍājīvikayoḥ	Obligatory genitive compound for a game or livelihood.	dantalekhakaḥ
712	pūrvāparādharottaram…	pūrva etc. + the whole (one substratum).	pūrvakāyaḥ
713	ardhaṃ napuṃsakam	Neuter ardha (equal half) + the whole.	ardhapippalī
714	dvitīyatṛtīya…	dvitīya etc. + the whole, optionally.	dvitīyabhikṣā
715	prāptāpanne ca dvitīyayā	prāpta/āpanna first + accusative; feminine -ā → a.	prāptajīvikaḥ
716	kālāḥ parimāṇinā	Time-word + the thing measured.	māsajātaḥ
717	saptamī śauṇḍaiḥ	Locative + śauṇḍa etc.	akṣaśauṇḍaḥ
718	siddhaśuṣkapakvabandhaiś ca	Locative + siddha, śuṣka, pakva, bandha.	sthālīpakvaḥ
719	dhvāṅkṣeṇa kṣepe	Locative + "crow", in censure.	tīrthakākaḥ
720	kṛtyair ṛṇe	Locative + kṛtya, obligation; aluk.	māsedeyam
721	saṃjñāyām	Locative + subanta, as a name; aluk.	araṇyetilakāḥ
722	ktenāhorātrāvayavāḥ	Part of day/night + kta-word.	pūrvāhṇakṛtam
723	tatra	tatra + kta-word.	tatrabhuktam
724	kṣepe	Locative + kta-word, in censure.	avataptenakulasthitam
725	pātresamitādayaś ca	Ready-made censure compounds.	geheśūraḥ
726	pūrvakālaikasarva…	pūrvakāla, eka, sarva, jarat, purāṇa, nava, kevala first + co-referential word.	snātānuliptaḥ
727	diksaṃkhye saṃjñāyām	Direction/numeral + co-referential word only as a name.	saptarṣayaḥ
728	taddhitārthottarapada…	Direction/numeral compound for taddhita-sense, further member, aggregate.	paurvaśālaḥ
729	gor ataddhitaluki	ṬaC after go-final tatpuruṣa (not under taddhita-luk).	pañcagavadhanaḥ
730	saṃkhyāpūrvo dviguḥ	Numeral-first compound of SK 728 is dvigu.	pañcagavam
731	dvigur ekavacanam	Aggregate dvigu is singular.	pañcagavam
732	kutsitāni kutsanaiḥ	Reviled thing + reviling word.	vaiyākaraṇakhasūciḥ
733	pāpāṇake kutsitaiḥ	pāpa, āṇaka first + reviled thing.	pāpanāpitaḥ
734	upamānāni sāmānyavacanaiḥ	Standard of comparison + shared property.	ghanaśyāmaḥ
735	upamitaṃ vyāghrādibhiḥ…	Thing compared + vyāghra etc., property unexpressed.	puruṣavyāghraḥ
736	viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam	Qualifier + qualified, variously.	nīlotpalam
737	pūrvāparaprathama…	pūrva, apara, prathama … vīra first + co-referential word.	pūrvavaiyākaraṇaḥ
738	śreṇyādayaḥ kṛtādibhiḥ	śreṇi etc. + kṛta etc., in the cvi sense.	śreṇīkṛtāḥ
739	ktena nañviśiṣṭenānañ	kta-word + its negated form.	kṛtākṛtam
740	sanmahatparamottamotkṛṣṭāḥ…	sat, mahat, parama, uttama, utkṛṣṭa + honoured word.	mahāvaiyākaraṇaḥ
741	vṛndārakanāgakuñjaraiḥ…	Honoured thing + vṛndāraka, nāga, kuñjara.	govṛndārakaḥ
742	katarakatamau jātiparipraśne	katara/katama + co-referential word, class-question.	katarakaṭhaḥ
743	kiṃ kṣepe	kim + co-referential word, in censure.	kiṃrājā
744	poṭāyuvati… jātiḥ	Class-word + poṭā … dhūrta.	gogṛṣṭiḥ
745	tatpuruṣaḥ samānādhikaraṇaḥ karmadhārayaḥ	Co-referential tatpuruṣa is karmadhāraya.	nīlotpalam
746	puṃvat karmadhāraya…	Feminine first member is masculine in a karmadhāraya, before jātīya/deśīya.	mahānavamī
747	praśaṃsāvacanaiś ca	Class-word + praise-word.	gomatallikā
748	yuvā khalati…	yuvan + khalati, palita, valina, jaratī.	yuvakhalatiḥ
