After this chapter you will be able to take two Sanskrit words, or a stem and an affix, whose meeting point is a consonant, and produce the correct joined form by Pāṇini's own rules. You will be able to turn sat cit into sac cit, tat śivaḥ into tac chivaḥ, harim vande into hariṃ vande, vāk hariḥ into vāg ghariḥ, ut sthānam into utthānam, sam-s-kartā into saṃsskartā and sva chāyā into svacchāyā, and you will know at every step which rule (by its Siddhānta-kaumudī number) has acted and what its conditions were. The thirty-nine rules are grouped here by the kind of change they make: a dental turning palatal or retroflex, a voiced sound turning voiceless, a nasal turning into anusvāra and back into a nasal, an augment slipping in between two words, and the long chain that runs from ru through anusvāra and visarga to a final s.
sat + cit → sac cit, tat + śivaḥ → tac chivaḥWhen s or a dental stop stands next to ś or a palatal stop, the dental gives way and becomes palatal. This is called ścutva, "becoming ścu". The group has one rule that makes the change and one that limits it. In sat cit the t ends up as c: sac cit. In tat śivaḥ the t ends up as c and the ś is later heard as ch: tac chivaḥ (Section C finishes that word).
Rule. stu is a short name for s together with the dental class tu (t th d dh n; tu names the whole class by SK 14 of chapter 1). ścu is ś together with the palatal class cu (c ch j jh ñ). When a stu sound is in contact with a ścu sound, either before or after it, the stu sound is replaced by the corresponding ścu sound: s by ś, t by c, d by j, n by ñ, and so on.
Example.
hariḥ + śete → the final s (which stands for the visarga before this ś) is in contact with ś → s → ś → hariś śete.
rāmaḥ + cinoti → s in contact with c → s → ś → rāmaś cinoti.
sat + cit → the pada-final t first becomes d by the voicing rule SK 84 → d is in contact with c → d → j by this rule → j before the voiceless c becomes c by SK 121 (Section C) → sac cit.
śārṅgin + jaya → n in contact with j → n → ñ → śārṅgiñ jaya.
Applies when / blocked by. The change runs in both directions: the palatal may follow the dental (sat cit) or precede it (the case SK 112 goes on to limit). It is limited by SK 112 and, for the retroflex case, matched by SK 113.
Watch out. The rule replaces the dental, never the palatal. In rāmaś cinoti the c is untouched; it is the s that has moved.
Rule. A dental (tu) standing after ś does not undergo ścutva. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators show how the wording is completed: the word na ("not") is carried forward by anuvṛtti from SK 114 (na padāntāṭ ṭor anām, which precedes this rule in the Aṣṭādhyāyī), and toḥ ("of the dental class") and cuḥ ("the palatal class") from SK 111 — but not the s and ś of that rule. So the rule reads: after śa, no ścutva of the tu.
Example.
viś + naḥ → the n stands after ś → SK 111 would make it ñ → SK 112 blocks this → viśnaḥ.
praś + naḥ → likewise → praśnaḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. Only when the ś comes first and the dental second. When the dental stop comes first and the palatal or ś second (sat cit → sac cit; tat śivaḥ → tac chivaḥ), SK 111 applies as usual.
rāmaḥ + ṭīkate → rāmaṣ ṭīkate; limit ṣaṭ santaḥThe same kind of change happens with the retroflex sounds. When s or a dental stop is in contact with ṣ or a retroflex stop (ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ), the dental becomes retroflex: this is ṣṭutva, "becoming ṣṭu". One rule makes the change and two limit it. The chief limit is that a retroflex at the end of a word does not retroflex what follows it: ṣaṭ santaḥ, not ṣaṭ ṣantaḥ.
Rule. ṣṭu is ṣ together with the retroflex class ṭu (ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ). When a stu sound (s or a dental) is in contact with a ṣṭu sound, the stu sound is replaced by the corresponding ṣṭu sound: s by ṣ, t by ṭ, n by ṇ, and so on. stoḥ ("of stu") is carried forward from SK 111.
Example.
rāmaḥ + ṭīkate → the final s (the shape the visarga takes before a voiceless sound, SK 138 in Section H) is in contact with ṭ → s → ṣ → rāmaṣ ṭīkate.
rāmaḥ + ṣaṣṭhaḥ → s in contact with ṣ → s → ṣ → rāmaṣ ṣaṣṭhaḥ.
peṣ + tā → t after ṣ → t → ṭ → peṣṭā.
tad + ṭīkā ("its commentary") → the pada-final d stands before ṭ → d → ḍ by this rule → the ḍ before the voiceless ṭ → ṭ by cartva (SK 121, Section C) → taṭṭīkā.
cakrin + ḍhaukase → n before ḍh → n → ṇ → cakriṇ ḍhaukase.
Applies when / blocked by. Limited by SK 114 (a word-final retroflex does not retroflex the next word) and SK 115 (a dental before ṣ is not retroflexed).
Rule. A stu sound that follows a ṭu sound standing at the end of a pada does not become ṣṭu — except when the stu sound belongs to nām, the genitive plural ending. The word anām is a genitive form with its ending dropped, "of what is not nām".
Example.
ṣaṭ + santaḥ → the s follows a pada-final ṭ → SK 113 would give ṣ → blocked → ṣaṭ santaḥ.
ṣaṭ + te → the t follows a pada-final ṭ → blocked → ṣaṭ te.
