Rule. The words of the list beginning with svar (the svarādi), and the nipātas, receive the name avyaya, indeclinable. A nipāta is a particle as defined in chapter 1: an item of the cādi list, or of the prādi list, that does not name a substance.
The svarādi list begins: svar, antar, prātar, punar, sanutar, uccais, nīcais, śanais, ṛdhak, ṛte, yugapat, ārāt, pṛthak, śvas, divā, rātrau, sāyam, ciram, manāk, īṣat, joṣam, tūṣṇīm, bahis, avas, samayā, nikaṣā, svayam, vṛthā, naktam, nañ, hetau, iddhā, addhā, sāmi. A gaṇasūtra — a rule inside the list itself — adds vat, brāhmaṇavat, kṣatriyavat, sanā, sanat, sanāt, upadhā, tiras, antarā, antareṇa, jyok, kam, śam, sahasā, vinā, nānā, svasti, svadhā, alam, vaṣaṭ, śrauṣaṭ, vauṣaṭ, anyat, asti, upāṃśu, kṣamā, vihāyasā, doṣā, mṛṣā, mithyā, mudhā, purā, mitho, mithas, prāyas, muhus, pravāhukam, pravāhikā, āryahalam, abhīkṣṇam, sākam, sārdham, namas, hiruk, dhik, atha, am, ām, pratām, praśān, pratān, mā, māṅ. The list is an ākṛtigaṇa: an open, illustrative class, so a word of the same kind counts even if it is not printed.
The cādi list of nipātas begins: ca, vā, ha, aha, eva, evam, nūnam, śaśvat, yugapat, bhūyas, kūpat, kuvit, sūpatsa, net, cet, caṇ, kaccit, kiṃcit, yatra, naha, hanta, mākiḥ, mākim, nakiḥ, ākim, māṅ, nañ, yāvat, tāvat, tvai, dvai, rai, śrauṣaṭ, vauṣaṭ, svāhā, svadhā, tum, tathāhi, khalu, kila, atho, atha, suṣṭhu, sma, ādaha. Its gaṇasūtra upasarga-vibhakti-svara-pratirūpakāś ca adds words that merely look like (pratirūpaka) a prefix, a case-ending or a particle: avadattam, ahayuḥ, astikṣīrā; the bare sounds a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, ai, o, au; paśu, śukam, yathākathāca, pāṭ, pyāṭ, aṅga, hai, he, bhoḥ, aye, dya, viṣu, ekapade, yut, ātaḥ. The cādi too is an ākṛtigaṇa.
Example.
uccaiḥ → it stands in the svarādi list → it is named avyaya; nothing has to be derived.
svasti → it stands in the svarādi list (by the gaṇasūtra) → avyaya.
ca → it is a nipāta of the cādi list → avyaya.
Applies when / blocked by. A cādi word is a nipāta, and so an avyaya, only when it does not name a substance (SK 20). Bhaṭṭoji's commentators, under SK 452, add that this restriction is stricter for the cādi than for the svarādi: a svarādi word is avyaya whether or not it names a substance.
Watch out. Both lists are open. The point of printing them is to show the kind of word meant, not to close the class. Note also that the gaṇasūtra of the cādi makes the bare vowels a, ā, i and the rest nipātas when they are used as particles; do not confuse these with the vowels of the Śivasūtras.
