Covers SK 647–683 (37 sūtras): all present.
avyayībhāva-samāsa-prakaraṇa — outline (p17, SK 647–683, all 37 sūtras)
Forming the indeclinable compound (avyayībhāva): an avyaya joined to a syntactically connected word, the whole becoming one neuter indeclinable — upa + kṛṣṇasya → upakṛṣṇam ("near Kṛṣṇa"). SK lays down first the sāmarthya paribhāṣā and the three governing headings (samāsa, avyayībhāva), then the master rule cataloguing the sixteen senses in which an avyaya compounds and its sense-by-sense refinements, the upasarjana / pūrva-nipāta saṃjñā-set, the operations that actually build and decline the form (luk of the sups, neuter + hrasva, the am-substitute, sa-for-saha), and closes with the samāsānta ṬaC affixes keyed to the compound's final sound. Six outcome-groups. Ordering note: SK's own sequence is 647–660 (headings + luk + upasarjana + operations, interleaved), then 661–675 (the senses), then 676–683 (samāsānta). I have pulled the master rule 652 and its sense-refinements 661–665/666–675 forward into groups B–C (they answer which words compound and in what sense) ahead of the upasarjana saṃjñā (D, SK 653–656) and the form-building operations (E, SK 650 + 657–660), which are the mechanical apparatus that then acts on any such compound. 650 (SK-order right after 649) is deferred to E, where its luk builds the form.
A. The foundation — sāmarthya and the governing headings — running example: the whole machinery, upa + kṛṣṇasya → upakṛṣṇam
- 647 samarthaḥ padavidhiḥ 2.1.1 — paribhāṣā: every pada-vidhi (hence every samāsa rule that follows) presupposes sāmarthya (semantic connectedness). Two kinds — vyapekṣā (mutual expectancy, in the sentence) and ekārthībhāva (single meaning-unit, in the vṛtti); it is the latter that licenses
upakṛṣṇam as one word. - 648 prāk kaḍārāt samāsaḥ 2.1.3 — adhikāra: from here up to kaḍārāḥ karmadhāraye (SK 751) the term samāsa governs; whatever the intervening rules form is a samāsa, and so (by prātipadika-status) declinable as one word.
- 649 saha supā 2.1.4 — adhikāra, split by yoga-vibhāga: saha alone → a subanta compounds with any samartha word (yielding the Vedic tiṅ-final compounds
paryabhūṣayat, anuvyacalat); supā → a subanta compounds with a subanta (sup with sup). The result, being a samāsa, is a prātipadika. - 651 avyayībhāvaḥ 2.1.5 — adhikāra: the compounds defined by the following rules receive the saṃjñā avyayībhāva;
upakṛṣṇam, adhihari etc. are all avyayībhāva by this heading.
B. What an avyayībhāva IS — the master rule and its sixteen senses — running example: adhi + harau → adhihari (the parade of senses)
- 652 avyayaṃ vibhakti-samīpa-samṛddhi-vyṛddhi-arthābhāva-atyaya-asamprati-śabdaprādurbhāva-paścāt-yathā-ānupūrvya-yaugapadya-sādṛśya-sampatti-sākalya-antavacaneṣu 2.1.6 — the defining rule (yoga-vibhāga isolates avyayam): an avyaya compounds with its samartha word in sixteen senses. One example each: vibhakti
adhihari (harau), samīpa upakṛṣṇam, samṛddhi sumadram, vyṛddhi duryavanam, arthābhāva nirmakṣikam, atyaya atihimam, asamprati atinidram, śabdaprādurbhāva hari (hari-śabdasya prakāśaḥ), paścāt anuviṣṇu, yathā yathāśakti / anurūpam, ānupūrvya anujyeṣṭham, yaugapadya sacakram, sādṛśya sahari, sampatti sakṣatram, sākalya satṛṇam, antavacana sāgni. - 661 yathāsādṛśye 2.1.7 — read as yathā a-sādṛśye: yathā compounds only in its non-resemblance senses; hence not
yathā hariḥ tathā haraḥ (where yathā marks Hari as upamāna) — resemblance-yathā and literal-yathā are both blocked from the compound. - 662 yāvad avadhāraṇe 2.1.8 — yāvat compounds in the sense of delimitation (avadhāraṇa):
yāvantaḥ ślokāḥ → yāvacchlokam ("as many prostrations as verses"). - 663 suppratinā mātrārthe 2.1.9 — a subanta compounds with prati when prati means a small portion (mātrā = leśa):
śākasya leśaḥ → śākaprati; not vṛkṣaṃ vṛkṣaṃ prati (prati ≠ portion there). - 664 akṣaśalākāsaṃkhyāḥ pariṇā 2.1.10 — akṣa, śalākā, and a numeral compound with pari, only in the gambling-defeat (parājaya) sense:
akṣeṇa viparītaṃ vṛttam → akṣapari; śalākāpari, ekapari. - 665 vibhāṣā 2.1.11 — adhikāra of optionality: from here the compounds are optional (vibhāṣā). Its force retroactively makes the earlier rules (647–664) nitya-samāsas — except saha supā (649), which the separate provision of
avyayam… (652) marks (jñāpaka) as non-obligatory.