ṣaṣ + nām → ṣaṣ counts as a pada before this ending → its final ṣ → ḍ by jaśtva (SK 84) → ṣaḍ nām → before the nasal n the ḍ → ṇ, obligatorily, by the vārttika pratyaye bhāṣāyāṃ nityam (under SK 116, Section G) → ṣaṇ nām → the n of nām now follows a pada-final retroflex ṇ → SK 113 would give ṇ, and this rule would block it, but anām excepts the n of nām → n → ṇ → ṣaṇṇām.
Applies when / blocked by. Two contrasts fix the conditions. Why "at the end of a pada"? In īṭṭe the ṭ is inside a word, so the following t is retroflexed as usual. Why "after a ṭu"? In sarpiṣṭamam the sound before the t is ṣ, not a retroflex stop, so SK 113 applies freely. A vārttika (a supplementary statement on the rule) extends the nām exception to the words navati and nagarī: ṣaṇṇavatiḥ ("ninety-six"), ṣaṇṇagaryaḥ ("six cities").
Rule. A dental (tu) standing before ṣ does not become retroflex. na and ṣṭu are again carried forward.
Example.
san + ṣaṣṭhaḥ → n stands before ṣ → SK 113 would give ṇ → blocked → san ṣaṣṭhaḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. The block concerns only a dental stop before ṣ; an s before ṣ still becomes ṣ (rāmaṣ ṣaṣṭhaḥ, SK 113). At this point Bhaṭṭoji reminds you of the voicing rule SK 84, jhalāṃ jaśo 'nte, because every group from here on leans on it: vāk + īśaḥ → k at the end of the pada → g → vāgīśaḥ; cit + rūpam → t → d → cidrūpam.
sac cit (cartva), tac chivaḥ (chatva)The voicing rule of chapter 3 makes every pada-final stop voiced. When the next word begins with a voiceless sound, that voicing is undone: the stop becomes voiceless and unaspirated (car). This is cartva. A special case follows it: a ś standing after such a stop may be heard as ch (chatva). SK 120 is taken here before SK 121 so that tac chivaḥ can be finished in one place.
Rule. A ś that follows a pada-final jhay (a non-nasal stop) is optionally replaced by ch, when an aṭ follows the ś. aṭ is the pratyāhāra from a to the ṭ of Śivasūtra 5: all vowels and h y v r.
Example.
tat + śivaḥ → the pada-final t → d by SK 84 → d before ś → j by ścutva (SK 111) → j before the voiceless ś → c by cartva (SK 121, next) → the ś follows a pada-final stop and is itself followed by the vowel i → ś → ch by this rule → tac chivaḥ; without the option, tac śivaḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. The ś must be followed by an aṭ. Before other sounds the vārttika under SK 121 extends the option. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators point out that this rule works only on a ś after a pada-final stop; that is why SK 133 adds the augment tuk to the end of the preceding word rather than to the front of the ś.
Rule. A jhal (any stop or sibilant, or h) standing before a khar becomes the corresponding car. khar is the pratyāhāra from kh to the r of Śivasūtra 13: the voiceless stops and ś ṣ s. car is c ṭ t k p ś ṣ s, the voiceless unaspirated stops and the sibilants. So a voiced or aspirated stop before a voiceless sound becomes the plain voiceless stop of its class.
Example.
saj + cit (from sat cit after SK 84 and SK 111) → j stands before the voiceless c → j → c → sac cit.
taj + śivaḥ → j before the voiceless ś → j → c → tac śivaḥ, and with SK 120, tac chivaḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. A vārttika adds chatvam ami: the ś also becomes ch when an am follows it. am is the pratyāhāra from a to the m of Śivasūtra 7: vowels, h y v r l and the nasals. So tat + ślokena → tac ślokena → the ś is followed by l, an am → tac chlokena (optionally). Why "before an am"? In vāk ścyotati the ś is followed by c, which is not an am, so the ś stays.
Watch out. Cartva and the voicing rule SK 84 pull in opposite directions, and both live in the Tripādī. The order is settled by asiddha: voicing happens first, and cartva then undoes it before a voiceless sound. That is why sat cit passes through sad, saj and only then reaches sac.
san + śambhuḥ → sañ chambhuḥ and its kinAn augment (āgama) is a sound added to a form without replacing anything. The five rules of this group insert a small consonant between a pada-final nasal or stop and the first sound of the next word. Four of the augments are optional; the fifth, the doubling of a nasal before a vowel, is compulsory. Each augment is named with a marker letter: kuk is k (the u is for pronunciation, the final k is a marker), ṭuk is ṭ, dhuṭ is dh, tuk is t, ṅamuṭ is a nasal. As Bhaṭṭoji's commentators note at each rule, an augment marked with k goes to the end of the item it is added to, and one marked with ṭ goes to its front.
Rule. After a pada-final ṅ the augment kuk (k), and after a pada-final ṇ the augment ṭuk (ṭ), are optionally added when a śar follows. śar is ś ṣ s (Śivasūtra 13). The pairing is by order: ṅ takes k, ṇ takes ṭ (SK 128 below states the principle).
