संस्कृत-वाङ्मय में दो प्रकार के शब्द होते हैं- विकारी और अविकारी।In Sanskrit literature there are two kinds of words—declinable (vikārī) and indeclinable (avikārī).जो शब्द विभक्ति-वचन-प्रत्यय आदि के द्वारा विकार को प्राप्त हो जाते हैं वे विकारी हैं, जो सुबन्त, तिङन्त आदि हैं और जो शब्द सदा सभी विभक्तियों में विकारहित अर्थात् एकसमान रहते हैं वे अविकारी हैं, जैसे अपि, न, च, यदि, विना आदि।Those words that undergo modification through vibhakti, number, pratyaya, and the like are vikārī—namely the subantas, tiṅantas, and so on; and those words that always remain unmodified, that is, the same, in all the vibhaktis are avikārī, such as api, na, ca, yadi, vinā, and the like.व्याकरणशास्त्र में अविकारी शब्दों को अव्यय कहा गया है।In the science of grammar the avikārī words are called avyaya (indeclinables).अव्यय के कुछ शब्द स्वरादिगण में लिये गये हैं तो कुछ निपात हैं।Some words of the avyaya class are included in the svarādi-gaṇa, while some are nipātas.निपात उन्हें कहते हैं जो प्रागीश्वरान्निपाताः सूत्र से अधिरीश्वरे सूत्र तक के ४३ सूत्रों के द्वारा जिन शब्दों का कथन हुआ।Nipātas are those words that are stated by the 43 sūtras from the sūtra prāg īśvarān nipātāḥ up to the sūtra adhir īśvare.इसके लिए आप अष्टाध्यायी देख लें।For this you may consult the Aṣṭādhyāyī.
उन शब्दों की भी अव्ययसंज्ञा की गई है जो तद्धितश्चासर्वविभक्तिः, कृमेजन्तः, क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः, अव्ययीभावश्च इन सूत्रों के कथन में आते हैं।The avyaya-saṁjñā has also been made of those words that come within the statement of the sūtras tad-dhitaś cāsarvavibhaktiḥ, kṛn mejantaḥ, ktvātosunkasunaḥ, and avyayībhāvaś ca.हम इनके विषय में आगे वर्णन कर रहे हैं।We are describing these further on.अव्ययसंज्ञा के अनेक फल हैं, उनमें से अव्यय-शब्दों से आये हुए सुप्-प्रत्ययों का अव्ययादाप्सुपः से लुक् करना भी एक फल है।The avyaya-saṁjñā has many fruits; among them, one fruit is the luk, by avyayād āp-supaḥ, of the sup-pratyayas that come after avyaya-words.
अङ्ग।aṅga.है।hai.हे।he.भोः।bhoḥ.अये।aye.द्य।dya.विषु।viṣu.एकपदे।ekapade.युत्।yut.आतः।ātaḥ.चादिराकृतिगणः।cādir ākṛtigaṇaḥ.
३६७- स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम्।367. svarādinipātam avyayam.स्वर् आदौ येषां ते स्वरादयः।svar ādau yeṣāṁ te svarādayaḥ.स्वरादयश्च निपाताश्च तेषां समाहारद्वन्द्वः स्वरादिनिपातम्।svarādayaś ca nipātāś ca teṣāṁ samāhāradvandvaḥ svarādinipātam.स्वरादिनिपातं प्रथमान्तम्, अव्ययं प्रथमान्तं, द्विपदमिदं सूत्रम्।svarādinipātaṁ is in the nominative (prathamā), avyayaṁ is in the nominative; this sūtra has two words.
स्वर आदि शब्द और निपातसंज्ञक शब्द अव्ययसंज्ञक होते हैं।The svara-and-the-rest words and the words having the nipāta-saṁjñā are avyaya-saṁjñaka.