The words svar and the rest (svarādi), and the nipātas, receive the designation avyaya (indeclinable). [The svarādi class:] svar, antar, prātar, punar, sanutar, uccais, nīcais, śanais, ṛdhak, ṛte, yugapat, ārāt, pṛthak, śvas, divā, rātrau, sāyam, ciram, manāk, īṣat, joṣam, tūṣṇīm, bahis, avas, samayā, nikaṣā, svayam, vṛthā, naktam, nañ, hetau, iddhā, addhā, sāmi; (gaṇasūtra:) vat [the suffix vati; examples:] brāhmaṇavat, kṣatriyavat; sanā, sanat, sanāt, upadhā, tiras, antarā, antareṇa, jyok, kam, śam, sahasā, vinā, nānā, svasti, svadhā, alam, vaṣaṭ, śrauṣaṭ, vauṣaṭ, anyat, asti, upāṃśu, kṣamā, vihāyasā, doṣā, mṛṣā, mithyā, mudhā, purā, mitho, mithas, prāyas, muhus, pravāhukam, pravāhikā, āryahalam, abhīkṣṇam, sākam, sārdham, namas, hiruk, dhik, atha, am, ām, pratām, praśān, pratān, mā, māṅ. This is an ākṛtigaṇa (an open, illustrative class). [The cādi class of nipātas:] ca, vā, ha, aha, eva, evam, nūnam, śaśvat, yugapat, bhūyas, kūpat, kuvit, sūpatsa, kuvit, net, cet, caṇ, kaccit, kiṃcit, yatra, naha, hanta, mākiḥ, mākim, nakiḥ, ākim, māṅ, nañ, yāvat, tāvat, tvai, dvai, rai, śrauṣaṭ, vauṣaṭ, svāhā, svadhā, tum, tathāhi, khalu, kila, atho, atha, suṣṭhu, sma, ādaha. (gaṇasūtra:) upasargavibhaktisvarapratirūpakāśca — and [words] that resemble (pratirūpaka) an upasarga, a vibhakti-ending, or a svara (particle) [are also nipātas]. [Examples:] avadattam, ahayuḥ [= ahaṃyuḥ, as BM and TB read], astikṣīrā; a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, ai, o, au, paśu, śukam, yathākathāca, pāṭ, pyāṭ, aṅga, hai, he, bhoḥ, aye, dya, viṣu, ekapade, yut, ātaḥ. The cādi too is an ākṛtigaṇa.
svarādinipātam avyayam (1.1.37) — "Those of which svar is the first" are the svarādi [words]; "they and the nipātas": a samāhāra-dvandva (collective dvandva). He states the resulting sense with "svarādayaḥ…" [the svarādi words and the nipātas receive the designation avyaya]. He recites the svarādi words with "svar" etc. The separate listing of the svarādi and the cādi [words], however, serves a difference of accent, by "nipātā ādyudāttāḥ" (the nipātas have the acute on the first syllable); and it also serves the distribution that the cādi [words] are avyaya only when they do not denote a substance (asattva-vācin), whereas the svarādi [words] are so whether they denote a substance (sattva) or not.
svar — in [the sense of] heaven (svarga), a particular happiness belonging to the other world, and the other world [itself]. antar — in the middle. prātar — at dawn. punar — in [the sense of] "not the first" [i.e. again], and of distinction. sanutar — in [the sense of] disappearance (antardhāna). The five beginning with svar end in r [not in ru]. Hence in svar yāti, prātar atra and the like the u-substitution by "haśi ca" does not occur, because there the word "roḥ" takes [r] together with the anubandha u [i.e. only ru].
uccais — great. nīcais — small. śanais — in slowness of action. ṛdhak — in [the sense of] truth; others say: in separation, swiftness, nearness and lightness. ṛte — in exclusion. yugapat — at one time. ārāt — far and near. pṛthak — separate. hyas — on the past day. divā — by day. rātrau — at night. sāyam — at nightfall. ciram — for a long time. manāk, īṣat — these two: a little. joṣam — in happiness, and in silence. tūṣṇīm — in silence. bahis, avas — these two: outside. samayā — near, and in the middle. nikaṣā — near. svayam — in the sense of "by oneself" (ātmanā). vṛthā — in vain. naktam — at night. nañ — in negation; others [say]: "Likeness to it, absence, otherness from it, smallness of it, unworthiness and opposition — these six are proclaimed the meanings of nañ." hetau — in [the sense of] cause. iddhā — in manifestness. addhā — clearly and with certainty; others say: in truth and excess. sāmi — half, and blameworthy.
