Covers SK 453–531 (79 sūtras): all present.
strīpratyaya-prakaraṇa — outline (p15, SK 453–531, all 79 sūtras)
Forming the feminine stem (strī-pratyaya): given a masculine/neuter prātipadika, which feminine affix attaches to denote a woman — the default ṭāp (-ā), the two ṅī affixes ṅīp and ṅīṣ (both surface as -ī, differing only by their it-markers and hence by accent/downstream effects), the u-making ūṅ (-ū), the marginal ṅīn, cāp (-ā), and ti; plus the phonetic apparatus each triggers (the a→i id before a ka-suffix's ṭāp, the taddhita ya-lopa, augments nuk/ānuk, and the anaṅ/ai/n substitutions). Seventeen outcome-groups, in strict SK order — the span partitions cleanly into contiguous blocks, so no sūtra is displaced from its Aṣṭādhyāyī/SK sequence. One deliberate placement to note: 458 ṭābṛci prescribes ṭāp, not a ṅī affix, but is kept in the ṅīp group B because it is the ṛc-verse counterpart of the pād-final ṅīp at 457. Adhikāra/saṃjñā sūtras (453, 469, 474, 530) sit at the head of the block they govern.
A. The strī-adhikāra and the ṭāp default (-ā) — running example: aja → ajā (also khaṭvā, bāla → bālā)
- 453 striyām 4.1.3 — adhikāra "in the feminine": governs every following affix as far as (not including) samarthānāṃ prathamād vā (A 4.1.82); not an independent injunction. Femininity inheres in the prātipadika's meaning; ṭāp and the rest merely manifest (dyotaka) it — hence
mātṛ, duhitṛ are feminine with no affix at all. - 454 ajādyataṣ ṭāp 4.1.4 — ṭāp (the affix -ā) after an ajādi stem or one ending in short a (ataḥ): aja →
ajā, khaṭvā → khaṭvā, bāla → bālā. Naming "ajādi" blocks the ṅīṣ/ṅīp those words would else take: caṭakā (not the jāti-ṅīṣ), bālā (not the vayas-ṅīp of SK 478). Vārttikas: saṃphalā, satpuṣpā, śūdrā (jāti) vs. śūdrī (puṃyoga).
B. ṅīp (-ī) — the ugit / van / pād / man / an core domains — running example: bhavat → bhavatī (also atisutvan → atisutvarī, dvipād → dvipadī)
- 455 ugitaś ca 4.1.6 — ṅīp after an ugit stem (an it drawn from u ṛ ḷ): the śatṛ -at is ugit →
bhavatī, pacantī (num by SK 446); restricted from roots (per the "ac" of ugidacām, SK 361) except √añc → prācī, pratīcī; so not ukhāsrat. - 456 vano ra ca 4.1.7 — after a van-ending stem, ṅīp is added and the final n → r: atisutvan →
atisutvarī, atidhīvarī, śarvarī. ("van" covers ṅvanip/kvanip/vanip; vārt. bahudhīvarī / bahudhīvā optional in a bahuvrīhi.) - 457 pādo'nyatarasyām 4.1.8 — after a stem ending in pād (samāsānta done), ṅīp optionally:
dvipadī / dvipāt. - 458 ṭābṛci 4.1.9 — ṭāp (not ṅīp) after a pāda-final stem when a ṛc (Vedic verse) is denoted:
dvipadā ṛk, ekapadā; but na ṣaṭsvasrādibhyaḥ (SK 308) bars ṭāp for ṣaṭ-words → pañca, catasraḥ. - 459 manaḥ 4.1.11 — no ṅīp after a man-ending stem: sīman →
sīmā, sīmānau (not sīmī). - 460 ano bahuvrīheḥ 4.1.12 — no ṅīp after an an-ending bahuvrīhi:
bahuyajvā, bahuyajvānau. - 461 ḍāb ubhābhyām anyatarasyām 4.1.13 — after those two (the man-ender of 459 and the an-bahuvrīhi of 460), ḍāp (-ā) is added optionally:
sīmā / sīme, dāmā / dāme, bahuyajvā / bahuyajve. - 462 ana upadhālopino'nyatarasyām 4.1.28 — after an an-bahuvrīhi that elides its penult (upadhā-lopin), ṅīp optionally (else ḍāp + the ṅīp-prohibition): bahurājan →
bahurājñī / bahurāje (bahurājānau strong).
