PREMABASESiddhānta-kaumudī
Learner edition · Prakaraṇa 13

13. Halanta-napuṃsakaliṅga-prakaraṇa — Neuter nouns whose stem ends in a consonant

After this chapter you will be able to decline a neuter noun whose stem ends in a consonant: ahan "day" and words ending in it, the in-stems such as daṇḍin, asṛj "blood", ūrj, the neuter of the pronouns tyad, tad, yad and etad, the much-counted gavāk, yakṛt, svap, dhanus, payas, adas, and the neuter of a present participle such as dadat, tudat, pacat and dīvyat. Only four rules are new. Almost everything a consonant-stem needs was fixed in chapter 11; the neuter adds one substitution (ru for the n of ahan) and three rules that re-open the augment num for the neuter participle. The rest is a survey: Bhaṭṭoji declines stem after stem by pointing back to rules you already know, and this chapter walks that survey with him.

Before you start

A. The final n of ahan becomes ru at pada-end, and the survey of neuter consonant-stems — running example: ahan → ahobhyām / ahobhiḥ; dīrghāhan → dīrghāhā / he dīrghāho

An n-stem normally loses its n at the end of a pada (rājabhyām). The word ahan "day" does not: its n is replaced by ru, which then behaves like any final ru — visarga at pause, o before a voiced sound. So the instrumental dual is ahobhyām, not ahabhyām. The same happens in a word ending in ahan, such as dīrghāhan "having long days", an epithet of summer. After this one rule Bhaṭṭoji runs through the other neuter consonant-stems, and this section follows him.

SK 443 · अहन् · ahan (A 8.2.68)