By "vat" is taken the suffix vati of "tena tulyaṃ kriyā ced vatiḥ," "tatra tasyeva" and "tad arham." But the vati of "upasargāc chandasi dhātvarthe" is not taken, since in "parāvato nivata udvataś ca" there is no avyaya status. In fact, however, since [this] is already established by "taddhitaś cāsarvavibhaktiḥ" itself, the mention of vati here is simply pointless. brāhmaṇavat, kṣatriyavat are examples of [words] ending in the suffix vati, since there is no purpose in the bare suffix being avyaya.
sanā, sanat, sanāt — these three: always (nitye). upadhā — in difference. tiras — in disappearance, in the sense of "crosswise," and in defeat. antarā — in the middle, and in the sense of "without." antareṇa — in exclusion. [The source then has a fragment, "but in fact … is to be understood," whose middle is lost.] jyok — in length of time, in a question, in the sense of "quickly," and in the sense of "now." kam — water, head, censure and happiness. śam — in happiness. sahasā — suddenly, and without reflection. vinā — in exclusion. nānā — in the senses of "many" and "without." svasti — in auspiciousness. svadhā — in giving oblations to the Pitṛs. alam — in ornament, sufficiency, capacity, warding off and prohibition. vaṣaṭ, vauṣaṭ, śrauṣaṭ — these three: in giving oblations to the gods. anyat — in the sense of "other." asti — in existence. Since the avyaya status of the word asti, which resembles a vibhakti[-ending form], is already established by the gaṇasūtra inside the cādi, "upasargavibhaktisvarapratirūpakāś ca," its listing here in the svarādi gaṇa is pointless; so it stands in the Bhāṣya and in Kaiyaṭa on the matup-sūtra.
upāṃśu — in inaudible utterance, and in secret. kṣamā — in forbearance. vihāyasā — the sky. doṣā — at night. mṛṣā, mithyā — these two: false. mudhā — in vain. purā — uninterrupted, long past, and in the imminent future. mitho, mithas — these two: in secret, and in the sense of "together." prāyas — in abundance. muhus — in the sense of "again." prabāhukam — at the same time, and in the sense of "above"; pravāhikā is a variant reading. āryahalam — by force; Śākaṭāyana, however, says: ārya in hindrance, halam in prohibition and restatement. abhīkṣṇam — repeatedly. sākam, sārdham — these two: in the sense of "with." namas — in bowing. hiruk — in exclusion. dhik — in censure and reproach. am — quickly, and a little. ām — in assent. pratām — in weariness. praśām — in the sense of "equal." pratān — in extension. Here, by force of the separate listing of the n-final "pratān," in the preceding two, pratām and praśām, the n-substitution by "mo no dhātoḥ" does not occur. The listing of "praśān" as n-final is untraditional (asāmpradāyika); the natural sense of the Bhāṣya on the sūtra "kṛn mejantaḥ" is also thus — so it stands in the Śabdenduśekhara. mā, māṅ — these two: in prohibition.
ākṛtigaṇo 'yam — Hence others too of this kind are to be understood in the svarādi gaṇa. Namely: kāmam — at will. prakāmam — in excess. bhūyas — in the sense of "again." sāmpratam — proper. param — in the sense of "but." sākṣāt — in direct perception. sāci — in the sense of "crosswise." satyam — in half-assent. maṅkṣu, āśu — these two: quickly. saṃvat — in [the sense of] year. avaśyam — in certainty. sapadi — quickly. balavat — in excess. prādus, āvis — these two: in manifestation. aniśam, nityam, sadā, ajasram, santatam — these five: in constancy. uṣā — at night. rodasī — in the sense of heaven and earth. om — in assent, and in [the sense of] brahman. Here, in the samāhāra-dvandva "a and u and m," the word om denotes brahman consisting of Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Śiva; whereas [om] derived by the uṇādi [sūtra] "avateṣ ṭilopaś ca" is in [the senses of] brahman and assent — that is the distinction. The meaning of "avateṣ ṭilopaś ca" is: after the root av, man is added, and also lopa of the ṭi of the suffix. With "av-m" standing, by "jvaratvara…" ūṭh [replaces] the v and the penultimate a; savarṇa-dīrgha of the two ū's; guṇa of that [ū] by "sārvadhātuka…" — [giving] the form om. Both [oms] belong to the svarādi. Nor should it be said that the uṇādi [om] is [avyaya] by "kṛn mejantaḥ" itself, because in the Uṇādi [section] is read "…avyayam" [and] "…of the cvi-ending, not otherwise" [the quotation is garbled in the source]. Hence, since avyaya status does not [otherwise] obtain for the uṇādi om, it is listed in the svarādi. Enough of this.