C. The sense-specific avyayībhāvas — ablative, token/lakṣaṇa, genitive, numeral — running example: apa + viṣṇoḥ → apaviṣṇu, ā + bālebhyaḥ → ābālam
- 666 apaparibahirañcavaḥ pañcamyā 2.1.12 — apa, pari, bahis, and añcu-final words compound with an ablative (pañcamī):
apa viṣṇoḥ → apaviṣṇu ("saṃsāra apart from Viṣṇu"), pari viṣṇoḥ → pariviṣṇu, bahirvanāt → bahirvanam, prāgvanāt → prāgvanam. - 667 āṅ maryādābhividhyoḥ 2.1.13 — the particle āṅ optionally compounds with an ablative in the senses of maryādā (exclusive limit) and abhividhi (inclusive limit):
ā mukteḥ → āmukti (up to, but not including, liberation); ā bālebhyaḥ → ābālam (extending even to the children). - 668 lakṣaṇenābhipratī ābhimukhye 2.1.14 — abhi and prati, expressing facing-toward (ābhimukhya), compound with a token-word (lakṣaṇa/cihna):
agnim abhi → abhyagni (moths fall toward the fire), agniṃ prati → pratyagni. - 669 anur yatsamayā 2.1.15 — anu compounds with the word denoting that near which something occurs (the token):
vanasya samīpam → anuvanam (as in anuvanam aśanir gataḥ, "the bolt struck near the forest"). - 670 yasya cāyāmaḥ 2.1.16 — and anu compounds with the word whose length (āyāma) it marks as the token:
gaṅgāyā anu → anugaṅgaṃ vārāṇasī (Vārāṇasī stretched along the Gaṅgā's length). - 671 tiṣṭhadguprabhṛtīni ca 2.1.17 — the tiṣṭhadgu-class are nipātita avyayībhāvas:
tiṣṭhadgu = milking-time (cows standing), āyatīgavam — with the śatṛ-substitute, absence of puṃvadbhāva, and the samāsānta all irregularly built in. - 672 pāre madhye ṣaṣṭhyā vā 2.1.18 — pāra, madhya optionally compound with a genitive (their final e nipātita):
gaṅgāyāḥ pārāt → pāregaṅgam, gaṅgāyāḥ madhyāt → madhyegaṅgam; on the option, a genitive tatpuruṣa (gaṅgāpārāt) or the plain phrase instead. - 673 saṃkhyā vaṃśyena 2.1.19 — a numeral optionally compounds with a lineage-word (vaṃśya, by knowledge or birth):
dvau munī vaṃśyau → dvimuni, trimuni (of grammar), ekaviṃśati bhāradvājam. - 674 nadībhiśca 2.1.20 — and a numeral compounds with river-words (nadī); by vārttika (samāhāre cāyam iṣyate) also in the aggregate sense:
saptagaṅgam, dviyamunam. - 675 anyapadārthe ca saṃjñāyām 2.1.21 — a subanta compounds with nadī-words in the bahuvrīhi sense (anyapadārtha) when a proper name results — and here nitya, since a name is not conveyed by the dissolved phrase:
unmattagaṅgaṃ nāma deśaḥ, lohitagaṅgam.
D. The upasarjana / pūrva-nipāta saṃjñā-set and the hrasva it drives — running example: adhi + striyām → adhistri; pūrva-nipāta in upakṛṣṇam
- 653 prathamānirdiṣṭaṃ samāsa upasarjanam 1.2.43 — saṃjñā: whatever is stated in the nominative in a samāsa rule is upasarjana. In
avyayam… (652) "avyayam" stands in the nominative → the avyaya (upa, adhi, ā…) is the upasarjana. - 654 upasarjanaṃ pūrvam 2.2.30 — the upasarjana is placed first in the compound: the avyaya heads it —
upakṛṣṇam, adhihari, ābālam. - 655 ekavibhakti cāpūrvanipāte 1.2.44 — a word with a fixed single case-ending in the vigraha is also termed upasarjana — but explicitly not for pūrva-nipāta; a saṃjñā-extension that does not disturb the avyaya's front position.