अहन्
ahan · A 8.2.68
अहन्नित्यस्य रुः स्यात्पदान्ते । अहोभ्याम् । अहोभिः । इह अहः अहोभ्यामित्यादौ रत्वरुत्वयोरसिद्धत्वान्नलोपे प्राप्ते । अहन्नित्यावर्त्य नलोपाभावं निपात्य द्वितीयेन रुर्विधेयः । तदन्तस्यापि रुत्वरत्वे । दीर्घाण्यहानि यस्मिन् स दीर्घाहा निदाघः । इह हल्ङ्यादिलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणेनाऽसुपीति निषेधाद्रत्वाभावे रुः । तस्यासिद्धत्वान्नान्तलक्षण उपधादीर्घः । संबुद्धौ तु हे दीर्घाहो निदाघः । दीर्घाहानौ । दीर्घाहानः । दीर्घाह्ना । दीर्घाहोभ्याम् । दण्डि । दण्डिनी । दण्डीनि । स्रग्वि । स्रग्विणी । स्रग्वीणि । वाग्मि । वाग्मिनी । वाग्मीनि । बहुवृत्रहाणि । बहुपूषाणि । बह्वर्यमाणि । असृजः पदान्ते कुत्वम् । सृजेः क्विनो विधानात् । विश्वसृडादौ तु न । सृजिदृशोः SK 2405 इति सूत्रे रज्जुसृड्भ्यामिति भाष्यप्रयोगात् । यद्वा व्रश्च SK 294इति सूत्रे सृजियज्योः पदान्ते षत्वं कुत्वापवादः । स्रग्ऋत्विक्शब्दयोस्तु निपातनादेव कुत्वम् । असृक्शब्दस्तु अस्यतेरौणादिके ऋच्प्रत्यये बोध्यः । असृक् । असृग् । असृजी । असृञ्जि । पद्दन्न SK 228 इति वा असन् । असानि । असृजा । अस्ना । असृग्भ्याम् । असभ्यामित्यादि । उर्क् । उर्ग् । ऊर्जि । ऊन्र्जि । नरजानां संयोगः ।
बहूर्जि नुम्प्रतिषेधः
(वार्तिकम्) ।
अन्त्यात्पूर्वो वा नुम्
(वार्तिकम्) ॥ बहूर्जि । बहूर्ञ्जि वा कुलानि ॥ त्यत् । त्यद् । त्ये । त्यानि । तत् । तद् । ते । तानि । यत् । यद् । ये । यानि । एतत् । एतद् । एते । एतानि । अन्वादेशे तु एनत् । बोभिद्यतेः क्विप् । बेभित् । बेभिद् । बेभिदी । शावल्लोपस्य स्थानिवत्त्वादझलन्तत्वान्न नुम् । अजन्तलक्षणस्तु नुम् न । स्वविधौ स्थानिवत्त्वाभावात् । बेभिदि ब्राह्मणकुलानि चेच्छिदि ॥ गवाक्छब्दस्य रूपाणि क्लीबेऽर्चागतिभेदतः । असन्ध्यवङपूर्वरूपैर्नवाधिकशतं मतम् ॥ 1 ॥ स्वम्सुप्सु नव षड् भादौ षट्के स्युस्त्रीणि जश्शसोः । चत्वारि शेषे दशके रूपाणीति विभावय ॥ 2 ॥ तथाहि । गामञ्चतीति विग्रहे ऋत्विक् SK 373 आदिना क्विन् । गतौ नलोपः । अवङ् स्फोटायनस्य SK 88 इत्यवङ् । गवाक् । गवाग् । सर्वत्र विभाषा SK 87 इति प्रकृतिभावे गोअक् । गोअग् । पूर्वरूपे । गोऽक् । गोऽग् । पूजायां नस्य कुत्वेन ङः । गवाङ् । गोअङ् । गोऽङ् । अम्यपि एतान्येव नव । औङः शी । भत्वात् अचः SK 416 इत्यल्लोपः । गोची । पूजायां तु गवाञ्ची । गोअञ्ची । गोऽञ्ची ॥ जश्शसोः शिः SK 312 ॥ शेः सर्वनामस्थानत्वान्नुम् । गवाञ्चि । गोअञ्चि । गोऽञ्चि । गतिपूजनयोस्त्रीण्येव । गोचा । गवाञ्चा । गोअञ्चा । गोऽञ्चा । गवाग्भ्याम् । गोअग्भ्याम् । गोऽग्भ्याम् । गवाङ्भ्याम् । गोअङ्भ्याम् । इत्यादि ॥ सुपि तु ङान्तानां पक्षेङ्णोः कुग् SK 130 इति कुक् । गवाङ्क्षु । गवाङ्षु । गवाक्षु । गोअक्षु । गोक्षु । न चेह । चयो द्वितीया इति पक्षे ककारस्य खकारेण षण्णामाधिक्यं शङ्क्यम् । चर्त्वस्यासिद्धत्वात् । कुक्पक्षे तु तस्यासिद्धत्वाज्जश्त्वाऽभावे पक्षे द्वितीयादेशात्रीणि रूपाणि वर्द्धन्त एव ॥ ऊह्यमेषां द्विर्वचनानुनासिकविकल्पनात् । रूपान्यश्वाक्षिभूतानि SK 527 भवन्तीति मनीषिभिः ॥ 1 ॥ तिर्यक् । तिरश्ची । तिर्यञ्चि । पूजायां तु । तिर्यङ् । तिर्यञ्ची । तिर्यञ्चि । यकृत् । यकृती । यकृन्ति । पद्दन् SK 228 इति वा यकन् । यकानि । यक्ना । यकृता । शकृत् । शकृती । शकृन्ति । शकानि । शक्ना । शकृता । ददत् । ददती ॥

Rule. For the word ahan, ru replaces the final n at the end of a pada. Ru is the substitute r with a marker u; its later sandhi you know already.

Why does the sūtra need saying at all, and why is its single word ahan read twice? Because both this ru-substitution and the related r-substitution lie in the Tripādī and are therefore asiddha — treated as not yet having happened — for the earlier rule that drops a final n (na-lopa). Left alone, na-lopa would strike first and there would be no n left to replace. The first reading of ahan settles by fiat (nipātana) that na-lopa does not apply to ahan; the second reading enjoins ru.