bhūḥ — the earth. bhuvar — the atmosphere. jhaṭiti, drāk, tarasā — these three: quickly. suṣṭhu — in praise. duṣṭhu — inferior. su — in worship. āḥ — in wonder. ku — contemptible, and in the sense of "slightly." añjasā — in truth, and in the sense of "quickly." mithu — in the sense of "two." astam — in destruction. sthāne — in the sense of "fitting." tājak — quickly. cirāya, cirarātrāya, cirasya, ciram, cireṇa, cirāt — these six mean "for long." varam — slight superiority. ānuṣak — in order. anuṣak — in inference. amenaḥ — quickly, and at present. sudi — in the bright fortnight. vadi — in the dark fortnight; and so on. Thus [end] the svarādi.
Now he states the cādi with "ca, vā" etc. ca — in conjunction (samuccaya), subordinate addition (anvācaya), mutual connection (itaretarayoga) and collective unity (samāhāra). vā — in option etc.: "vā [is used] in option and in comparison, in the sense of iva, and also in conjunction." ha — in well-knownness. aha — in wonder, and in grief. eva — in restriction (avadhāraṇa), and in impossibility (anavakḷpti). evam — in reference to what has been said. nūnam — in certainty, and in conjecture. śaśvat — repeatedly, eternally, and in the sense of "with." yugapat — at one time. bhūyas — in the sense of "again," and in excess. kūpat — in a question, and in praise. kuvit — in the sense of "much," and in praise. net — in apprehension, and in prohibition, deliberation and conjunction. cet — in the sense of "if." caṇ — this has the anubandha ṇ in the sense of cet; in conjunction etc. it is without anubandha; the purpose is a difference of accent. kaccit — in a question about something desired. yatra — in impossibility, intolerance, censure and wonder: "I do not deem it possible, I do not tolerate, I censure, or it is a wonder, that your honour should make a vṛṣala sacrifice." naha — in resumption. hanta — in joy, in dejection, in compassion, and at the beginning of a sentence. mākiḥ, mākim, nakiḥ — these three: in exclusion.
māṅ and nañ were stated among the svarādi. Listing [them] in one or the other is proper; listing in both is simply pointless. Nor should it be said that the listing here [in the cādi] is for the nipāta-accent, since that is established by "phiṣo 'nta udāttaḥ" itself. Nor that the listing in the svarādi is for avyaya status even when [they] denote a substance, since then the word mā denoting Lakṣmī too would become avyaya. Therefore māṅ and nañ should be read among the cādi only — so they say.
yāvat, tāvat — these two: in totality, limit, measure and restriction. tvai — in distinction and conjecture. dvai — in conjecture; nvai is a variant reading. rai — in giving, and in disregard. śrauṣaṭ, vauṣaṭ, svāhā — these three: in giving oblations to the gods. svadhā — in offering to the Pitṛs. The listing in both [gaṇas] of the three polysyllabic [words] śrauṣaṭ etc. is for a difference of accent. tum — in addressing with "tum" (tuṅkāra). tathāhi — in illustration. khalu — in prohibition, as an ornament of speech, and in certainty. kila — in the sense of iva, in news, and in falsehood. atha — in auspiciousness, [in the sense of] "after," in beginning, in a question, in totality, in a heading (adhikāra), in undertaking (pratijñā) and in conjunction. This [atha] is in the svarādi as well; hence [atha] denoting auspiciousness is avyaya even though it has the sense of a substance. Thus Śrīharṣa: "…the band of matrons, according to family custom (yathākulācāram), atha bathed her, the king's daughter." "atha snapayāṃ babhūva" means "had [her] perform the auspicious bath." And the word atha, as a nipāta, is auspicious, like the sound of the mṛdaṅga and the like. suṣṭhu — its listing again is for a difference of accent. sma — in the past, and in filling out a verse-foot. ādaha — in beginning, injury and contempt.
