विसर्गसन्धिप्रकरणम्

Visarga-sandhi — outline (p06, SK 150–161, all 12 sūtras)

Covers SK 150–161 (12 sūtras): all present.

Setup (from earlier prakaraṇas, not counted here). A pada-final s or r first becomes ru (sasajuṣo ruḥ etc., p07), and that ru (or any pada-final r) becomes a visarga at pada-end / before a khar (kharavasānayoḥ visarjanīyaḥ, p05). Two more background rules feed this prakaraṇa: 8.3.34 visarjanīyasya saḥ (visarga → s before a khar) and 8.3.37 kupvoḥ ka pau ca = SK 142 (the ku/pu ardhavisarga option). This prakaraṇa settles what that visarga then becomes — kept, turned to s, turned to ṣ, or realized as the ardhavisarga. Groups below are ordered by outcome (kept → s → ṣ), which crosses strict sūtra order; the reorder is noted where it happens.

A. The visarga's fate before a sibilant — kept as a visarga (blocking the s of 8.3.34), or optionally s / elided; plus the ku/pu ardhavisarga option — running example: kaḥ tsaruḥ, hariḥ śete / hariś śete

• 150 śarpare visarjanīyaḥ 8.3.35 — before a khar that is itself followed by a śar (ś ṣ s), the visarga stays a visarga, blocking 8.3.34's s. In kaḥ tsaruḥ the t is the khar, the s after it is the śar → kaḥ keeps its visarga (not kas); likewise ghanāghanaḥ kṣobhaṇaḥ. The unit adds that here neither satva nor the jihvāmūlīya applies.
• 151 vā śari 8.3.36 — before a bare śar, the visarga optionally remains: hariḥ śete / hariś śete. Its vārttika khar-pare śari vā visarga-lopaḥ adds an optional elision (rāmasthātā, harisphurati), giving a trairūpya (visarga kept / s / elided). The unit then illustrates the ku/pu ardhavisarga option (kupvoḥ ka pau ca, SK 142): kaḥ karoti beside the jihvāmūlīya variant before k/kh, kaḥ pacati beside the upadhmānīya before p/ph — the "C" ku/pu option, raised here where the text raises it.

B. Visarga → s before ku/pu (a velar or labial stop) — the sa-family (8.3.34's s now applied, not blocked) — running example: yaśaḥ + kalpa → yaśaskalpam

• 152 so'padādau 8.3.38 — the base rule: visarga → s before ku/pu that is not pada-initial (apadādi). payas·pāśam, yaśas·kalpam. Its vārttikas extend it to pāśa/kalpa/ka/kāmya (yaśaskam, yaśaskāmyati), restrict it to non-avyaya stems (so prātaḥ·kalpam keeps its visarga, prātar being avyaya), and confine the kāmya case to a visarga from ru (so gīḥ kāmyati, whose visarga is not from ru, gets no s).
• 154 namaspurasorgatyoḥ 8.3.40 — for namas and puras as gati, visarga → s before ku/pu: namas·karoti, puras·karoti. When the gati status lapses the visarga stays: namaḥ karoti (optional gati with kṛñ), and pūḥ … puraḥ praveṣṭavyāḥ (here pur is the noun, not gati).
• 156 tiraso'nyatarasyām 8.3.42 — for tiras, visarga → s optionally before ku/pu (kupvoḥ by anuvṛtti): tiras·kartā (taken) / tiraḥ kartā (kept).
• 160 ataḥ kṛkamikaṃsakumbhapātrakuśākarṇīṣv anavyayasya 8.3.46 — a non-avyaya visarga after short a, in a compound, → s obligatorily before the listed second members kṛ, kami, kaṃsa, kumbha, pātra, kuśā, karṇī: ayas·kāraḥ, ayas·pātram, ayas·karṇī. Blocked by each condition: gīḥkāraḥ (visarga after ī, not a), svaḥkāmaḥ (avyaya), yaśaḥ karoti (no compound), paramayaśaḥkāraḥ (visarga sits inside the uttarapada).
• 161 adhaḥśirasī pade 8.3.47 — for adhas and śiras, visarga → s before the word pada, in a compound: adhas·padam, śiras·padam. Non-compound keeps it (adhaḥpadam); uttarapada-internal keeps it (paramaśiraḥpadam). Its vārttika kaskādiṣu ca adds the kaskādi listing (bhāskaraḥ).

C. Visarga → ṣ before ku/pu — the ṣatva family, superseding group B's s in the same domain (pūrvaviṣaya) — running example: sarpiḥ (sarpis) + kṛ / pāśa → sarpiṣ-

• 153 iṇaḥ ṣaḥ 8.3.39 — a visarga following an iṇ sound, within the very domain where 8.3.38 would give s, → ṣ instead: sarpiṣ·pāśam, sarpiṣ·kalpam, sarpiṣ·kam, sarpiṣ·kāmyati (the visarga of sarpiḥ stands after i, an iṇ). (Placed here rather than at 8.3.39's slot: it is the ṣ-counterpart of the 8.3.38 base in group B.)
• 155 idudupadhasya cāpratyayasya 8.3.41 — a visarga with penult i or u and not standing for a pratyaya → ṣ before ku/pu: niṣ·pratyūham, āviṣ·kṛtam, duṣ·kṛtam. The pratyaya-clause blocks agniḥ karoti, vāyuḥ karoti (visarga = the affix). Vārttikas: no ṣatva when the visarga is occasioned by ekādeśa (so mātuḥ kṛpā keeps it, bhrātuṣputra being separately listed in kaskādi), and ṣatva is barred for muhus (muhuḥ kāmā).
• 157 dvistriścaturiti kṛtvo'rthe 8.3.43 — dvis, tris, catur in the sense "times" (kṛtvo'rtha): visarga → ṣ optionally before ku/pu: dviṣ·karoti / dviḥ karoti. The sense-restriction blocks the counter-case catuṣkapālaḥ (catur not "times" here — its ṣatva comes by another route).
• 158 isusoḥ sāmarthye 8.3.44 — a visarga from final is / us, when there is syntactic connection (sāmarthya = vyapekṣā), → ṣ optionally before ku/pu: sarpiṣ·karoti / sarpiḥ karoti, dhanuṣ·karoti / dhanuḥ karoti. No connection ⇒ no ṣ: tiṣṭhatu sarpiḥ, piba tvam udakam.
• 159 nityaṃ samāse'nuttarapadasthasya 8.3.45 — the same is / us visarga (anuvṛtti from 8.3.44), when not sitting in the compound's final member, → ṣ obligatorily in a compound before ku/pu: sarpiṣ·kuṇḍikā, dhanuṣ·kapālakam. Uttarapada-internal reverts to optional/kept: paramasarpiḥ kuṇḍikā. (The kaskādi listing of sarpiṣkuṇḍikā secures ṣatva when uncompounded/without vyapekṣā, and makes it obligatory when vyapekṣā is present.)