Example.

ahan standing as a pada → n → ru → the ru goes to visarga at pause → ahaḥ.

ahan + bhyām → the stem is a pada before bhyām → n → ru → ru → o before the voiced bh → ahobhyām; likewise ahobhiḥ.

The rule also reaches a word that ends in ahan (a tadanta). Take dīrghāhan, "that in which the days are long", i.e. summer (nidāgha):

dīrghāhan + su → su is dropped by the rule hal-ṅyādi-lopa (a consonant-stem loses its su) → the dropped su still counts as present by pratyaya-lakṣaṇa (a dropped affix still conditions the rules it would have conditioned) → therefore the r-substitution, which is worded "when no sup follows" (asupi), is barred → only ru applies → but ru is asiddha, so for the lengthening rule the stem still ends in n → the vowel before that n is lengthened, as in rājā → dīrghāhā.

Vocative: he dīrghāho nidāgha "O long-dayed summer!" (no lengthening in the vocative; the ru gives o before n).

dīrghāhānau (du.), dīrghāhānaḥ (pl.), dīrghāhnā (instr. sg.), dīrghāhobhyām (instr. du.).

Applies when / blocked by. Only at the end of a pada, and only for ahan or a word ending in it. The competing r-substitution is barred whenever a case-ending, even a dropped one, follows.

Watch out. Two Tripādī facts do the work here. Ru is asiddha for na-lopa, so na-lopa would have won without the nipātana; and ru is asiddha for the lengthening rule, so dīrghāhā is lengthened as though its n were still there.

The survey: neuter in-stems, asṛj, ūrj

Bhaṭṭoji now declines the remaining consonant-stems in the neuter by cross-reference. In the neuter singular the endings su and am are dropped, so a stem in -in loses its n at pada-end; in the dual śī replaces the dual ending au; in the plural śi is a strong ending, so the vowel before the final n is lengthened, as in rājan → rājā-. No num is added: an n-stem is neither ugit nor jhal-final.

daṇḍin + śi → śi is a strong ending → the i before the final n is lengthened → daṇḍīni; no num.

stemnom./acc. sg.du.pl.
daṇḍin "having a staff"daṇḍidaṇḍinīdaṇḍīni
sragvin "garlanded"sragvisragviṇīsragvīṇi
vāgmin "eloquent"vāgmivāgminīvāgmīni

Compounds ending in -han, -pūṣan and -aryaman form their neuter plural in the same way, by lengthening alone, without num: bahuvṛtrahāṇi, bahupūṣāṇi, bahvaryamāṇi.

asṛj "blood". Its final j becomes a velar at the end of a pada, because the affix kvin is enjoined in the formation of sṛj (chapter 11). Bhaṭṭoji adds three remarks. The velar does not appear in viśvasṛj and the like — the Mahābhāṣya uses the form rajju-sṛḍbhyām; or else, by SK 294 (vraśca…), sṛj and yaj take ṣ at pada-end, which is an exception to the velar; and in srak and ṛtvik the velar is by fiat alone. The word asṛk itself, he says, is to be taken as formed from the root as (asyati) with the uṇādi affix ṛc.

asṛj → pada-end → asṛk (at pause) / asṛg (before a voiced sound).

asṛj + śī → asṛjī.

asṛj + śi → śi is a strong ending, the stem ends in a jhal → num → asṛñji.

Or, with the substitute stem asan of SK 228: asāni (pl.), asnā (instr. sg.).

asṛjā (instr. sg.), asṛgbhyām, asabhyām (instr. du.), and so on.

ūrj "vigour": ūrk / ūrg; ūrjī (du.); ūrñji (pl., a cluster of n, r and j).