749	kṛtyatulyākhyā ajātyā	kṛtya-/tulya-word + non-class co-referential word.	bhojyoṣṇam
750	varṇo varṇena	Colour + colour.	kṛṣṇasāraṅgaḥ
751	kaḍārāḥ karmadhāraye	kaḍāra etc. optionally first.	kaḍārajaiminiḥ
752	kumāraḥ śramaṇādibhiḥ	kumāra + śramaṇā etc.	kumāraśramaṇā
753	catuṣpādo garbhiṇyā	Quadruped species + garbhiṇī.	gogarbhiṇī
754	mayūravyaṃsakādayaś ca	Ready-made mayūravyaṃsakādi compounds.	uccāvacam
755	īṣad akṛtā	īṣat + non-kṛt (quality) word.	īṣatpiṅgalaḥ
756	nañ	nañ + subanta.	abrāhmaṇaḥ
757	nalopo nañaḥ	n of nañ drops before the second member.	abrāhmaṇaḥ
758	tasmān nuḍ aci	nuṬ before a vowel-initial second member.	anaśvaḥ
759	nabhrāṇnapān… prakṛtyā	nañ keeps its n in the listed words.	nakulam
760	nago 'prāṇiṣv anyatarasyām	naga/aga optionally, for non-living things.	nagāḥ / agāḥ
761	kugatiprādayaḥ	ku, gati, prādi + connected word, obligatorily.	kupuruṣaḥ
762	ūryādicviḍācaś ca	ūrī etc., cvi-, ḍāc-forms are gati.	ūrīkṛtya
763	anukaraṇaṃ cānitiparam	Sound-imitation without iti is gati.	khāṭkṛtya
764	ādarānādarayoḥ sadasatī	sat/asat are gati (respect/disrespect).	satkṛtya
765	bhūṣaṇe 'lam	alam is gati in adorning.	alaṃkṛtya
766	antar aparigrahe	antar is gati in non-acceptance.	antarhatya
767	kaṇemanasī śraddhāpratīghāte	kaṇe/manas are gati for intense craving.	kaṇehatya
768	puro 'vyayam	Indeclinable puras is gati.	puraskṛtya
769	astaṃ ca	astam is gati.	astaṃgatya
770	accha gatyarthavadeṣu	accha is gati before go/speak verbs.	acchagatya
771	ado 'nupadeśe	adas is gati when not instructing.	adaḥkṛtya
772	tiro 'ntardhau	tiras is gati in disappearance.	tirobhūya
773	vibhāṣā kṛñi	tiras optionally gati before kṛ.	tiraskṛtya / tiraḥ kṛtvā
774	upāje 'nvāje	upāje/anvāje optionally gati before kṛ.	upājekṛtya
775	sākṣātprabhṛtīni ca	sākṣāt etc. optionally gati before kṛ (cvi sense).	sākṣātkṛtya
776	anatyādhāna urasimanasī	urasi/manasi optionally gati, no actual placing.	manasikṛtya
777	madhye pade nivacane ca	madhye/pade/nivacane optionally gati.	madhyekṛtya
778	nityaṃ haste pāṇāv upayamane	haste/pāṇau obligatorily gati, in marriage.	hastekṛtya
779	prādhvaṃ bandhane	prādhvam is gati, compliance by binding.	prādhvaṃkṛtya
780	jīvikopaniṣadāv aupamye	jīvikā/upaniṣad are gati in comparison; prādi vārttikas.	jīvikākṛtya; prācāryaḥ
781	tatropapadaṃ saptamīstham	The locative-named word of a kṛt-rule is upapada.	kumbha in kumbhakāraḥ
782	upapadam atiṅ	Upapada compounds obligatorily; not with a finite verb.	kumbhakāraḥ
783	amaivāvyayena	Only an am-only upapada compounds with an indeclinable.	svāduṃkāram
784	tṛtīyāprabhṛtīny anyatarasyām	Upapadas from tṛtīyā on optionally + am-indeclinable.	mūlakopadaṃśam
785	ktvā ca	The same optionally + ktvā-word.	uccaiḥkṛtya
786	tatpuruṣasyāṅguleḥ…	aC after aṅguli with numeral/indeclinable first.	dvyaṅgulam
787	ahassarvaikadeśa… rātreḥ	aC after rātri following ahar, sarva, part-word, saṃkhyāta, puṇya, numeral, indeclinable.	ahorātraḥ
788	rājāhassakhibhyaṣ ṭac	ṭac after rājan, ahan, sakhi.	paramarājaḥ
789	ahnaṣ ṭakhor eva	ṭi of ahan drops only before ṭa and kha.	uttamāhaḥ