C. The a → i (id) substitution before a ka-suffix's ṭāp — running example: kāraka → kārikā
- 463 pratyayasthāt kāt pūrvasyāta id āpy asupaḥ 7.3.44 — the short a preceding a k that stands in an affix → i (it) when āp follows (and that āp does not itself follow a sup): kāraka + ṭāp →
kārikā, sarvikā. Excludes naukā (vowel is au), śakā (k in the base), bahuparivrājakā (āp after a sup), kārakaḥ (no āp). Vārt.: māmikā, narikā. - 464 na yāsayoḥ 7.3.45 — that id is blocked for yad and tad:
yakā, sakā (nom. sg.), yakām, takām — not yikā/sikā. Vārt. also blocks it for tyakan (adhityakā), āśis-vun (jīvakā), the kṣipakādi (kanyakā, caṭakā), tārakā (star). - 465 udīcām ātaḥ sthāne yakapūrvāyāḥ 7.3.46 — for the a that stands in place of an affixal ā and is preceded by ya or ka (hence follows a ka), the id is optional (northerners):
āryakā / āryikā, caṭakakā / caṭakikā; but obligatory for a root-final ya/ka (vārt. sunayikā). - 466 bhastraiṣā'jājñādvāsvānañpūrvāṇām api 7.3.47 — that optional id is extended to bhastrā, eṣā, ajā, jñā, dvā, svā (even nañ-preceded):
nirbhastrakā / nirbhastrikā, ajakā / ajikā, dvake / dvike; obligatory in svikā (ātmīya). - 467 abhāṣitapuṃskāc ca 7.3.48 — after a stem not expressing the masculine (abhāṣitapuṃska), an i optionally in that same slot:
gaṅgakā / gaṅgikā; but a bahuvrīhi does express the masculine → obligatory akhaṭvikā. - 468 ād ācāryāṇām 7.3.49 — per the teachers, an ā is the optional substitute in that domain:
gaṅgākā (beside gaṅgikā); after an uktapuṃska stem only śubhrikā.
D. anupasarjana-adhikāra + the great ṭiḍḍhāṇañ ṅīp list, yañ, and its taddhita ya-lopa — running example: gārgya → gārgī
- 469 anupasarjanāt 4.1.14 — adhikāra (to yūnas tiḥ, SK 531): the feminine affixes attach only to a non-upasarjana stem; the very heading indicates tadanta-vidhi (the rule reaches what ends in the named item).
- 470 ṭiḍḍhāṇañ...kvarapaḥ 4.1.15 — ṅīp after an anupasarjana a-final stem ending in a ṭit element, or in ḍha/aṇ/añ/dvayasac/daghnac/mātrac/tayap/ṭhak/ṭhañ/kañ/kvarap:
kurucarī (ṭit), sauparṇeyī (ḍha), aindrī (aṇ), autsī (añ), ūrudvayasī, ākṣikī (ṭhak), lāvaṇikī (ṭhañ), yādṛśī (kañ), itvarī (kvarap). Blocked for the bahuvrīhi bahukurucarā (upasarjana ṭa). Vārt. adds nañ/snañ/īkak... → straiṇī, taruṇī. - 471 yañaś ca 4.1.16 — ṅīp after a yañ-ending stem (after its -a is elided): gārgya →
gārgī. - 472 halas taddhitasya 6.4.150 — the taddhita ya that, after a consonant (hal), has become penult is elided before ī: gārgy + ī → gārg + ī →
gārgī (the ya-lopa that makes the yañ-ṅīp surface). Vārt.: no ṅīp outside the apatya-adhikāra (dvaipyā, daivyā).
E. The ṣpha feminine (-āyanī) — the eastern and lohitādi group — running example: gārgya → gārgyāyaṇī
- 473 prācāṃ ṣpha taddhitaḥ 4.1.17 — per the easterners, ṣpha is optionally the feminine taddhita after a yañ-ender.
- 474 ṣaḥ pratyayasya 1.3.6 — saṃjñā: the initial ṣ of an affix is it (and drops) — so ṣpha's ṣ is a marker, leaving pha (and conditioning the ṣit-ṅīṣ of SK 498).