- 656 gostriyorupasarjanasya 1.2.48 — an upasarjana go or strī-pratyaya-ending word has its final shortened (hrasva, carrying hrasva … prātipadikasya from 1.2.47): strī → stri, giving
adhistri; and by avyayībhāvaś ca (SK 451) the whole gets avyaya status.
E. Building and declining the form — luk of the sups, neuter + hrasva, the am-substitute, sa-for-saha — running example: adhi + harau → adhihari; upakṛṣṇam / apadiśam
- 650 supo dhātuprātipadikayoḥ 2.4.71 — luk (elision) of a sup that is a member of a dhātu or prātipadika: in
hari ṅi adhi the locative sup is elided → the bare adhihari (cf. bhūtapūrva, with bhūta fronted). Vārttika ivena samāso vibhaktyalopaśca — a compound with iva where the vibhakti is not elided: jīmūtasyeva. - 659 avyayībhāvaś ca 2.4.18 — the avyayībhāva is neuter (napuṃsaka); then hrasvo napuṃsake (SK 318) shortens the final:
adhigopam (gopā → gopa), kṛṣṇasya samīpam → upakṛṣṇam. Not in samayā grāmam, nikaṣā laṅkām, ārād vanāt (no avyayībhāva there). - 657 nāvyayībhāvādato'mtvapañcamyāḥ 2.4.83 — after an a-final avyayībhāva there is no luk of the sup; instead am replaces it, except in the fifth case:
diśor madhye → apadiśam (nom./acc.). - 658 tṛtīyāsaptamyor bahulam 2.4.84 — for the instrumental and locative the am-substitution is diverse (bahula):
apadiśena / apadiśam (inst.), apadiśe / apadiśam (loc.); but obligatory in sumadram, unmattagaṅgam. - 660 avyayībhāve cākāle 6.3.81 — sa replaces saha in an avyayībhāva, but not when the second member denotes time:
sacakram (with a wheel), sasakhi, sakṣatram, satṛṇam, sāgni — yet time-sense retains it: sahapūrvāhṇam.
F. The samāsānta ṬaC affixes, keyed to the compound's final — running example: upa + śarad → upaśaradam; then uparājam, upagiram, upasamidham
- 676 samāsāntāḥ 5.4.68 — adhikāra: the affixes now taught are samāsānta — added at the end of the compound; governs 677–683.
- 677 avyayībhāve śaratprabhṛtibhyaḥ 5.4.107 — ṬaC after the śaradādi class in an avyayībhāva:
śaradaḥ samīpam → upaśaradam, prativipāśam (class: śarad, vipāś, anas, manas, upānah, div, himavat, anaḍuh, diś, dṛś, viś, cetas, catur, tyad, tad, yad, kiyat); gaṇa-sūtras add jaras (upajarasam) and akṣi after prati/para/sam/anu → (with yasyeti ca, SK 311) pratyakṣam, samakṣam, anvakṣam, nipātana parokṣam. - 678 anaś ca 5.4.108 — ṬaC after an avyayībhāva ending in the segment an (an-anta): upa + rājan →
uparājam. - 679 nastaddhite 6.4.144 — the ṭi of a bha-stem ending in n is elided before a taddhita — clearing the -an so ṬaC (a taddhita-class affix) can attach:
uparājam, adhyātmam. - 680 napuṃsakādanyatarasyām 5.4.109 — after a neuter an-ending avyayībhāva, ṬaC is optional: upa + carman →
upacarmam / upacarma. - 681 nadīpaurṇamāsyāgrahāyaṇībhyaḥ 5.4.110 — ṬaC optional after avyayībhāvas ending in nadī, paurṇamāsī, āgrahāyaṇī:
upanadam / upanadi, upapaurṇamāsam / upapaurṇamāsi, upāgrahāyaṇam / upāgrahāyaṇi. - 682 jhayaḥ 5.4.111 — ṬaC optional after an avyayībhāva ending in a jhay consonant: upa + samidh →
upasamidham / upasamit. - 683 gireśca senakasya 5.4.112 — ṬaC optional after an avyayībhāva ending in giri (per Senaka, named in honour):
upagiram / upagiri.