790	ahno 'hna etebhyaḥ	ahan → ahna after sarva etc. before a samāsānta.	madhyāhnaḥ
791	ahno 'dantāt	n of ahna → ṇ after r in an a-final first member.	pūrvāhṇaḥ
792	kṣubhnādiṣu ca	No ṇ in the kṣubhnādi words.	dīrghāhnī
793	na saṃkhyādeḥ samāhāre	No ahna in a numeral-first aggregate.	dvyahaḥ
794	uttamaikābhyāṃ ca	No ahna after puṇya (uttama) and eka.	puṇyāham
795	agrākhyāyām urasaḥ	ṬaC after uras meaning "chief".	aśvorasam
796	ano 'śmāyassarasāṃ…	ṬaC after an-stems, aśman, ayas, saras, for class or name.	mahānasam
797	grāmakauṭābhyāṃ ca takṣṇaḥ	ṬaC on takṣan after grāma, kauṭa.	grāmatakṣaḥ
798	ateḥ śunaḥ	ṬaC on śvan after ati.	atiśvaḥ
799	upamānād aprāṇiṣu	ṬaC on śvan after a non-living standard.	ākarṣaśvaḥ
800	uttaramṛgapūrvāc ca sakthnaḥ	ṭac on sakthi after uttara, mṛga, pūrva, a standard.	mṛgasaktham
801	nāvo dvigoḥ	ṭac on nau in a dvigu (not under taddhita-luk).	dvināvam
802	ardhāc ca	ṬaC on nau after ardha.	ardhanāvam
803	khāryāḥ prācām	ṭac optionally on khārī.	dvikhāram / dvikhāri
804	dvitribhyām añjaleḥ	ṬaC optionally on añjali after dvi, tri.	dvyañjalam
805	brahmaṇo jānapadākhyāyām	ṬaC on brahman for regional origin.	surāṣṭrabrahmaḥ
806	kumahadbhyām anyatarasyām	ṬaC optionally on brahman after ku, mahat.	kubrahmaḥ / kubrahmā
807	ān mahataḥ…	mahat → mahā before co-referential member and jātīya.	mahādevaḥ
808	dvyaṣṭanaḥ saṃkhyāyām…	dvi/aṣṭan → dvā/aṣṭā before a numeral below 100.	dvādaśa
809	tres trayaḥ	tri → trayas in the same domain.	trayodaśa
810	vibhāṣā catvāriṃśatprabhṛtau…	The change is optional before forty and above.	dvācatvāriṃśat
811	ekādiś caikasya cāduk	nañ keeps n after eka; eka takes aduk.	ekānnaviṃśatiḥ
812	paravalliṅgaṃ dvandvatatpuruṣayoḥ	Gender of the last member.	ardhapippalī
813	pūrvavad aśvavaḍavau	aśvavaḍava follows its first member.	aśvavaḍavau
814	rātrāhnāhāḥ puṃsi	rātra-, ahna-, aha-final compounds are masculine.	ahorātraḥ
815	apathaṃ napuṃsakam	apatha-final tatpuruṣa is neuter.	apatham
816	ardharcāḥ puṃsi ca	ardharcādi words are masculine and neuter.	dhvajaḥ / dhvajam
817	jātyākhyāyām ekasmin…	Class-name: one thing optionally plural.	brāhmaṇāḥ pūjyāḥ
818	asmado dvayoś ca	asmad optionally plural for one or two.	vayaṃ brūmaḥ
819	phalgunīproṣṭhapadānāṃ ca nakṣatre	These asterisms: plural for dual, optionally.	pūrvāḥ phalgunyaḥ
820	tiṣyapunarvasvor… nityam	Their dvandva: plural obligatorily dual.	tiṣyapunarvasū
821	sa napuṃsakam	Aggregate dvigu and dvandva are neuter.	pañcagavam
822	tatpuruṣo 'nañ karmadhārayaḥ	Heading: neuter rules for non-nañ, non-karmadhāraya tatpuruṣas.	ikṣucchāyam
823	saṃjñāyāṃ kanthośīnareṣu	kanthā-final name of an Uśīnara settlement is neuter.	sauśamikantham
824	upajñopakramaṃ…	upajñā-/upakrama-final, "first known/begun by", neuter.	pāṇinyupajñam
825	chāyā bāhulye	chāyā-final, in abundance, neuter.	ikṣucchāyam
826	sabhā rājāmanuṣyapūrvā	sabhā after a king-synonym or non-human, neuter.	īśvarasabham
827	aśālā ca	sabhā meaning a gathering, neuter.	strīsabham
828	vibhāṣā senāsurācchāyā…	senā, surā, chāyā, śālā, niśā-final: optionally neuter.	brāhmaṇasenam / -senā