upasargavibhakti… — This is a gaṇasūtra of the cādi. The meaning is: [words] resembling upasargas, resembling vibhakti-ending [forms], and resembling ac (vowels) are to be read in the cādi gaṇa. Of these he illustrates one resembling an upasarga with "avadattam." Here "ava" resembles an upasarga; it is not an upasarga. Hence t [for the dā] by "aca upasargāt taḥ" does not occur; were the t-substitute [to occur], it would be "avattam." ahaṃyuḥ — "aham" is [the avyaya] resembling a sup-ending [form], in the sense of egotism (ahaṅkāra); by "ahaṃśubhamor yus" the possessive (matvarthīya) suffix yus. Here aham is not the nominative singular of the word asmad; were it so, by "pratyayottarapadayoś ca" mad would replace [the portion] up to the m, and "madyuḥ" would result. astikṣīrā — "she who has milk" (asti kṣīraṃ yasyāḥ): a bahuvrīhi. Here "asti" is an avyaya resembling a tiṅ-ending [form], not a tiṅ-ending [form]; were it so, the bahuvrīhi would be impossible, since in the bahuvrīhi rule "anekam anyapadārthe" "sup" is carried forward (anuvṛtti). And thus the vārttika "in the bahuvrīhi, astikṣīrā must be added (upasaṃkhyāna)" need not be made — this is clear in the Bhāṣya on the sūtra "anekam anyapadārthe."
He illustrates those resembling vowels with "a" etc. a — in address. ā — in [completing] a sentence, and in recollection. i — in address, disgust and astonishment. ī, u, ū, e, ai, o, au — this set of seven: in address. paśu — in the sense of "properly." śukam — quickly. yathākathāca — this group: in disregard. pāṭ, pyāṭ, aṅga, hai, he, bho, aye — these seven: in address. dya — in injury, contrariness and filling out a verse-foot. viṣu — in the sense of "variously." ekapade — in the sense of "suddenly." yut — in contempt. ātaḥ — in the sense of "from here" (itaḥ).
cādir apy ākṛtigaṇaḥ — yat, tat — these two: in [the sense of] cause. āhosvit — in option. sam — in completeness. kam — in filling out a verse-foot. sukam — in excess. anu — in conjecture. śambat — in the inner organ, and in facing. va — in filling out a verse-foot, and in the sense of iva. caṭu, cāṭu — these two: in flattering speech. hum — in reproach. iva — in likeness. adyatve — in the sense of "now"; and so on. Here, although svarādi and cādi are both ākṛtigaṇas, those for which the nipāta-accent is desired are [placed] among the cādi, the others among the svarādi, and those that bear both accents are to be understood in both. Thus [end] the cādi.
- textual sk.447.b1 was re-filed 2026-10-05 from sk.2744.b1 (p61), where it stood misfiled after the ātmanepada colophon; translated here in full. OCR readings taken in their evident sense: 'hras' = hyas (TB has both hyas 'on the past day' and śvas 'on the coming day'; the kaumudī lists śvas), 'ekakāve' = ekakāle, 'prakāśaye' = prākāśye, 'bavātkāre' = balātkāre, 'ajaruam' = ajasram, 'cikārthakam' = cirārthakam, 'dāve' = dāne, 'naga' = naha, 'śnaka' = praśna (TB: -ārambha-praśna-), 'i u ū…' = ī u ū… (TB). After antareṇa the source has the broken 'vastutas tu anta… bodhyam'; the uṇādi quotation on om ('hic-vik-avyayam … cvyantānāṃ netarat') is garbled and translated only as far as legible. In the closing ākṛtigaṇa list BM's sam, sukam, anu stand where TB has sīm, śukam, anukam.
- textual The Tattvabodhinī on this sūtra is sk.447.t1, re-filed 2026-10-05 from sk.446.t1 (p13, under śap-śyanor nityam), where the whole TB on the svarādi and cādi lists stood; the TB notes in this unit are made from it.
- commentary TB: svarādi-nipātam is a samāhāra-dvandva (so BM). TB defends the sūtra against two recastings: (1) listing the svarādi among the cādi and calling all avyayas nipāta would fail, since in svasti vācayati, svaḥ paśyati the svarādi construe with karman etc., denote substance (sattva) and so cannot be nipātas, which the cādi are only when asattva-vācin; (2) making the svarādi nipātas by a sūtra placed under 'prāg rīśvarān nipātāḥ' would extend pragṛhya by 'nipāta ekāj anāṅ' to monosyllabic svarādi (taddhitas by 'kimo 't', 'dakṣiṇād āc', kṛt-formations with ken etc.), which the older gaṇapāṭha includes in the svarādi through its gaṇasūtras 'tasilādis taddhita edhāc-paryantaḥ' and 'kṛn-makāra-sandhyakṣarāntaḥ'. Followed: sutra_en keeps 'the svarādi [words] and the nipātas' as two classes.