पाणिनीयव्याकरण में सूत्रपाठ, धातुपाठ के अतिरिक्त गणपाठ भी है जो सूत्र में आदि, प्रभृति शब्दों के द्वारा जाना जाता है।In Pāṇinian grammar, besides the sūtrapāṭha and the dhātupāṭha, there is also the gaṇapāṭha, which is known through the words ādi, prabhṛti, and the like in the sūtra.जैसे- स्वरादि, सर्वादि, चादि आदि।For example—svarādi, sarvādi, cādi, and so on.स्वरादिनिपातमव्ययम् में भी स्वर्+आदि=स्वरादि गणपाठ है।In svarādinipātam avyayam too, svar+ādi = svarādi is a gaṇapāṭha.इन स्वरादिगण के शब्द और निपातसंज्ञक शब्दों की अव्ययसंज्ञा का विधान यह सूत्र करता है।This sūtra ordains the avyaya-saṁjñā of the words of this svarādi-gaṇa and of the words having the nipāta-saṁjñā.स्वरादिगणपाठ में जितने शब्द दिखाये गये हैं, उतने ही स्वरादि नहीं हैं, ये तो उदाहरणमात्र हैं।The svarādi words are not only as many as are shown in the svarādi-gaṇapāṭha; these are merely examples.इनके अतिरिक्त भी अनेकों शब्द स्वरादिगण में आते हैं।Besides these, many other words too come within the svarādi-gaṇa.अतः गणपाठ में आकृतिगणोऽयम् कहा गया।Therefore in the gaṇapāṭha it has been said, ākṛtigaṇo'yam ('this is an ākṛtigaṇa').अर्थात् जो शब्द गणपाठ में नहीं दर्शाये जा सके किन्तु आकृति एवं व्यवहार से उस गण के जैसे लगते हैं, उन्हें भी उस गण का माना जाय।That is, those words which could not be shown in the gaṇapāṭha but which, by their form and usage, seem like (words) of that gaṇa should also be reckoned as belonging to that gaṇa.
जिनकी इस सूत्र से अव्ययसंज्ञा होती है, उन्हें अर्थ सहित दर्शाते हैं-Those whose avyaya-saṁjñā occurs by this sūtra we show together with their meanings—
स्वरादयः-The svarādi words—
स्वर्=स्वर्ग।svar = heaven.
अन्तर्=अन्दर।antar = inside.
प्रातर्=सुबह।prātar = morning.
पुनर्=दुबारा।punar = again.
सनुतर्=छिपना।sanutar = to conceal.
उच्चैस्=ऊँचा।uccais = high, loud.
नीचैस्=नींचा।nīcais = low.
शनैस्=धीरे से।śanais = slowly.
ऋधक्=सत्य।ṛdhak = truth.
ऋते=विना।ṛte = without.
युगपत्=एकसाथ।yugapat = simultaneously.
आरात्=दूर और समीप।ārāt = far and near.
पृथक्=अलग।pṛthak = separately.
ह्यस्=बीता हुआ कल।hyas = yesterday (the past day).
श्वस्=आने वाला कल।śvas = tomorrow (the coming day).
दिवा=दिन।divā = by day.
रात्रौ=रात में।rātrau = at night.
सायम्=शाम का समय।sāyam = evening time.
चिरम्=देर तक।ciram = for a long time.
मनाक्=थोड़ा सा।manāk = a little.
ईषत्=थोड़ा।īṣat = slightly.
जोषम्=चुप।joṣam = silent.
तूष्णीम्=चुप।tūṣṇīm = silent.
बहिस्=बाहर।bahis = outside.
अवस्=बाहर।avas = outside.
अधस्=नीचे।adhas = below.
समया=समीप।samayā = near.
निकषा=समीप।nikaṣā = near.
स्वयम्=अपने आप।svayam = of one's own accord.
वृथा=व्यर्थ।vṛthā = in vain.
नक्तम्=रात्रि।naktam = night.
नञ्=नहीं।nañ = not.
हेतौ=निमित्त।hetau = for a cause.
इद्धा=प्रकट।iddhā = manifest.
अद्धा=वस्तुतः।addhā = truly.
सामि=आधा।sāmi = half.
वत्=जैसे।vat = like.