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18. Tatpuruṣa-samāsa-prakaraṇa — The determinative compound

Before you start

A. The saṃjñā foundation and the dvitīyā (accusative) tatpuruṣa — running example: kṛṣṇaṃ śritaḥ → kṛṣṇaśritaḥ

SK 684 · तत्पुरुषः · tatpuruṣaḥ (A 2.1.22)

SK 685 · द्विगुश्च · dviguś ca (A 2.1.23)

SK 686 · द्वितीया श्रितातीतपतितगतात्यस्तप्राप्तापन्नैः · dvitīyā śritātītapatitagatātyastaprāptāpannaiḥ (A 2.1.24)

SK 687 · स्वयं क्तेन · svayaṃ ktena (A 2.1.25)

SK 688 · खट्वा क्षेपे · khaṭvā kṣepe (A 2.1.26)

SK 689 · सामि · sāmi (A 2.1.27)

SK 690 · कालाः · kālāḥ (A 2.1.28)

SK 691 · अत्यन्तसंयोगे च · atyantasaṃyoge ca (A 2.1.29)

B. tṛtīyā (instrumental) tatpuruṣa — running example: śaṅkulayā khaṇḍaḥ → śaṅkulākhaṇḍaḥ

SK 692 · तृतीया तत्कृतार्थेन गुणवचनेन · tṛtīyā tatkṛtārthena guṇavacanena (A 2.1.30)

SK 693 · पूर्वसदृशसमोनार्थकलहनिपुणमिश्रश्लक्ष्णैः · pūrvasadṛśasamonārthakalahanipuṇamiśraślakṣṇaiḥ (A 2.1.31)

SK 694 · कर्तृकरणे कृता बहुलम् · kartṛkaraṇe kṛtā bahulam (A 2.1.32)

