Vaiyākaraṇa-siddhānta-kaumudī — sarvasamāsaśeṣaprakaraṇam

॥ अथ सर्वसमासशेषप्रकरणम्‌ ॥

Siddhānta-kaumudī

कृत्तद्धितसमासैकशेषसनाद्यधातुरूपाः पञ्च वृत्तयः । 'परारार्थाभिधानं वृत्तिः' । 'वृत्त्यर्थावबोधकं वाक्यः विग्रहः' स द्विधा । लौकिकोऽलौकिकश्च । परिनिष्ठितत्वात्साधुर्लौकिकः । प्रयोगानार्होऽसाधुरलौकिकः । यथा राज्ञः पुरुषः । राजन्‌ अस्‌ पुरुष सु इति । अविग्रहो नित्यसमासः, अस्वपदविग्रहो वा । समासश्चतुर्धेति प्रायोवादः । अव्ययीभावतत्पुरुषबहुव्रीहिद्वन्द्वाधिकारबहिर्भूतानमपि सह सुपा {SK 649} इति विधानात्‌ । पूर्वपदार्थप्रधानोऽव्ययीभावः, उत्तरपदार्थप्रधानस्तत्पुरुषः, अन्यपदार्थप्रधानो बहुव्रीहिः, उभयपदार्थप्रधानो द्वन्द्वः, इत्यपि प्राचां प्रवादः प्रायोऽभिप्रायः । 'सूपप्रति' 'उन्मत्तगङ्गम्‌' इत्याद्यव्ययीभावे 'अतिमालादौ' तत्पुरुषे, 'द्वित्राः' इत्यादिबहुव्रीहौ, 'दनोष्ठम्‌' इत्यादिद्वन्द्वे चाभावात्‌ । तत्पुरुषविशेषः कर्मधारयः । तद्विशेषो द्विगुः । अनेकपदत्वं द्वन्द्वबहुव्रीह्योरेव । तत्पुरुषस्य क्वचिदेवेत्युक्तम्‌ । किं च । सुपां सुपा गिङा नाम्ना धातुनाथ तिङां तिङा । सुबन्तेनेति विज्ञेयः समासः षड्विधो बुधैः ॥ सुपां सुपा, राजपुरुषः । तिङा, पर्यभूषयत्‌ । नाम्ना, कुम्भकारः । धातुना, कटप्रूः । अजस्रम्‌ । तिङां तिङा, पिबतखादता । खादतमोदता । तिङां सुपा । कृन्त विचक्षणेति यस्यां क्रियायां सा कृन्तविचक्षणा । 'एहीडादयोऽन्यपदार्थे च' इति मयूरव्यंसकादौ पाठात्समासः ।

The vṛttis (complex formations) are five, in the form of: kṛt [derivatives], taddhita [derivatives], samāsa, ekaśeṣa, and dhātus [ending in] san and the rest. "A vṛtti is the expression of a meaning [that belongs] to another (parārtha-abhidhāna)." "The vigraha (analytic paraphrase) is the sentence (vākya) that makes known the meaning of the vṛtti." It is of two kinds: laukika (belonging to ordinary usage) and alaukika (not belonging to ordinary usage). The laukika [vigraha] is correct (sādhu), because it is fully formed (pariniṣṭhita). The alaukika is incorrect (asādhu), unfit for use (prayoga). For example: rājñaḥ puruṣaḥ ("the king's man") [is laukika]; rājan as puruṣa su [i.e. the stems with their sup endings, the genitive singular as and the nominative singular su, is alaukika].

A nitya-samāsa (obligatory compound) is one that has no vigraha, or one whose vigraha is not made with its own padas (asvapada-vigraha).

That samāsa is of four kinds is a statement of what generally holds (prāyovāda), because [samāsa] is prescribed by saha supā (SK 649) also for those [compounds] that lie outside the adhikāras of avyayībhāva, tatpuruṣa, bahuvrīhi and dvandva.

The ancients' saying (pravāda) as well — "the avyayībhāva has the meaning of the prior member (pūrvapada) as predominant; the tatpuruṣa has the meaning of the subsequent member (uttarapada) as predominant; the bahuvrīhi has the meaning of another word (anyapada) as predominant; the dvandva has the meaning of both members as predominant" — is intended [only] as holding generally (prāyo 'bhiprāyaḥ), because [this] is absent in avyayībhāvas such as sūpaprati and unmattagaṅgam, in tatpuruṣas such as atimāla, in bahuvrīhis such as dvitrāḥ, and in dvandvas such as dantoṣṭham.

The karmadhāraya is a particular [kind of] tatpuruṣa; the dvigu is a particular [kind] of that [karmadhāraya]. Having many padas (anekapadatva) belongs only to dvandva and bahuvrīhi; for the tatpuruṣa it has been stated [that this occurs] only in some cases.

Moreover:

(Verse) "Of sup with sup, with tiṅ, with a nāman (nominal stem), [and] with a dhātu; then of tiṅ with tiṅ, [and of tiṅ] with a subanta — thus samāsa is to be known by the wise as of six kinds."

[sup] with sup: rājapuruṣaḥ. [sup] with tiṅ: paryabhūṣayat. [sup] with a nāman: kumbhakāraḥ. [sup] with a dhātu: kaṭaprūḥ; ajasram. tiṅ with tiṅ: pibatakhādatā; khādatamodatā. tiṅ with sup: the [action] in which [one says] "kṛnta vicakṣaṇa" ("cut, O clever one!") is kṛntavicakṣaṇā. The samāsa [in these] is because "ehīḍādayo 'nyapadārthe ca" ("and ehīḍa and the rest, in the sense of another word's meaning") is read in the mayūravyaṃsakādi [list] (the list headed by mayūravyaṃsaka).

translator notes

textual Several evident slips in the source are translated on the intended reading and not emended: 'parārārthābhidhānaṃ' for parārthābhidhānaṃ (a doubled syllable); 'vākyaḥ vigrahaḥ' for vākyaṃ vigrahaḥ; 'bahirbhūtānam api' for bahirbhūtānām api; 'giṅā' in the verse for tiṅā (the examples that follow have 'tiṅā'); 'danoṣṭham' for dantoṣṭham (the samāhāra dvandva 'teeth and lips').
textual The source's 'kṛttaddhitasamāsaikaśeṣasanādyadhāturūpāḥ' has 'sanādya-dhātu', where sanādyanta-dhātu ('dhātus ending in san and the rest') is expected (compare sanādyantā dhātavaḥ, A 3.1.32). Translated as 'dhātus [ending in] san and the rest', with the ending supplied in brackets.
translator 'saha supā' (SK 649) is A 2.1.4. The 'mayūravyaṃsakādi [list]' is the gaṇa of mayūravyaṃsakādayaś ca (A 2.1.72, SK 754), where the gaṇasūtra ehīḍādayo 'nyapadārthe is read. The source's own form of that gaṇasūtra here carries a final 'ca'.