Two vārttikas concern the compound bahūrj, used of families:

So the neuter plural is bahūrji, or optionally bahūrñji (kulāni, "families").

The survey: the pronouns of the tyad list, and bebhid

stemnom./acc. sg.du.pl.
tyadtyat / tyadtyetyāni
tadtat / tadtetāni
yadyat / yadyeyāni
etadetat / etadeteetāni

When etad refers back to something just mentioned (anvādeśa), the neuter is enat.

bebhid is made by adding the affix kvip to bobhidyati, the intensive of bhid "split": bebhit / bebhid; bebhidī (du.); bebhidi (pl., of Brāhmaṇa families that keep splitting). Note the plural has no num. The final a of the intensive stem was dropped before kvip (al-lopa), and that dropped a is sthānivat — it counts as still present for rules applying to what precedes it. So the stem does not end in a jhal, and the num for jhal-stems fails. Nor can the stem claim the num for vowel-stems: a dropped sound is not treated as present in an operation that concerns that very sound (sva-vidhi). This same reasoning returns for pipaṭhiṣi in Section D.

The survey: gavāk and its hundred and nine forms

gavāk "going toward a cow" is analysed gām añcati, with the affix kvin (SK 373). Its neuter forms multiply for four reasons, which Bhaṭṭoji's two counting-verses put at one hundred and nine in all:

gām añcati → kvin → motion sense: n dropped → avaṅ → gavāk / gavāg; uncombined → go-ak / go-ag; pūrva-rūpa → go'k / go'g. Worship sense: n kept, ṅ at pada-end → gavāṅ, go-aṅ, go'ṅ. Nine forms in the nominative singular; the same nine in the accusative singular.

Dual: au → śī → the stem is now a bha → the a of añc is dropped (SK 416) → gocī; in the worship sense gavāñcī, go-añcī, go'ñcī.

Plural: jas / śas → śi (SK 312) → śi is a strong ending → num → gavāñci, go-añci, go'ñci. Only three forms here, for both senses.

Instrumental singular: gocā; gavāñcā, go-añcā, go'ñcā.

Before bhyām: gavāgbhyām, go-agbhyām, go'gbhyām, gavāṅbhyām, go-aṅbhyām, and so on.

Locative plural: the ṅ-final forms optionally take the augment kuk (SK 130) → gavāṅkṣu, gavāṅṣu, gavākṣu, go-akṣu, gokṣu.

The count: nine forms each in su, am and the locative plural; six in each of the six endings beginning with bh; three in the nominative and accusative plural; four in each of the remaining ten cases. That is 27 + 36 + 6 + 40 = 109. Bhaṭṭoji adds two cautions. One might fear that the optional change of k to kh (cayo dvitīyāḥ) adds six forms; it does not, because that cartva is asiddha. But on the kuk-alternative, where no jaśtva applies, the kh-alternative does add three forms. Beyond that, the optional doubling and nasalization of consonants multiply the forms further, as they do for aśvākṣi (SK 527); the exact sense of this closing verse scholars discuss.

The survey: tiryañc, yakṛt, śakṛt

tiryañc "going across": tiryak, tiraścī, tiryañci; in the worship sense tiryaṅ, tiryañcī, tiryañci.

yakṛt "liver": yakṛt, yakṛtī, yakṛnti; or with the substitute stem yakan of SK 228: yakāni (pl.), yaknā (instr. sg.), beside yakṛtā.

śakṛt "dung": śakṛt, śakṛtī, śakṛnti; śakāni, śaknā, śakṛtā.

Then dadat "giving": dadat, dadatī … — and here the participle rules begin.

B. Optional num for the neuter participle after a reduplicated stem, before a strong ending — running example: dadat → dadanti / dadati

A present participle is made with the affix śatṛ, which appears as -at. Chapter 11 taught that after a reduplicated stem (abhyasta) such a participle takes no num before a strong ending: masculine dadat "giving" stays dadat, never dadan. This group re-opens num for the neuter, as an option. The neuter plural of dadat is therefore either dadanti or dadati.