- 475 āyaneyīnīyiyaḥ phaḍhakhacchaghām pratyayādīnām 7.1.2 — affix-initial pha/ḍha/kha/cha/gha → āyan/ey/īn/īy/iy (yathāsaṃkhya): ṣpha's pha → āyan, and the taddhita-ending stem, being a prātipadika, still takes the ṣit-ṅīṣ → gārgya →
gārgyāyaṇī. - 476 sarvatra lohitādikatantebhyaḥ 4.1.18 — ṣpha is obligatory everywhere (all views) after lohitādi words and words ending in kata (both yañ-final):
lauhityāyanī, kātyāyanī. - 477 kauravyamāṇḍūkābhyāṃ ca 4.1.19 — ṣpha (apavāda to ṭāp/ṅīṣ) after kauravya and māṇḍūka:
kauravyāyaṇī, māṇḍūkāyanī; vārt. also āsuri → āsurāyaṇī.
F. ṅīp for age-words and dvigu compounds — running example: dvigu trilokī (also vayas kumārī)
- 478 vayasi prathame 4.1.20 — ṅīp after an a-stem denoting the first age:
kumārī (not the ṭāp kumārā); vārt. widens to any non-last age → vadhūṭī, ciraṇṭī; not śiśuḥ (not a-final). - 479 dvigoḥ 4.1.21 — ṅīp after an a-final dvigu:
trilokī; but ajādi members keep ṭāp → triphalā, tryanīkā senā. - 480 aparimāṇabistācitakambalyebhyo na taddhitaluki 4.1.22 — no ṅīp for a dvigu ending in a non-measure word, or in bista/ācita/kambalya, when the taddhita is luk-elided:
pañcāśvā, dvibistā, dvyācitā; but measure-final dvyāḍhakī, and (no luk, collective) pañcāśvī. - 481 kāṇḍāntāt kṣetre 4.1.23 — no ṅīp for a kāṇḍa-final dvigu meaning a field (taddhita luk):
dvikāṇḍā kṣetrabhaktiḥ; but non-field dvikāṇḍī rajjuḥ. - 482 puruṣāt pramāṇe'nyatarasyām 4.1.24 — ṅīp optional for a puruṣa-final measure-dvigu (taddhita luk):
dvipuruṣī / dvipuruṣā parikhā.
G. The ūdhas- and numeral-bahuvrīhi ṅīṣ / ṅīp cluster — running example: kuṇḍa + ūdhas → kuṇḍodhnī
- 483 ūdhaso'naṅ 5.4.131 — for an ūdhas-final bahuvrīhi, ūdhas → ūdhan (substitute anaṅ) in the feminine — opening the choice among ḍāp / ṅīp / prohibition that the next rules settle.
- 484 bahuvrīher ūdhaso ṅīṣ 4.1.25 — ṅīṣ after such a bahuvrīhi: kuṇḍa-ūdhan + ī →
kuṇḍodhnī; excludes neuter kuṇḍodho dhainukam. - 485 saṃkhyāvyayāder ṅīp 4.1.26 — if its first member is a number or indeclinable, ṅīp (apavāda to ṅīṣ):
dvyūdhnī, atyūdhnī; only in a bahuvrīhi (not atyūdhāḥ). - 486 dāmahāyanāntāc ca 4.1.27 — ṅīp after a numeral-initial bahuvrīhi ending in dāman / hāyana:
dvidāmnī, dvihāyanī bālā; ṇatva after tri/catur in the vayas sense → trihāyaṇī, else trihāyanā śālā. - 487 nityaṃ saṃjñāchandasoḥ 4.1.29 — the an-upadhālopin ṅīp (carried from 462) is made obligatory in a name or the Veda: saṃjñā
surājñī (surājan), Vedic śatamūrdhnī; else only the option. - 488 kevalamāmaka...bheṣajāc ca 4.1.30 — ṅīp obligatory in name/Veda after the nine kevala/māmaka/bhāgadheya/pāpa/apara/samāna/āryakṛta/sumaṅgala/bheṣaja:
māmakī, bheṣajī; ordinary usage kevalā, māmikā.