Example.
prāṅ + ṣaṣṭhaḥ → ṅ is pada-final and ṣ follows → k is added after the ṅ → prāṅk ṣaṣṭhaḥ; without the augment, prāṅ ṣaṣṭhaḥ.
sugaṇ + ṣaṣṭhaḥ → ṇ is pada-final and ṣ follows → ṭ is added after the ṇ → sugaṇṭ ṣaṣṭhaḥ; without the augment, sugaṇ ṣaṣṭhaḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. The new k and ṭ now stand at the end of a pada, where SK 84 would voice them to g and ḍ; but this rule is asiddha with respect to SK 84, so the augments are treated as not yet there and stay voiceless. A vārttika records the view of the teacher Pauṣkarasādi that a cay (an unaspirated voiceless stop, c ṭ t k p) before a śar becomes the second, aspirated, member of its class. On that view the augments may also be heard aspirated: prāṅkh ṣaṣṭhaḥ, sugaṇṭh ṣaṣṭhaḥ. So each word has three forms: with the aspirated augment, with the plain augment, and without it.
Rule. An s that follows a pada-final ḍ optionally takes the augment dhuṭ (dh). Being marked with ṭ, the augment is added at the front of the s. The option is carried forward from SK 127 (vā).
Example.
ṣaṣ + santaḥ → the final ṣ of ṣaṣ → ḍ by SK 84 → ṣaḍ santaḥ → the s follows a pada-final ḍ → dh is added before it → ṣaḍ dhsantaḥ → the dh stands before the voiceless s → dh → t by cartva (SK 121) → the ḍ stands before the voiceless t → ḍ → ṭ by cartva → ṣaṭ tsantaḥ; without the augment, ṣaṭ santaḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explain why the augment is stated as dh rather than simply t: stated as the fourth letter, it is exposed to cartva and comes out as t, while the aspirating vārttika of SK 130 cannot touch it, cartva being asiddha for that vārttika.
Rule. And after a pada-final n likewise: the following s optionally takes the augment dhuṭ. si, dhuṭ and the option are carried forward from SK 131 and SK 127.
Example.
san + saḥ → the s follows a pada-final n → dh is added before it → dh before the voiceless s → t by cartva (SK 121) → san tsaḥ; without the augment, san saḥ.
Rule. A pada-final n optionally takes the augment tuk (t) when ś follows. Being marked with k, the t is added at the end of the n, so it becomes the last sound of the preceding pada.
Example.
san + śambhuḥ → n is pada-final and ś follows → t is added after the n → sant śambhuḥ → the t is in contact with ś → t → c by ścutva (SK 111) → sanc śambhuḥ → the n is now in contact with that c → n → ñ by SK 111 again → sañc śambhuḥ → the ś follows a pada-final stop and a vowel follows it → ś → ch optionally (SK 120) → sañc chambhuḥ → the c before ch is optionally dropped (SK 71, jharo jhari, chapter 3) → sañ chambhuḥ.
Because tuk, chatva and the dropping of c are each optional, four forms result, which Bhaṭṭoji sums up in a verse as "ñ-ch, ñ-c-ch, ñ-c-ś, ñ-ś":
sañ chambhuḥ — tuk taken, ś → ch, the c dropped.
sañc chambhuḥ — tuk taken, ś → ch, the c kept.
sañc śambhuḥ — tuk taken, ś unchanged, the c kept.
sañ śambhuḥ — no tuk; only n → ñ.
Applies when / blocked by. The t of tuk is never voiced to d by SK 84, because with respect to the voicing rule the augment is asiddha; and for the same reason it is not voiced after it has become c. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators note why the augment is tuk at the end of the n and not dhuṭ at the front of the ś: only a ś that follows a pada-final stop can become ch by SK 120, and a dh placed at the front of śambhuḥ would not be pada-final. Scholars discuss the exact grounds for one of the four forms.
Rule. ṅam is ṅ ṇ n (Śivasūtra 7). When a pada ends in a ṅam that itself stands after a short vowel, and a vowel follows, the augment ṅamuṭ is added to that vowel, obligatorily. ṅamuṭ is a collective name for three augments, ṅuṭ, ṇuṭ and nuṭ; each is used after the matching nasal, and being marked with ṭ it goes to the front of the following vowel. The effect is that the nasal is doubled. The word nityam ("always") is there to stop the option (vā) of SK 127 from being carried forward.
Example.
pratyaṅ + ātmā → the pada ends in ṅ after the short a, and a vowel follows → ṅ is added at the front of ā → pratyaṅṅātmā.
sugaṇ + īśaḥ → ṇ after short a, vowel follows → ṇ is added before ī → sugaṇṇīśaḥ.
san + acyutaḥ → n after short a, vowel follows → n is added before a → sannacyutaḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. The nasal must stand after a short vowel; that is the whole condition. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators discuss how the rule is to be read so that a nasal inside a compound, such as the n of paramadaṇḍinau, is not doubled.
harim + vande → hariṃ vande; anusvāra → śāntaḥA final m before a consonant is written and heard as anusvāra, the pure nasal sound ṃ. So is an n or m inside a word before a stop or sibilant. Then, before a stop, the anusvāra is turned back into the nasal of the following sound's class: ṃ before t is heard as n, before k as ṅ. This group gives those rules, the case where the change back is only optional, and a small set of exceptions for m before h and before the root rāj.
Rule. A pada ending in m gets anusvāra in place of that m when a hal (any consonant) follows. By SK 42 (alo 'ntyasya) the substitute replaces only the final sound.
Example.
harim + vande → the pada ends in m and the consonant v follows → m → ṃ → hariṃ vande.
Applies when / blocked by. Why "of a pada"? In gamyate the m is inside the word, not pada-final, so it stays m. SK 123 takes care of the non-final case.