SK 444 · वा नपुंसकस्य · vā napuṃsakasya (A 7.1.79)

वा नपुंसकस्य
vā napuṃsakasya · A 7.1.79
अभ्यस्तात्परो यः शता तदन्तस्य क्लीबस्य नुम्वा स्यात्सर्वनामस्थाने परे । ददन्ति । ददति । तुदत् ॥

Rule. For a neuter stem ending in śatṛ after a reduplicated stem, num is added optionally (vā) when a strong ending (sarvanāmasthāna) follows. The rule takes its wording from its neighbours by anuvṛtti: the ban "no num for śatṛ after a reduplicated stem" (nābhyastāc chatuḥ, A 7.1.78) is carried forward without its negative, num comes from idito num dhātoḥ, and "before a strong ending" from ugidacām (A 7.1.70). The genitive napuṃsakasya stands for an ablative, by an exchange of endings.

Example.

dadat + śi (nom./acc. pl.) → śi is a strong ending → num is added (option taken) → the n becomes anusvāra and then the nasal of the class of the following t → dadanti.

dadat + śi → option not taken → dadati.

Applies when / blocked by. Only in the neuter, only for śatṛ, only after a reduplicated stem, and only before a strong ending. Without this rule A 7.1.78 would bar num permanently.

Watch out. Bhaṭṭoji closes with the bare form tudat. It is a participle from tud "strike": tud + the class-affix śa (the exception to śap for the tud class) + śatṛ; the two a's merge into one by ato guṇe (pararūpa) → tudat. In the neuter nominative and accusative singular su and am are dropped by luk, which leaves no trace (no pratyaya-lakṣaṇa), so no strong ending follows and there is no num; the final t goes through jaśtva and cartva. Its dual is the business of the next rule.

C. Optional num before śī and nadī — running example: tudat → tudantī / tudatī; tudanti

The strong endings are not the only place the participle wants its n. The neuter dual ending śī and the feminine ī called nadī are not strong endings, so the general rule (A 7.1.70) gives no num before them. This rule supplies it, optionally, for a participle whose stem ends in a: neuter dual tudantī or tudatī.

SK 445 · आच्छीनद्योर्नुम् · ācchīnadyor num (A 7.1.80)

आच्छीनद्योर्नुम्
ācchīnadyornum · A 7.1.80
अवर्णान्तादङ्गात्परो यः शतुरवयवस्तदन्तस्याङ्गस्य नुम् वा स्याच्छीनद्योः परतः । तुदन्ती । तुदती । तुदन्ति । भात् । भान्ती । भाती । भान्ति । पचत् ॥

Rule. For a stem ending in the member of śatṛ (its final t) that follows a stem ending in an a-vowel, num is added optionally before śī (the neuter dual) and before nadī (the feminine ī). "Optionally" and "of śatṛ" are carried forward from SK 444 and A 7.1.78; the explicit word num is there only for clarity, since num is already carried forward too.

Example.

tudat + au (neuter du.) → au → śī → the stem tuda (root plus the merged class-affix) counts as a stem ending in a, and the final t is the member of śatṛ after it → num (option taken) → tudantī.

tudat + śī → option not taken → tudatī.

tudat + śi (pl.) → śi is a strong ending → num by the general rule, no option → tudanti.

bhāt, from bhā "shine": this root takes no class-affix (its vikaraṇa is dropped by luk); śatṛ replaces the present tense laṭ; bhā + a → bhā by savarṇa-dīrgha → bhāt (sg., with su and am dropped, then jaśtva and cartva). Dual bhāntī / bhātī; plural bhānti.

pacat, from pac "cook" with śap, pararūpa by ato guṇe → pacat (sg., no num). Its dual is the business of the next rule.