- commentary TB on 'vat': the vati enjoined by 'tena tulyam…' etc. is meant, and Bhaṭṭoji therefore gives brāhmaṇavat, kṣatriyavat — the suffix-ending word, since the designation for the bare suffix would serve no purpose; not the vati of 'upasargāc chandasi dhātvarthe' ('yad udvato nivato yāsi' shows gender and number). BM agrees ('examples of words ending in vati'). English corrected: brāhmaṇavat, kṣatriyavat were listed as members of the gaṇa; they are now marked as examples of the gaṇasūtra 'vat'. TB adds that some hold 'tasi-vatī' in the parigaṇana under 'taddhitaś cāsarvavibhaktiḥ' redundant, or else 'vat' here (BM: the mention of vati here is pointless).
- commentary TB notes that the older gaṇapāṭha also reads, after mudhā, the gaṇasūtras 'ktvā-to-sun-kasunaḥ', 'kṛn-makāra-sandhyakṣarāntaḥ' and 'avyayībhāvaś ca', and after dhik 'tasilādayas taddhitā edhāc-paryantāḥ', 'śas-tasī', 'kṛtvasuc', 'suc', 'ās-thālau', 'cvy-arthāś ca' (spelling out the taddhitas meant), which the Kaumudī's list leaves out as duplicating Aṣṭādhyāyī sūtras; and that some take am and ām to include those of 'amu ca chandasi', 'kimettiṅavyaya…' etc. Recorded; the English gives the list as the Kaumudī has it.
- commentary The Kaumudī and TB read praśān (n-final; TB 'praśān samānārthe'), BM praśām, calling the n-final reading untraditional on the authority of the Śabdenduśekhara. Recorded (§16); the English keeps the Kaumudī's praśān.
- commentary TB on māṅ and nañ, listed in both gaṇas: it rejects the view that the cādi listing is for the nipāta accent (the phiṭ accent gives it anyway) and the view that the svarādi listing secures avyaya status when they denote a substance (mā meaning Lakṣmī would then be avyaya), and leaves the purpose of the double listing to be pondered (cintya-prayojana). BM, with the same arguments, concludes they belong to the cādi only. Recorded (§16); the English lists both as the Kaumudī does.
- commentary TB on caṇ: its ṇ-anubandha serves for specific mention in 'nipātair yad-yadi-hanta-kuvin-nec-cec-caṇ…' (BM: for a difference of accent); in conjunction etc. it is without anubandha. On ādaha: in 'ādaha svadhām anu' the padapāṭha authors read 'āt' as a separate word. TB adds examples for yāvat/tāvat, rai, tum and paśu, and gives the Śrīharṣa verse quoted by BM in full. Recorded; nothing changed.
- commentary TB on the pratirūpaka gaṇasūtra: avadattam has no t by 'aca upasargāt taḥ' because ava is not an upasarga; 'aham' resembles a sup-ending form, in the sense of egotism (so too 'vām' for yuvām in 'geye kena vinītau vām'); 'asti', and 'asmi' for aham in 'tvām asmi vacmi', 'āha' for uvāca, 'āsa' for babhūva, resemble tiṅ-ending forms; ahaṃyuḥ from the pronoun aham would give madyuḥ; astikṣīrā could not be a bahuvrīhi if asti were tiṅ-ending. Followed; the Kaumudī's 'ahayuḥ' is glossed in the English as ahaṃyuḥ, the form both commentaries discuss (source not edited).
- commentary TB closes as BM does: both svarādi and cādi are ākṛtigaṇas; words whose nipāta accent is wanted go in the cādi, the rest in the svarādi, and words with both accents in both. Followed for 'This is an ākṛtigaṇa (an open, illustrative class)'.