Rule. An n, and likewise an m (carried forward from SK 122), that is not pada-final gets anusvāra when a jhal follows. jhal is the pratyāhāra from jh to the l of Śivasūtra 14: all consonants except the nasals and semivowels, that is, the stops, the sibilants and h.
Example.
yaśāṃsi → an n stands inside the word before the sibilant s → n → ṃ → yaśāṃsi.
ākraṃsyate → an n stands inside the word before s → n → ṃ → ākraṃsyate.
Applies when / blocked by. Why "before a jhal"? In manyate the n is followed by y, which is not a jhal, so it stays n.
Rule. An anusvāra standing before a yay is replaced by the parasavarṇa, the sound homorganic with what follows: the nasal of the following sound's own class. yay is the pratyāhāra from y to the y of Śivasūtra 12: the semivowels, the nasals and all the stops. Bhaṭṭoji calls the rule self-evident.
Example.
aṃkitaḥ → ṃ before the guttural k → ṃ → ṅ → aṅkitaḥ.
aṃcitaḥ → ṃ before the palatal c → ñ → añcitaḥ.
kuṃṭhitaḥ → ṃ before the retroflex ṭh → ṇ → kuṇṭhitaḥ.
śāṃtaḥ → ṃ before the dental t → n → śāntaḥ.
guṃphitaḥ → ṃ before the labial ph → m → gumphitaḥ.
Watch out. In kurvanti the n is such a parasavarṇa, produced from an anusvāra by this rule. The rule that turns n into ṇ after r would seem to apply, but this rule is asiddha with respect to that earlier one, so the n is treated as not yet in existence and is not retroflexed: kurvanti stands. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators spell this out from his very terse sentence.
Rule. For a pada-final anusvāra before a yay, the parasavarṇa of SK 124 is only optional; the anusvāra may stay.
Example.
tvam + karoṣi → m → ṃ by SK 122 → ṃ before k → tvaṅ karoṣi or tvaṃ karoṣi.
sam + yantā → ṃ before y → say̐yantā or saṃyantā.
sam + vatsaraḥ → ṃ before v → sav̐vatsaraḥ or saṃvatsaraḥ.
yam + lokam → ṃ before l → yal̐ lokam or yaṃ lokam.
Applies when / blocked by. When the following sound is y, v or l, the parasavarṇa is the nasalized y, v or l (shown by the sign ̐ over the letter), since those sounds have no separate nasal of their own class.
Rule. The m of sam stays m — it does not become anusvāra — when the root rāj ending in the affix kvip follows.
Example.
sam + rāṭ (the root rāj with the affix kvip) → the m stands before the consonant r, so SK 122 would give ṃ → this rule keeps m → samrāṭ.
Applies when / blocked by. Only for sam and only before rāj with kvip.
Rule. Before an h that is itself followed by m, a pada-final m optionally stays m; otherwise SK 122 gives anusvāra.
Example.
kim + hmalayati (root hmal, "to move") → the m stands before an h followed by m → kim hmalayati with m kept, or kiṃ hmalayati by SK 122.
Applies when / blocked by. The h must be followed by m. In kiṃ hvalayati (root hval, also "to move") the h is followed by v, so this rule is silent and the ordinary anusvāra stands — until the vārttika steps in. The vārttika yavalapare yavalā vā says: before an h followed by y, v or l, the m optionally becomes y, v or l respectively. SK 128 explains "respectively", and gives the examples.
Rule. This is a paribhāṣā, a rule about how to read rules. When a later statement lists items equal in number to an earlier list, they are matched in order: the first to the first, the second to the second, and so on. This is yathāsaṃkhya, "according to number".
Example.
The vārttika of SK 127 lists y v l twice: once as what follows the h, once as the substitute for m. By this rule they pair off in order:
kim + hyaḥ ("yesterday") → h followed by y → m → y → kiy̐ hyaḥ, or kiṃ hyaḥ.
kim + hvalayati → h followed by v → m → v → kib̐ hvalayati, or kiṃ hvalayati.
kim + hlādayati (root hlād, "to be glad") → h followed by l → m → l → kil̐ hlādayati, or kiṃ hlādayati.
Applies when / blocked by. The same principle already paired ṅ with kuk and ṇ with ṭuk in SK 130, and it will pair the guttural and labial classes with their two substitutes in SK 142. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators discuss how widely "equal in number" reaches; for this chapter the plain reading is enough.
Rule. Before an h that is followed by n, a pada-final m optionally becomes n. The words h, m and the option are carried forward from SK 127.
Example.
kim + hnute (root hnu, "to deny") → h followed by n → m → n → kin hnute, or kiṃ hnute by SK 122.
vāk + hariḥ → vāg ghariḥOne rule only. When a word ending in a stop meets a word beginning with h, the h may be replaced by the voiced aspirate of the preceding stop's class: after g, gh; after d, dh. The substitute is the pūrvasavarṇa, the sound homorganic with what precedes.
Rule. After a jhay (a non-nasal stop; the pratyāhāra from jh to the y of Śivasūtra 12), a following h is optionally replaced by the sound homorganic with the preceding stop. Bhaṭṭoji explains which sound that is: h is voiced, sonant (uttered with resonance, nāda), aspirated and pronounced with a contracted throat (the glottis closed, saṃvāra), so the only homorganic sound with those properties is the fourth member of the preceding stop's class, its voiced aspirate.