Applies when / blocked by. Only before śī and nadī. Before śi the general rule applies and num is compulsory (tudanti). Where the stem before śatṛ ends in the a of śap or śyan, SK 446 takes the option away.

Watch out. The rule speaks of the member of śatṛ, not of the affix. After the two a's have merged by pararūpa, the whole affix no longer stands directly after a stem ending in a — but its final t does. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explain that this is why the sūtra is worded as it is.

D. Obligatory num before śī and nadī after śap or śyan, and the remaining neuter paradigms — running example: pac (śap) → pacantī (never pacatī); div (śyan) → dīvyantī

Where the a before the participle's t is the a of the class-affix śap or śyan, the option of SK 445 is closed: num is compulsory. So pacantī only, not pacatī. Bhaṭṭoji then finishes the chapter with the neuter consonant-stems that need no new rule at all: svap, dhanus, pipaṭhīḥ, payas, supums, adas.

SK 446 · शप्श्यनोर्नित्यम् · śapśyanor nityam (A 7.1.81)

शप्श्यनोर्नित्यम्
śapśyanornityam · A 7.1.81
शप्श्यनोरात्परो यः शतुरवयवस्तदन्तस्य नित्यं नुम् स्याच्छीनद्योः परतः । पचन्ती । पचन्ति । दीव्यत् । दीव्यन्ती । दीव्यन्ति । स्वप् । स्वब् । स्वपी । नित्यात्परादपि नुमः प्राक् अप्तृन् SK 277इति दीर्घः । प्रतिपदोक्तत्वात् । स्वाम्पि । निरवकाशत्वं प्रतिपदोक्तत्वमिति पक्षे तु प्रकृते तद्विरहान्नुमेव । स्वम्पि । स्वपा । अपो भि SK 442 ॥ स्वद्भ्याम् । स्वद्भिः । अर्तिपॄवपि इत्यादिना धनेरुस् । रुत्वम् । धनुः । धनुषी । सान्त SK 317 इति दीर्घः । नुम्विसर्जनियेति षत्वम् । धनूंषि । धनूषा । धनुर्भ्याम् । एवं चक्षुर्हविरादयः । पिपठिषतेः क्विप् । र्वोः SK 433 इति दीर्घः । पिपठीः । पिपठिषी । अल्लोपस्य स्थानिवत्त्वाज्झलन्तलक्षणो नुम् न । स्वविधौ स्थानिवत्त्वाभावादजन्तलक्षणोऽपि नुम् न । पिपठिषि । पिपठीर्भ्यामित्यादि । पयः । पयसी । पयांसि । पयसा । पयोभ्यामित्यादि । सुपुम् । सुपुंसी । सुपुमांसि । अदः । विभक्तिकार्यम् । उत्वमत्वे । अमू । अमूनि । शेषं पुंवत् ॥

Rule. For a stem ending in the member of śatṛ that follows the a of śap or of śyan, num is obligatory (nityam) before śī and nadī. This is an exception (apavāda) to the option of SK 445.

Example.

pac + śap + śatṛ → pacat → + au → au → śī → the a before the t is that of śap → num compulsory → pacantī (never pacatī).

pacat + śi → pacanti.

div + śyan + śatṛ → dīvyat → dual dīvyantī; plural dīvyanti.

Applies when / blocked by. Only where the a is that of śap or śyan. After the class-affix śa (tudat) or a root with no class-affix (bhāt), SK 445 still gives an option.

The remaining neuter consonant-stems

svap "having excellent waters", a compound of su and ap "water" (chapter 11): svap / svab (sg., jaśtva before a voiced sound); svapī (du.).