SK 695 · कृत्यैरधिकार्थवचने · kṛtyair adhikārthavacane (A 2.1.33)

SK 696 · अन्नेन व्यञ्जनम् · annena vyañjanam (A 2.1.34)

SK 697 · भक्ष्येण मिश्रीकरणम् · bhakṣyeṇa miśrīkaraṇam (A 2.1.35)

C. caturthī (dative) and pañcamī (ablative) tatpuruṣa — running example: yūpāya dāru → yūpadāru; corād bhayam → corabhayam

SK 698 · चतुर्थी तदर्थार्थबलिहितसुखरक्षितैः · caturthī tadarthārthabalihitasukharakṣitaiḥ (A 2.1.36)

SK 699 · पञ्चमी भयेन · pañcamī bhayena (A 2.1.37)

SK 700 · अपेतापोढमुक्तपतितापत्रस्तैरल्पशः · apetāpoḍhamuktapatitāpatrastair alpaśaḥ (A 2.1.38)

SK 701 · स्तोकान्तिकदूरार्थकृच्छ्राणि क्तेन · stokāntikadūrārthakṛcchrāṇi ktena (A 2.1.39)

D. ṣaṣṭhī (genitive) tatpuruṣa and its prohibitions — running example: rājñaḥ puruṣaḥ → rājapuruṣaḥ

SK 702 · षष्ठी · ṣaṣṭhī (A 2.2.8)

SK 703 · याजकादिभिश्च · yājakādibhiś ca (A 2.2.9)

SK 704 · न निर्धारणे · na nirdhāraṇe (A 2.2.10)

SK 705 · पूरणगुणसुहितार्थसदव्ययतव्यसमानाधिकरणेन · pūraṇaguṇasuhitārthasadavyayatavyasamānādhikaraṇena (A 2.2.11)

SK 706 · क्तेन च पूजायाम् · ktena ca pūjāyām (A 2.2.12)

SK 707 · अधिकरणवाचिना च · adhikaraṇavācinā ca (A 2.2.13)

SK 708 · कर्मणि च · karmaṇi ca (A 2.2.14)

SK 709 · तृजकाभ्यां कर्तरि · tṛjakābhyāṃ kartari (A 2.2.15)

SK 710 · कर्तरि च · kartari ca (A 2.2.16)

SK 711 · नित्यं क्रीडाजीविकयोः · nityaṃ krīḍājīvikayoḥ (A 2.2.17)

E. The part/whole and measure tatpuruṣas (pāda-opening 2.2.1–5, pulled in here) — running example: pūrvaṃ kāyasya → pūrvakāyaḥ

SK 712 · पूर्वापराधरोत्तरमेकदेशिनैकाधिकरणे · pūrvāparādharottaram ekadeśinaikādhikaraṇe (A 2.2.1)

SK 713 · अर्धं नपुंसकम् · ardhaṃ napuṃsakam (A 2.2.2)

SK 714 · द्वितीयतृतीयचतुर्थतुर्याण्यन्यतरस्याम् · dvitīyatṛtīyacaturthaturyāṇy anyatarasyām (A 2.2.3)

SK 715 · प्राप्तापन्ने च द्वितीयया · prāptāpanne ca dvitīyayā (A 2.2.4)

SK 716 · कालाः परिमाणिना · kālāḥ parimāṇinā (A 2.2.5)

F. saptamī (locative) tatpuruṣa — running example: akṣeṣu śauṇḍaḥ → akṣaśauṇḍaḥ

SK 717 · सप्तमी शौण्डैः · saptamī śauṇḍaiḥ (A 2.1.40)

SK 718 · सिद्धशुष्कपक्वबन्धैश्च · siddhaśuṣkapakvabandhaiś ca (A 2.1.41)

SK 719 · ध्वाङ्क्षेण क्षेपे · dhvāṅkṣeṇa kṣepe (A 2.1.42)