Example.
vāk + hariḥ → the pada-final k → g by SK 84 → vāg hariḥ → the h follows the stop g → h → gh, the voiced aspirate of the guttural class → vāg ghariḥ; without the option, vāg hariḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. The preceding sound must be a stop; and the voicing rule SK 84 has already acted, which is why the result is gh and not kh.
etat + murāriḥ → etan murāriḥ; tat + layaḥ → tallayaḥ; ut + sthānam → utthānamThese three rules each make a pada-final or word-internal sound match its neighbour more closely. Before a nasal, a stop may itself become a nasal. Before l, a dental becomes l. And in the two words utthāna and uttambhana the s of the root becomes the aspirate of the t before it.
Rule. A yar at the end of a pada optionally becomes a nasal when a nasal follows. yar is the pratyāhāra from y to the r of Śivasūtra 13: every consonant except h. The nasal substituted is the one nearest to the stop in place and effort, that is, the nasal of its own class.
Example.
etat + murāriḥ → the pada-final t → d by SK 84 → etad murāriḥ → d stands before the nasal m → d → n, the nasal of the dental class → etan murāriḥ; without the option, etad murāriḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. The rule does not act on r: caturmukhaḥ keeps its r before m. Bhaṭṭoji's reason is that the rule has its purpose fulfilled in supplying, for a stop, the nasal that is nearest to it in both place and effort; r has no such counterpart. A vārttika adds that before an affix, in ordinary speech, the change is obligatory: tat + mātram → tanmātram, cit + mayam → cinmayam. Why then madodagrāḥ kakudmantaḥ (Kālidāsa) with its d before m? Because the d of kakudmat is specifically laid down in the yavādi group of words, and such a laid-down form (a nipātana) is not changed.
Rule. A dental (tu) standing before l is replaced by the parasavarṇa, the sound homorganic with what follows — that is, by l itself.
Example.
tat + layaḥ → the pada-final t → d by SK 84 → d stands before l → d → l → tallayaḥ.
vidvān + likhati → n stands before l → n → l; since the sound replaced was a nasal, the substitute is the nasalized l → vidvām̐l likhati.
Watch out. For n the substitute is not the plain l but the nasal l: the nasality of the n is carried over.
Rule. When the roots sthā and stambh follow the prefix ud, their initial s is replaced by the pūrvasavarṇa, the sound homorganic with the preceding d. By SK 44 (ādeḥ parasya) the substitute falls on the first sound of the root. Since s is voiceless, the homorganic dental that matches it is the voiceless aspirate th.
Example.
ud + sthānam → the s follows ud → s → th → ud ththānam → the d stands before the voiceless th → d → t by cartva (SK 121) → utththānam → the first th, standing before another th, is optionally dropped by SK 71 (jharo jhari) → utthānam.
ud + stambhanam → likewise → uttambhanam.
Applies when / blocked by. On the alternative where the th is not dropped, it is heard as th; it is not turned into t by cartva, because with respect to cartva this rule is asiddha and the th counts as not yet there. Scholars discuss the ordering of these steps.
sam + s + kartā → saṃsskartā; pums + kokilaḥ → puṃskokilaḥThis is the longest chain in the chapter. Several rules replace a final m, s or n by ru — that is, by r with the marker u (the u is an it and drops). One heading rule (SK 136) and its companion (SK 137) then say what happens to the vowel before that r: it may be nasalized, or an anusvāra may be inserted after it. Then, by SK 76 of chapter 3, the r becomes visarga before a voiceless sound; and by SK 138 that visarga becomes s before a voiceless sound, or by SK 142 the half-visarga signs before k and p. The running example is sam + the augment suṭ (an s that another rule inserts before the root kṛ after sam) + kartā: the m becomes ru, and the chain ends in saṃsskartā, with two s's.
Rule. For sam, ru is substituted when the augment suṭ follows. ru is carried forward from the rule that opens the ru-section of the Aṣṭādhyāyī (A 8.3.1). By SK 42 (alo 'ntyasya) the substitute replaces only the final m.
Example.
sam + s + kartā → the m of sam stands before the augment suṭ → m → ru, whose u is a marker → sar s kartā.
Applies when / blocked by. This is the rule that opens the ru-section for us; SK 136 and SK 137 say what happens to the a before the r.
Rule. A heading rule (adhikāra): here, in the ru-section, the sound preceding ru optionally becomes nasal (anunāsika).
Example.
sar s kartā (the r being ru) → the a before the r is optionally nasalized → sam̐r s kartā.
Applies when / blocked by. Only for a ru produced within the ru-section. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators observe that the words vā ("optionally") and tu ("but") add clarity rather than content: ru itself is compulsory, the nasalization of what precedes it is optional.
Rule. When the nasalization of SK 136 is set aside, an anusvāra is added as an augment after the sound that precedes ru.
Example.
sar s kartā → the a is not nasalized → an anusvāra is added after it → saṃr s kartā → the r stands before the voiceless s → r → visarga by SK 76 (kharavasānayor visarjanīyaḥ, chapter 3) → saṃḥ s kartā.
Applies when / blocked by. The two alternatives, nasal vowel (SK 136) or anusvāra (SK 137), are exclusive: every form of the ru-section comes in that pair.
Rule. A visarjanīya (visarga) standing before a khar (a voiceless stop or sibilant) is replaced by s. The word khari is carried forward from SK 76.