Plural: śi is a strong ending, so num is due; but so is the lengthening of SK 277 (aptṛn…). Although num is obligatory and the later-stated rule, the lengthening is specifically taught for this word (pratipadokta) and applies first → svāmpi. On the other view, that "specifically taught" means "having no other scope" (niravakāśa), which is not the case here, only num applies → svampi. Scholars discuss this.

svapā (instr. sg.); by SK 442 (apo bhi) t replaces the p before bh, and jaśtva gives d → svadbhyām, svadbhiḥ.

dhanus "bow": dhan takes the affix us (by arti-pṝ-vap…); the final s becomes ru → dhanuḥ (sg.); dhanuṣī (du.).

dhanus + śi → num first (dhanu-n-s) → then the vowel before the n of the -ns- cluster is lengthened (SK 317) → the s becomes ṣ even across the num, by num-visarjanīya-śar-vyavāye 'pi → dhanūṃṣi.

dhanuṣā (instr. sg.); dhanurbhyām (instr. du.). Likewise cakṣus "eye", havis "oblation", and the rest.

pipaṭhīḥ "wishing to recite": kvip on pipaṭhiṣ, the desiderative of paṭh; at pada-end the final ṣ becomes ru first, and then the i before that r is lengthened by SK 433 → pipaṭhīḥ (sg.); pipaṭhiṣī (du.).

Plural pipaṭhiṣi, with no num, for the reason given under bebhid: the a dropped before kvip is sthānivat, so the stem is not jhal-final, and the num for vowel-stems is denied by sva-vidhi.

pipaṭhīrbhyām, and so on.

payas "milk": payaḥ, payasī, payāṃsi; payasā, payobhyām.

supums "having good men": supum, supuṃsī, supumāṃsi.

adas "that": adaḥ (sg.). In the dual and plural, after the case-operations are done, the u-substitution and the d → m substitution of chapter 11 apply → amū (du.), amūni (pl.). The rest is like the masculine.

stemsg.du.pl.instr. sg.instr. du.
svapsvap / svabsvapīsvāmpi / svampisvapāsvadbhyām
dhanusdhanuḥdhanuṣīdhanūṃṣidhanuṣādhanurbhyām
pipaṭhīḥpipaṭhīḥpipaṭhiṣīpipaṭhiṣi—pipaṭhīrbhyām
payaspayaḥpayasīpayāṃsipayasāpayobhyām
supumssupumsupuṃsīsupumāṃsi——
adasadaḥamūamūni——

Terms used in this chapter

Terms from chapter 1 are used without comment: hal, ac, it, pada, asiddha, Tripādī, anuvṛtti, tadanta, vārttika, sandhi. The rest, in order of first appearance:

Summary

SKSūtraWhat it doesExample
443ahanFor ahan, ru replaces the final n at pada-end; the word, read twice, bars na-lopa by fiat.ahobhyām, ahobhiḥ; dīrghāhā, he dīrghāho
444vā napuṃsakasyaNeuter śatṛ after a reduplicated stem takes num optionally before a strong ending.dadanti / dadati
445ācchīnadyor numŚatṛ-final stem after an a-stem takes num optionally before śī and nadī.tudantī / tudatī; bhāntī / bhātī
446śapśyanor nityamAfter the a of śap or śyan, that num is obligatory.pacantī (not pacatī); dīvyantī

Forms declined by cross-reference under these rules: daṇḍi / daṇḍinī / daṇḍīni; asṛk / asṛjī / asṛñji (or asāni, asnā); ūrk / ūrjī / ūrñji; bahūrji / bahūrñji; tat / te / tāni and the other tyad-pronouns, enat; bebhit / bebhidī / bebhidi; gavāk … gokṣu (109 forms); tiryak / tiraścī / tiryañci; yakṛt / yakṛtī / yakṛnti (or yakāni, yaknā); svap / svapī / svāmpi (or svampi), svadbhyām; dhanuḥ / dhanuṣī / dhanūṃṣi; pipaṭhīḥ / pipaṭhiṣī / pipaṭhiṣi; payaḥ / payasī / payāṃsi; supum / supuṃsī / supumāṃsi; adaḥ / amū / amūni.

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