ब्राह्मणवत्=ब्राह्मण जैसे।brāhmaṇavat = like a Brāhmaṇa.
क्षत्रियवत्=क्षत्रिय जैसे।kṣatriyavat = like a Kṣatriya.
सना=सदा।sanā = always.
सनत्=सदा।sanat = always.
सनात्=सदा।sanāt = always.
उपधा=भेदupadhā = distinction.
तिरस्=टेढ़ा।tiras = crooked, aslant.
अन्तरा=अन्दर से।antarā = from within.
अन्तरेण=विना।antareṇa = without.
ज्योक्=लम्बे समय तक।jyok = for a long time.
कम्=जल।kam = water.
शम्=सुख।śam = happiness.
नाना=बगैरह।nānā = variously, and so forth.
सहसा=अचानक।sahasā = suddenly.
स्वस्ति=कल्याण।svasti = well-being.
विना=अलावा।vinā = except, without.
स्वधा=पितरों को जल देतेsvadhā = while offering water to the pitṛs,
समय उच्चार्यमाण शब्द।the word uttered at that time.
अलम्=सजाना।alam = to adorn.
अलम्=पर्याप्त।alam = enough, sufficient.
वषट्।vaṣaṭ.श्रौषट्।śrauṣaṭ.वौषट्= देवाराधन में प्रयोग किये जाते हैं।vauṣaṭ = these are used in the worship of the gods.अन्यत्=अन्य, अतिरिक्त।anyat = other, additional.
अस्ति=विद्यमान।asti = existing.
उपांशु=एकान्त।upāṁśu = in private, in solitude.
क्षमा=माफी।kṣamā = forgiveness.
विहायसा=आकाश।vihāyasā = the sky.
दोषा=रात्रि।doṣā = night.
मृषा=असत्य।mṛṣā = falsely, untruth.
मिथ्या=झूठ।mithyā = false.
मुधा=व्यर्थ।mudhā = in vain.
पुरा=प्राचीन समय में।purā = in ancient times, formerly.
मिथो=एकान्त।mitho = in private.
मिथस्=परस्पर।mithas = mutually.
प्रायस्=ज्यादातर।prāyas = mostly.
मुहुस्=पुनःपुनः, बारंबार।muhus = again and again, repeatedly.
प्रवाहुकम्=उसी समय।pravāhukam = at that very time.
प्रवाहिका=समान काल।pravāhikā = the same time.
आर्यहलम्=बलपूर्वक।āryahalam = forcibly.
अभीक्ष्णम्=निरन्तर।abhīkṣṇam = continually.
साकम्=साथ।sākam = together with.
सार्धम्=साथ।sārdham = together with.
नमस्=नमस्कार।namas = obeisance.
हिरुक्=विना।hiruk = without.
धिक्=धिक्कार।dhik = fie, shame.
अथ=आरम्भ।atha = beginning.
अम्=शीघ्र।am = quickly.
आम्= जी हाँ।ām = yes.
प्रताम्=ग्लानि।pratām = weariness.
प्रशान्=तुल्य।praśān = equal to.
प्रतान्=तुल्य।pratān = equal to.
मा=निषेध।mā = prohibition.
माङ्=मत, निषेध।māṅ = don't, prohibition.
(आकृतिगणोऽयम्= स्वरादि आकृतिगण है)।(ākṛtigaṇo'yam = the svarādi is an ākṛtigaṇa).
निपाताः-The nipātas—
च= और, भी।ca = and, also.
वा=विकल्प।vā = optionally, or.
ह=निश्चय से कहते हैं।ha = it is said with certainty.
अह=आश्चर्य।aha = astonishment.
एव=निश्चय।eva = certainty.
एवम्=इस प्रकार से।evam = in this way.
नूनम्=निश्चय।nūnam = certainly.
शश्वत्=नित्य।śaśvat = perpetually.
युगपत्=एकसाथ।yugapat = simultaneously.
भूयस्=पुनः।bhūyas = again.
कूपत्=प्रश्न या प्रशंसा में।kūpat = in a question or in praise.