H. The pati → patnī substitution and the augment nuk — running example: pati → patnī
- 489 antarvatpativator nuk 4.1.32 — augment nuk for antarvat and pativat before ṅīp (which follows by ṛnnebhyo ṅīp, SK 306):
antarvatnī (pregnant), pativatnī (husband living) — both nipātita; counter patimatī pṛthivī. - 490 patyur no yajñasaṃyoge 4.1.33 — pati → patn (final n) in the feminine when tied to a sacrifice →
-patnī: vasiṣṭhasya patnī (co-sharer of the rite's fruit). - 491 vibhāṣā sapūrvasya 4.1.34 — for a pati-final stem with a preceding member, the n optional (sacrifice or not):
gṛhapatnī, bahuvrīhi dṛḍhapatnī; not the vyasta gavāṃ patiḥ strī. - 492 nityaṃ sapatnyādiṣu 4.1.35 — the -patnī (with n) is obligatory in the sapatnī list, where samāna → sa (nipātita):
sapatnī, ekapatnī, vīrapatnī.
I. The udātta-ai substitution (with ṅīp) — running example: pūtakratu → pūtakratāyī
- 493 pūtakrator ai ca 4.1.36 — for pūtakratu an ai replaces the final and ṅīp is added:
pūtakratāyī (only in puṃyoga — the wife of Pūtakratu). - 494 vṛṣākapyagnikusitakusidānām udāttaḥ 4.1.37 — an udātta ai substitute + ṅīp for vṛṣākapi, agni, kusita, kusida:
vṛṣākapāyī, agnāyī, kusitāyī, kusidāyī. - 495 manor au vā 4.1.38 — for manu, its final u → au optionally (or the udātta ai of 494), with ṅīp prescribed in conjunction:
manāvī / manāyī / manuḥ.
J. Colour-words: ṅīp with t → n, and ṅīṣ elsewhere — running example: eta → enī
- 496 varṇād anudāttāt topadhāt to naḥ 4.1.39 — after an anupasarjana colour-word that is anudāttānta with t as penult, ṅīp is optional and its t → n: eta →
enī / etā, rohita → rohiṇī / rohitā; vārt. piśaṅgī, but asitā/palitā keep ṭāp. - 497 anyato ṅīṣ 4.1.40 — after a colour-word other than t-penult (still anudāttānta), ṅīṣ:
kalmāṣī, sāraṅgī; not the final-udātta kṛṣṇā, kapilā. - 498 ṣidgaurādibhyaś ca 4.1.41 — ṅīṣ after ṣit stems and the gaurādi class (an ākṛtigaṇa):
nartakī (ṣit), gaurī; vārt. anaḍuhī / anaḍvāhī. - 499 sūryatiṣyāgastyamatsyānāṃ ya upadhāyāḥ 6.4.149 — the penult ya of sūrya/tiṣya/agastya/matsya is elided, feeding their feminines:
sūrī, matsī (matsya, when ṅī follows).
K. The eleven-sense ṅīṣ list and the optional quality-word feminines — running example: jānapada → jānapadī
- 500 jānapada...keśaveśeṣu 4.1.42 — ṅīṣ after the eleven stems jānapada/kuṇḍa/goṇa/sthala/bhāja/nāga/kāla/nīla/kuśa/kāmuka/kabara, each in its listed sense:
jānapadī (livelihood), kuṇḍī (vessel), goṇī (receptacle), sthalī (natural), bhājī (gruel), nāgī (bulk), kālī (colour), nīlī (non-garment), kuśī (iron implement), kāmukī (desire), kabarī (braid); in another sense the ṭāp form kuṇḍā, goṇā, etc. - 501 śoṇāt prācām 4.1.43 — per easterners, ṅīṣ is optional after śoṇa (red), making the otherwise-obligatory anyato-ṅīṣ optional:
śoṇī / śoṇā. - 502 voto guṇavacanāt 4.1.44 — after a u-final quality-word, the feminine (ṅīp, per the Bālamanoramā) is optional:
mṛdvī / mṛduḥ; not śuciḥ (non-quality), not saṃyoga-penult pāṇḍuḥ. - 503 bahvādibhyaś ca 4.1.45 — ṅīṣ optional after bahu etc.:
bahvī / bahuḥ; gaṇa kṛdikārād aktinaḥ → rātriḥ / rātrī (kṛt-i, not ktin), and paddhatiḥ / paddhatī.