Example.
saṃḥ s kartā → the visarga stands before the voiceless s → ḥ → s → saṃsskartā; on the nasal alternative, sam̐sskartā. Each has two s's: one from the visarga, one from the augment suṭ.
Applies when / blocked by. A later rule, SK 151 (vā śari), makes the visarga optional before a sibilant, and that rule is an exception to this one. To hold the s in place for three particular words, a vārttika states saṃpuṃkānāṃ saḥ: for sam, pum and kān the visarga becomes s without option. That is why saṃsskartā has no alternative with a visarga. Bhaṭṭoji then counts the forms that the options generate. The Bhāṣya records that some teachers drop the m of sam altogether instead of turning it into ru; since that dropping too belongs to the ru-section, it gives a pair of single-s forms, saṃskartā and sam̐skartā. Optional doubling of the s (SK 48, chapter 3), a vārttika śaraḥ khayaḥ allowing the k after a sibilant to double, doubling of the anusvāra, doubling of the t, and nasalization of the vowel multiply the total, by his count, to one hundred and eight. A student needs only the two-s pair given above and the single-s pair.
Rule. The m of pum — the word pums ("male") once its final s has been dropped — becomes ru when a khay follows that is itself followed by an am. khay is the pratyāhāra from kh to the y of Śivasūtra 12: the voiceless stops. am is as in SK 121: vowels, h y v r l and the nasals.
Example.
pums + kokilaḥ (a compound, "male cuckoo") → the s at the end of the cluster ms is first dropped by the rule saṃyogāntasya lopaḥ → pum kokilaḥ → the k is a voiceless stop followed by the vowel o → m → ru → pur kokilaḥ → the u before the r is nasalized (SK 136) or takes an anusvāra after it (SK 137) → puṃr kokilaḥ → the r before the voiceless k → visarga (SK 76) → puṃḥ kokilaḥ → the visarga → s by the vārttika saṃpuṃkānām under SK 138 → puṃskokilaḥ; on the nasal alternative, pum̐skokilaḥ.
pums + putraḥ → likewise → puṃsputraḥ or pum̐sputraḥ.
Applies when / blocked by. Why "followed by an am"? In puṃkṣīram the k is followed by ṣ, not an am, so there is no ru. Why "a khay"? In puṃdāsaḥ the d is not a voiceless stop. A vārttika adds khyāñādeśe na: when the root khyā, as the substitute for cakṣ, follows, there is no ru: puṃkhyānam. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators discuss why the visarga here does not become ṣ; the outcome is the s shown.
Rule. The final n of a pada becomes ru before a chav that is followed by an am — but not the n of the word praśān. chav is the pratyāhāra from ch to the v of Śivasūtra 11: ch ṭh th c ṭ t.
Example.
śārṅgin + chindhi → ch is a chav followed by the vowel i → n → ru → the r before the voiceless ch → visarga (SK 76) → the visarga → s (SK 138) → the s in contact with ch → ś by ścutva (SK 111) → śārṅgiṃś chindhi; on the nasal alternative, śārṅgim̐ś chindhi.
cakrin + trāyasva → t is a chav followed by r, an am → n → ru → visarga → s → cakriṃs trāyasva or cakrim̐s trāyasva.
Applies when / blocked by. Why "of a pada"? In hanti the n is not pada-final. Why "followed by an am"? In san tsaruḥ ("with a good hilt") the t is followed by s, so there is no ru. Why "not praśān"? In praśāntanoti the n of praśān keeps its n.
Rule. For the word nṝn (an accusative plural form), ru is optionally substituted for the final n when p follows.
Example.
nṝn + pāhi → p follows → the n → ru optionally → nṝr pāhi → then the nasal or anusvāra option (SK 136–137) and visarga (SK 76) → nṝm̐ḥ pāhi or nṝṃḥ pāhi; without ru, nṝn pāhi. SK 142 completes the set.
Applies when / blocked by. Only for this word and only before p. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators note that the word is cited in the sūtra without a case-ending and with its n intact, a licence of the sūtra style.
Rule. Before a guttural (ku: k kh g gh ṅ) the visarjanīya becomes the jihvāmūlīya, and before a labial (pu: p ph b bh m) it becomes the upadhmānīya — respectively, by SK 128. These are the two half-visarga sounds, written ᳵ before a guttural and ᳶ before a labial; the ka and pa in the sūtra only make them pronounceable. And, by the word ca, the visarga may also simply remain.
Example.
nṝṃḥ pāhi → the visarga stands before the labial p → ḥ → upadhmānīya → nṝṃᳶ pāhi; with the nasal vowel, nṝm̐ᳶ pāhi; keeping the visarga, nṝṃḥ pāhi and nṝm̐ḥ pāhi; and without ru at all (SK 141), nṝn pāhi. Five forms in all.
Applies when / blocked by. This rule is an exception (apavāda) to SK 138 (visarga → s), by the maxim "a rule undertaken exactly where another would inevitably apply is that other's exception": SK 142 is stated only where SK 138 would otherwise give s. It is not an exception to SK 150 (śarpare visarjanīyaḥ, the rule keeping a visarga before a voiceless sound that is itself followed by a sibilant, as in kṣ), because SK 142 also covers places such as kaḥ karoti where SK 150 does not reach. So in vāsaḥ kṣaumam the visarga stays: SK 150 is untouched.
Rule. The n of the word kān becomes ru when an āmreḍita follows — the repeated second half of a doubled word.