SK 720 · कृत्यैर्ऋणे · kṛtyair ṛṇe (A 2.1.43)

SK 721 · संज्ञायाम् · saṃjñāyām (A 2.1.44)

SK 722 · क्तेनाहोरात्रावयवाः · ktenāhorātrāvayavāḥ (A 2.1.45)

SK 723 · तत्र · tatra (A 2.1.46)

SK 724 · क्षेपे · kṣepe (A 2.1.47)

SK 725 · पात्रेसमितादयश्च · pātresamitādayaś ca (A 2.1.48)

G. samānādhikaraṇa foundation, the dik/saṃkhyā compounds, and the dvigu — running example: pañcānāṃ gavāṃ samāhāraḥ → pañcagavam

SK 726 · पूर्वकालैकसर्वजरत्पुराणनवकेवलाः समानाधिकरणेन · pūrvakālaikasarvajaratpurāṇanavakevalāḥ samānādhikaraṇena (A 2.1.49)

SK 727 · दिक्संख्ये संज्ञायाम् · diksaṃkhye saṃjñāyām (A 2.1.50)

SK 728 · तद्धितार्थोत्तरपदसमाहारे च · taddhitārthottarapadasamāhāre ca (A 2.1.51)

SK 729 · गोरतद्धितलुकि · gor ataddhitaluki (A 5.4.92)

SK 730 · संख्यापूर्वो द्विगुः · saṃkhyāpūrvo dviguḥ (A 2.1.52)

SK 731 · द्विगुरेकवचनम् · dvigur ekavacanam (A 2.4.1)

H. karmadhāraya — the co-referential (adjectival) compounds — running example: nīlam utpalam → nīlotpalam

SK 732 · कुत्सितानि कुत्सनैः · kutsitāni kutsanaiḥ (A 2.1.53)

SK 733 · पापाणके कुत्सितैः · pāpāṇake kutsitaiḥ (A 2.1.54)

SK 734 · उपमानानि सामान्यवचनैः · upamānāni sāmānyavacanaiḥ (A 2.1.55)

SK 735 · उपमितं व्याघ्रादिभिः सामान्याप्रयोगे · upamitaṃ vyāghrādibhiḥ sāmānyāprayoge (A 2.1.56)

SK 736 · विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम् · viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam (A 2.1.57)

SK 737 · पूर्वापरप्रथमचरमजघन्यसमानमध्यमध्यमवीराश्च · pūrvāparaprathamacaramajaghanyasamānamadhyamadhyamavīrāś ca (A 2.1.58)

SK 738 · श्रेण्यादयः कृतादिभिः · śreṇyādayaḥ kṛtādibhiḥ (A 2.1.59)

SK 739 · क्तेन नञ्विशिष्टेनानञ् · ktena nañviśiṣṭenānañ (A 2.1.60)

SK 740 · सन्महत्परमोत्तमोत्कृष्टाः पूज्यमानैः · sanmahatparamottamotkṛṣṭāḥ pūjyamānaiḥ (A 2.1.61)

SK 741 · वृन्दारकनागकुञ्जरैः पूज्यमानम् · vṛndārakanāgakuñjaraiḥ pūjyamānam (A 2.1.62)

SK 742 · कतरकतमौ जातिपरिप्रश्ने · katarakatamau jātiparipraśne (A 2.1.63)

SK 743 · किं क्षेपे · kiṃ kṣepe (A 2.1.64)

I. The karmadhāraya saṃjñā, its puṃvad-bhāva, and the remaining karmadhāraya rules — running example: mahatī navamī → mahānavamī; kumārī śramaṇā → kumāraśramaṇā

SK 745 · तत्पुरुषः समानाधिकरणः कर्मधारयः · tatpuruṣaḥ samānādhikaraṇaḥ karmadhārayaḥ (A 1.2.42)

SK 746 · पुंवत् कर्मधारयजातीयदेशीयेषु · puṃvat karmadhārayajātīyadeśīyeṣu (A 6.3.42)