L. puṃyoga ṅīṣ and the ānuk-augment group — running example: gopa → gopī
- 504 puṃyogād ākhyāyām 4.1.48 — ṅīṣ after a male-appellation that names a woman only through her tie to that male (puṃyoga):
gopī (a cowherd's wife); vārt. not after -pālaka → gopālikā, and Sūrya-devatā takes cāp → sūryā. - 505 indravaruṇa...mātulācāryāṇām ānuk 4.1.49 — augment ānuk (with ṅīṣ) after the twelve indra/varuṇa/bhava/śarva/rudra/mṛḍa/hima/araṇya/yava/yavana/mātula/ācārya:
indrāṇī, varuṇānī, mātulānī, ācāryānī; special senses himānī (great snow), araṇyānī, yavānī, yavanānī (script).
M. ṅīṣ after krīta / kta and after body-part (svāṅga) bahuvrīhis — running example: candramukha → candramukhī
- 506 krītāt karaṇapūrvāt 4.1.50 — ṅīṣ after a krīta-ending a-stem with a karaṇa (means of purchase) first member:
vastrakrītī (bought with cloth); not dhanakrītā. - 507 ktād alpākhyāyām 4.1.51 — ṅīṣ after a kta-stem (karaṇa-preceded) when smallness is meant:
abhraliptī dyauḥ (lightly clouded sky); not candanaliptāṅganā. - 508 bahuvrīheś cāntodāttāt 4.1.52 — ṅīṣ after an antodātta a-final kta-bahuvrīhi (jāti-preceded, per vārt.):
ūrubhinnī; not bahukṛtā, dantajātā. - 509 asvāṅgapūrvapadād vā 4.1.53 — the (508) ṅīṣ becomes optional when the kta-bahuvrīhi's first member is not a body-part:
surāpītī / surāpītā; final accent (hence ṅīṣ) barred in the covering sense → vastracchannā. - 510 svāṅgāc copasarjanād asaṃyogopadhāt 4.1.54 — ṅīṣ optional after an a-final upasarjana body-part with non-conjunct penult:
candramukhī / candramukhā, atikeśī / atikeśā; not sugulphā (conjunct penult); svāṅga is adrava/mūrtimat/prāṇistha/avikāraja. - 511 nāsikodarauṣṭhajaṅghādantakarṇaśṛṅgāc ca 4.1.55 — ṅīṣ optional after a bahuvrīhi ending in nāsikā/udara/oṣṭha/jaṅghā/danta/karṇa/śṛṅga (overriding the 4.1.56 and 4.1.54 blocks by purastād-/madhye-apavāda):
tuṅganāsikī / tuṅganāsikā; vārt. supucchī, obligatory kabarapucchī. - 512 na kroḍādibahvacaḥ 4.1.56 — no ṅīṣ for a kroḍādi or many-voweled (bahvac) body-part; it keeps ṭāp:
kalyāṇakroḍā, sujaghanā. - 513 sahanañvidyamānapūrvāc ca 4.1.57 — no ṅīṣ when the body-part bahuvrīhi's first member is saha / nañ / vidyamāna:
sakeśā, akeśā, vidyamānanāsikā. - 514 nakhamukhāt saṃjñāyām 4.1.58 — no ṅīṣ after nakha / mukha-final when a proper name:
śūrpaṇakhā, gauramukhā; but non-name tāmramukhī kanyā.
N. The dik-svāṅga ṅīp override, vāh-ṅīṣ, and the nipātita feminines — running example: prāṅmukha → prāṅmukhī
- 515 dikpūrvapadān ṅīp 4.1.60 — after a body-part-final stem whose first member is a direction-word (dik), ṅīp replaces the (511) ṅīṣ:
prāṅmukhī (ādyudātta). - 516 vāhaḥ 4.1.61 — ṅīṣ alone (ṅīp does not carry here) after a vāh-ending stem:
dityauhī (Vedic dityavāṭ ... dityauhī). - 517 sakhyaśiśvīti bhāṣāyām 4.1.62 — nipātana in the spoken language:
sakhī (from sakhi) and aśiśvī (from aśiśu), both with ṅīṣ; by "iti" (= "and the like") occasionally Vedic too (aśiśvīḥ).