कुवित्=बहुत।kuvit = much.
नेत्=ऐसा न हो।net = lest it be so.
चेत्=अगर।cet = if.
चण्=यदि।caṇ = if.
कच्चित्=कहीं ऐसा तो?kaccit = is it perhaps so?
यत्र=जहाँ।yatra = where.
नह=निश्चित निषेध।naha = definite prohibition.
हन्त=हर्ष प्रकट करना।hanta = the expression of joy.
माकिः=मत।mākiḥ = don't.
माकिम्=मत।mākim = don't.
नकिः= न कोई।nakiḥ = no one.
नकिम्=न कोई।nakim = no one.
माङ्=निषेध।māṅ = prohibition.
नञ्=नहीं।nañ = not.
यावत्=जबतक, अवधि, जितना।yāvat = as long as, a duration, as much as.
तावत्= तब तक, उतना।tāvat = so long, that much.
त्वै=विशेष, वितर्क।tvai = particularity, deliberation.
द्वै=विकर्त।dvai = distinction.
न्वै=वितर्क।nvai = deliberation.
रै=अनादर।rai = disrespect.
श्रौषट्।śrauṣaṭ.वौषट्।vauṣaṭ.स्वाहा।svāhā.स्वधा।svadhā.वषट्= स्वरादि में देखें।vaṣaṭ = see under svarādi.
तुम्=निरादर में प्रयुक्त।tum = used in expressing disrespect.
तथाहि=क्योंकि, कारण कि।tathāhi = because, for the reason that.
खलु=कथन में एक शैली।khalu = a stylistic device in statement.
किल=यह भी बातचीत की एक शैली है।kila = this too is a style of conversation.
अथो=आरम्भ, अनन्तर।atho = beginning, thereafter.
अथ=प्रारम्भ।atha = beginning.सुष्ठु=सुन्दर।suṣṭhu = well, beautifully.स्म= भूतकाल में।sma = in the past tense.
आदह=हिंसा, निन्दा।ādaha = violence, censure.
वार्तिकम्= उपसर्गविभक्तिस्वरप्रतिरूपकाश्च।The vārttika: upasargavibhaktisvarapratirūpakāś ca.अर्थः- उपसर्ग जैसे, विभक्ति जैसे और स्वर जैसे भी शब्दों को चादिगण में माने गये हैं।Meaning—words resembling upasargas, resembling vibhaktis, and resembling svaras are also reckoned in the cādi-gaṇa.
अवदत्तम्= दिया जा चुका।avadattam = that which has been given.
अहंयुः=अहंकार वाला।ahaṁyuḥ = one full of egotism.
अस्तिक्षीरा=दूधवाली गाय।astikṣīrā = a cow yielding milk.
अ=सम्बोधन, अनन्त।a = vocative address; the infinite.
आ=पूर्व के कथन से भिन्न।ā = other than the previous statement.
इ=सम्बोधन।i = vocative address.
ई=सम्बोधन।ī = vocative address.
उ=सम्बोधन।u = vocative address.ऊ।ū.ए।e.ऐ।ai.ओ।o.
औ=सम्बोधन।au = vocative address.पशु=ठीक तरह।paśu = properly.
शुकम्=शीघ्र।śukam = quickly.
यथाकथाच=लगभग, अनादर।yathākathāca = approximately; disrespect.
पाट्।pāṭ.प्याट्=सम्बोधन।pyāṭ = vocative address.
अङ्ग=सम्बोधन में।aṅga = in vocative address.
है।hai.हे।he.भोः।bhoḥ.अये=सम्बोधन।aye = vocative address.
द्य=हिंसा।dya = violence.
विपु= नाना, अनेक।vipu = various, many.
एकपदे=एकसाथ।ekapade = all at once.
युत्=घृणा।yut = disgust.
आतः=इस कारण से भी।ātaḥ = for this reason as well.
(चादिराकृतिगणः= चादि भी आकृतिगण है)।(cādir ākṛtigaṇaḥ = cādi too is an ākṛtigaṇa).