SK 747 · प्रशंसावचनैश्च · praśaṃsāvacanaiś ca (A 2.1.66)

SK 748 · युवा खलतिपलितवलिनजरतीभिः · yuvā khalatipalitavalinajaratībhiḥ (A 2.1.67)

SK 749 · कृत्यतुल्याख्या अजात्या · kṛtyatulyākhyā ajātyā (A 2.1.68)

SK 750 · वर्णो वर्णेन · varṇo varṇena (A 2.1.69)

SK 751 · कडाराः कर्मधारये · kaḍārāḥ karmadhāraye (A 2.2.38)

SK 752 · कुमारः श्रमणादिभिः · kumāraḥ śramaṇādibhiḥ (A 2.1.70)

SK 753 · चतुष्पादो गर्भिण्या · catuṣpādo garbhiṇyā (A 2.1.71)

A. The saṃjñā foundation and the dvitīyā (accusative) tatpuruṣa — running example: `kṛṣṇaṃ śritaḥ → kṛṣṇaśritaḥ`

B. tṛtīyā (instrumental) tatpuruṣa — running example: `śaṅkulayā khaṇḍaḥ → śaṅkulākhaṇḍaḥ`

C. caturthī (dative) and pañcamī (ablative) tatpuruṣa — running example: `yūpāya dāru → yūpadāru`; `corād bhayam → corabhayam`

D. ṣaṣṭhī (genitive) tatpuruṣa and its prohibitions — running example: `rājñaḥ puruṣaḥ → rājapuruṣaḥ`

E. The part/whole and measure tatpuruṣas (pāda-opening 2.2.1–5, pulled in here) — running example: `pūrvaṃ kāyasya → pūrvakāyaḥ`

F. saptamī (locative) tatpuruṣa — running example: `akṣeṣu śauṇḍaḥ → akṣaśauṇḍaḥ`

G. samānādhikaraṇa foundation, the dik/saṃkhyā compounds, and the dvigu — running example: `pañcānāṃ gavāṃ samāhāraḥ → pañcagavam`

H. karmadhāraya — the co-referential (adjectival) compounds — running example: `nīlam utpalam → nīlotpalam`

I. The karmadhāraya saṃjñā, its puṃvad-bhāva, and the remaining karmadhāraya rules — running example: `mahatī navamī → mahānavamī`; `kumārī śramaṇā → kumāraśramaṇā`

J. nañ-samāsa and its na-lopa / nuṭ apparatus — running example: `na brāhmaṇaḥ → abrāhmaṇaḥ`; `na aśvaḥ → anaśvaḥ`

K. gati-samāsa: ku/prādi and the gati/nipāta saṃjñā block (1.4.61–79) — running example: `ūrīkṛtya`; `kutsitaḥ puruṣaḥ → kupuruṣaḥ`

L. upapada-samāsa — running example: `kumbhaṃ karoti → kumbhakāraḥ`

M. samāsānta affixes I — aC/ṭaC/ṭac on aṅguli, rātri, ahan, and the ahan-substitute apparatus — running example: `ahaś ca rātriś ca → ahorātraḥ`; `ahno madhyam → madhyāhnaḥ`

N. samāsānta affixes II — ṭaC/ṭac after uras, an-stems, takṣan, śvan, sakthi, nau, khārī, añjali, brahman — running example: `aśvānām ura iva → aśvorasam`; `grāmasya takṣā → grāmatakṣaḥ`

O. uttarapada operations — mahat → mahā and the numeral sandhi (dvi/tri/aṣṭan) — running example: `mahat + devaḥ → mahādevaḥ`; `dvi + daśa → dvādaśa`

P. Gender and number of the finished compound, I — paravalliṅga, the masculine-only tatpuruṣas, and the number atideśas — running example: `ardhapippalī`; `ahaś ca rātriś ca → ahorātraḥ`