O. ṅīṣ for jāti (natural-kind) words — running example: taṭa → taṭī
- 518 jāter astrīviṣayād ayopadhāt 4.1.63 — ṅīṣ after a jāti-word that is not fixed-feminine and not y-penult:
taṭī, vṛṣalī; gotra/caraṇa words count as jāti → aupagavī, kaṭhī, bahvṛcī; not muṇḍā (non-jāti), balākā (fem-fixed), kṣatriyā (y-penult); but the vārt. exempts haya/gavaya/manuṣya/matsya from the y-block → hayī, manuṣī (ya-lopa), matsī. - 519 pākakarṇaparṇapuṣpaphalamūlavālottarapadāc ca 4.1.64 — ṅīṣ after a species-compound ending in pāka/karṇa/parṇa/puṣpa/phala/mūla/vāla, even when fixed-feminine:
odanapākī, śaṅkukarṇī, śālaparṇī, śaṅkhapuṣpī, dāsīphalī, darbhamūlī, govālī (herb-names). - 520 ito manuṣyajāteḥ 4.1.65 — ṅīṣ after an i-final human-class word (even y-penult):
dākṣī, audameyī; not tittiri (non-human).
P. The ūṅ feminine (-ū) — running example: kuru → kurūḥ
- 521 ūṅ utaḥ 4.1.66 — after a u-final (non-y-penult) human-class word, ūṅ (-ū):
kurūḥ; not adhvaryuḥ (y-penult); vārt. also non-animate class (excl. rajju) → alābvā, karkandhvā; not rajjuḥ, hanuḥ. - 522 bāhvantāt saṃjñāyām 4.1.67 — ūṅ after a bāhu-ending stem when a proper name:
bhadrabāhūḥ; but vṛttabāhuḥ (not a name). - 523 paṅgoś ca 4.1.68 — ūṅ after paṅgu:
paṅgūḥ; vārt. śvaśura (u and a elided) → śvaśrūḥ. - 524 ūrūttarapadād aupamye 4.1.69 — ūṅ after an ūru-final stem with an upamāna first member, when comparison is meant:
karabhorūḥ. - 525 saṃhitaśaphalakṣaṇavāmādeś ca 4.1.70 — ūṅ (no simile needed) after an ūru-final compound beginning saṃhita/śapha/lakṣaṇa/vāma:
saṃhitorūḥ, śaphorūḥ, lakṣaṇorūḥ, vāmorūḥ; vārt. also sahita/saha → sahitorūḥ, sahorūḥ. - 526 saṃjñāyām 4.1.72 — ūṅ after kadru / kamaṇḍalu when a proper name:
kadrūḥ, kamaṇḍalūḥ; else the plain kadruḥ, kamaṇḍaluḥ.
Q. ṅīn (śārṅgaravādi), cāp (yaṅ / āvaṭya), the taddhita-saṃjñā, and ti — running examples: śārṅgarava → śārṅgaravī; yuvan → yuvatiḥ
- 527 śārṅgaravādyaño ṅīn 4.1.73 — ṅīn after a śārṅgaravādi word and after an añ-ending word denoting a jāti:
śārṅgaravī, baidī; in puṃyoga only ṅīṣ; gaṇa nṛnarayor vṛddhiś ca → nārī. - 528 yaṅaś cāp 4.1.74 — cāp (-ā) after a yaṅ-ending word ("yaṅ" = both ñyaṅ and ṣyaṅ):
āmbaṣṭhyā, kārīṣagandhyā; vārt. ṣād-yañ → pautimāṣyā. - 529 āvaṭyāc ca 4.1.75 — cāp (apavāda to ṅīṣ) after āvaṭya (avaṭa, gargādi):
āvaṭyā. - 530 taddhitāḥ 4.1.76 — adhikāra: the affixes taught from here on (to the end of the fifth adhyāya) bear the taddhita saṃjñā.
- 531 yūnas tiḥ 4.1.77 — after yuvan the taddhita ti:
yuvatiḥ; anupasarjana keeps bahuyuvā off; distinct is yuvatī (from √yu + śatṛ + ṅīp).