Example.
kān kān (the word doubled to express distribution) → the first n stands before the repeated kān → n → ru → the nasal or anusvāra option → visarga before k (SK 76) → the visarga → s by the vārttika saṃpuṃkānām (SK 138), which overrides the jihvāmūlīya of SK 142 → kāṃskān or kām̐skān.
Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji adds "or else" and points to SK 144: since kāṃskān is also listed in the kaskādi group, its s would follow from that rule too. Scholars discuss whether the mention of kān in the vārttika is then needed.
Rule. In the words of the kaskādi list ("kaska and the rest"), the visarga becomes ṣ when it follows an iṇ and s elsewhere. iṇ is the pratyāhāra from i to the second ṇ (Śivasūtra 6): the vowels other than a, and h y v r l. This s is an exception to the jihvāmūlīya and upadhmānīya of SK 142.
Example.
kaḥ + kaḥ (doubled) → the visarga follows a, not an iṇ → ḥ → s → kaskaḥ.
kutaḥ + kutaḥ (doubled, with the affix aṇ) → likewise → kautaskutaḥ.
kān kān → kāṃskān, kām̐skān (see SK 143).
sarpiḥ + kuṇḍikā → the visarga follows i, an iṇ → ḥ → ṣ → sarpiṣkuṇḍikā.
dhanuḥ + kapālam → the visarga follows u → ṣ → dhanuṣkapālam.
Applies when / blocked by. The list is an ākṛti-gaṇa, an open group defined by its shape: any word of this kind that is found in use belongs to it. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators add that the rule works only in saṃhitā: in kaḥ ko 'tra bhoḥ, said with a pause, the visarga stays.
sva + chāyā → svacchāyāThe last group leaves the Tripādī and returns to book 6 of the Aṣṭādhyāyī. A heading rule first announces that what follows holds only in saṃhitā, close juncture. Then four rules insert the augment tuk (t) between a vowel and a following ch: always after a short vowel, always after ā and mā as prefixes, always after a long vowel inside a word, and optionally after a long vowel at the end of a word. The inserted t is then processed by the Tripādī rules of this chapter and comes out as c: sva chāyā → svacchāyā.
Rule. A heading rule (adhikāra): the operations stated from here on take effect only in saṃhitā, the closest joining of sounds (SK 28, chapter 1). This is the first of the Aṣṭādhyāyī's saṃhitā headings; it governs SK 146 and what follows.
Example.
sva chāyā spoken as one breath → the a and the ch stand in saṃhitā → SK 146 may act.
The same two words spoken with a pause between them → no saṃhitā → none of the rules of this group acts.
Rule. A short vowel standing before ch takes the augment tuk (t), in saṃhitā. The augment is marked with k, so it goes to the end of the vowel, between the vowel and the ch.
Example.
sva + chāyā → the short a stands before ch → t is added after it → svat chāyā → the t, now final in its pada, → d by SK 84 (voicing acts first, because ścutva is asiddha with respect to it) → d in contact with ch → j by ścutva (SK 111; ścutva acts before cartva, because cartva is asiddha with respect to it) → j before the voiceless ch → c by cartva (SK 121) → svacchāyā.
śiva + chāyā → likewise → śivacchāyā.
Applies when / blocked by. A rule of a later chapter, SK 378 (coḥ kuḥ), would turn a final palatal into a guttural; it does not act here, because ścutva, which made the c, is asiddha with respect to it, so the c is treated as not yet there. The result keeps c.
Watch out. Three Tripādī rules act on the one augment, and asiddha fixes their order: voicing (SK 84), then ścutva (SK 111), then cartva (SK 121). Each later rule is asiddha for the earlier one, so each earlier rule acts first.
Rule. After āṅ (the prefix ā) and māṅ (the particle mā; the ṅ of each name is a marker), when ch follows, the augment tuk is added. che and tuk are carried forward from SK 146. This is an exception to the option of SK 149: ā and mā are pada-final long vowels, so SK 149 would make the augment optional; this rule makes it compulsory.
Example.
ā + chādayati → ā is āṅ, and ch follows → t is added → āt chādayati → t → d → j → c as in SK 146 → ācchādayati.
mā + chidat → mā is māṅ, and ch follows → mācchidat.
Rule. After a long vowel, when ch follows, the augment tuk is added. Bhaṭṭoji adds a point of placement: this tuk belongs to the long vowel, not to the ch — it is added at the end of the vowel, not at the end of the ch. He knows this from a jñāpaka, an indicatory sign: the rule SK 828 (senāsurācchāyā …) would be pointless otherwise.
Example.
ce + chidyate (the intensive of the root chid, with its doubled first syllable) → the long e stands before ch inside the word → t is added after the e → cet chidyate → t → d → j → c as in SK 146 → cecchidyate.
Applies when / blocked by. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators show what would go wrong if the t were attached to the end of the ch instead: the t would become c, the ch before it would become c by cartva, and the word would come out as ceccidyate with no ch heard at all. Attached to the vowel, the t becomes c and the ch after it stays, since nothing voiceless follows the ch.
Rule. After a long vowel standing at the end of a pada, when ch follows, the augment tuk is optional. dīrghāt, che and tuk are carried forward from SK 146 and SK 148; this rule adds "pada-final" and the option.
Example.
lakṣmī + chāyā → the long ī is pada-final and ch follows → t is added optionally → lakṣmīt chāyā → t → d → j → c → lakṣmīcchāyā; without the augment, lakṣmīchāyā.
Applies when / blocked by. For the two prefixes ā and mā the option is removed by SK 147. For a long vowel inside a word (SK 148) there was no option to begin with.
| SK | Sūtra | What it does | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 111 | stoḥ ścunā ścuḥ | s / dental beside ś / palatal becomes ś / palatal (ścutva). | sat cit → sac cit |
| 112 | śāt | No ścutva of a dental after ś. | praśnaḥ |
| 113 | ṣṭunā ṣṭuḥ | s / dental beside ṣ / retroflex becomes ṣ / retroflex (ṣṭutva). | rāmaṣ ṭīkate |
| 114 | na padāntāṭ ṭor anām | No ṣṭutva after a pada-final retroflex, except before nām. | ṣaṭ santaḥ; ṣaṇṇām |
| 115 | toḥ ṣi | No ṣṭutva of a dental before ṣ. | san ṣaṣṭhaḥ |
| 120 | śaś cho 'ṭi | ś after a pada-final stop, before an aṭ, optionally becomes ch. | tac chivaḥ |
| 121 | khari ca | A jhal before a voiceless sound becomes voiceless unaspirated (cartva). | saj cit → sac cit |
| 130 | ṅṇoḥ kuk ṭuk śari | After pada-final ṅ / ṇ, optional augment k / ṭ before a sibilant. | prāṅk ṣaṣṭhaḥ |
| 131 | ḍaḥ si dhuṭ | s after pada-final ḍ optionally takes the augment dh (→ t). | ṣaṭ tsantaḥ |
| 132 | naś ca | s after pada-final n optionally takes the augment dh (→ t). | san tsaḥ |
| 133 | śi tuk | Pada-final n before ś optionally takes the augment t; four forms. | sañ chambhuḥ |
| 134 | ṅamo hrasvād aci ṅamuṇ nityam | Pada-final ṅ ṇ n after a short vowel doubles before a vowel, always. | sannacyutaḥ |
| 122 | mo 'nusvāraḥ | Pada-final m before a consonant becomes anusvāra. | hariṃ vande |
| 123 | naś cāpadāntasya jhali | Internal n / m before a jhal becomes anusvāra. | yaśāṃsi |
| 124 | anusvārasya yayi parasavarṇaḥ | Anusvāra before a yay becomes the nasal of that class. | śāntaḥ |
| 125 | vā padāntasya | For a pada-final anusvāra the change back is optional. | tvaṅ / tvaṃ karoṣi |
| 126 | mo rāji samaḥ kvau | The m of sam stays before rāj + kvip. | samrāṭ |
| 127 | he mapare vā | Pada-final m before h + m optionally stays m. | kim hmalayati |
| 128 | yathāsaṃkhyam anudeśaḥ samānām | Equal lists match in order. | kiy̐ hyaḥ, kib̐ hvalayati, kil̐ hlādayati |
| 129 | napare naḥ | Pada-final m before h + n optionally becomes n. | kin hnute |
| 119 | jhayo ho 'nyatarasyām | h after a stop optionally becomes that stop's voiced aspirate. | vāg ghariḥ |
| 116 | yaro 'nunāsike 'nunāsiko vā | Pada-final consonant before a nasal optionally becomes a nasal. | etan murāriḥ |
| 117 | tor li | A dental before l becomes l (nasal l for n). | tallayaḥ |
| 118 | udaḥ sthāstambhoḥ pūrvasya | s of sthā / stambh after ud becomes th. | utthānam |
| 135 | samaḥ suṭi | The m of sam becomes ru before the augment suṭ. | sar-s-kartā |
| 136 | atrānunāsikaḥ pūrvasya tu vā | In the ru-section the sound before ru is optionally nasal. | sam̐r-s-kartā |
| 137 | anunāsikāt paro 'nusvāraḥ | Otherwise an anusvāra is added after it. | saṃr-s-kartā |
| 138 | visarjanīyasya saḥ | Visarga before a voiceless sound becomes s. | saṃsskartā |
| 139 | pumaḥ khayy ampare | The m of pum (pums with its s dropped) becomes ru before a voiceless stop + am. | puṃskokilaḥ |
| 140 | naś chavy apraśān | Pada-final n becomes ru before ch ṭh th c ṭ t + am; not praśān. | śārṅgiṃś chindhi |
| 141 | nṝn pe | The n of nṝn optionally becomes ru before p. | nṝṃḥ pāhi / nṝn pāhi |
| 142 | kupvoḥ ≍ka ≍pau ca | Visarga before a guttural / labial becomes ᳵ / ᳶ, or stays. | nṝṃᳶ pāhi |
| 143 | kānāmreḍite | The n of kān becomes ru before its own repetition. | kāṃskān |
| 144 | kaskādiṣu ca | In the kaskādi words visarga becomes s (ṣ after an iṇ). | kaskaḥ; sarpiṣkuṇḍikā |
| 145 | saṃhitāyām | Heading: only in close juncture. | — |
| 146 | che ca | A short vowel before ch takes the augment t. | svacchāyā |
| 147 | āṅmāṅoś ca | ā and mā before ch take the augment t, always. | ācchādayati |
| 148 | dīrghāt | A long vowel before ch takes the augment t. | cecchidyate |
| 149 | padāntād vā | A pada-final long vowel before ch takes it optionally. | lakṣmīcchāyā / lakṣmīchāyā |