PREMABASESiddhānta-kaumudī
Learner edition · Prakaraṇa 12

12. Halanta-strīliṅga-prakaraṇa — Feminine nouns ending in a consonant

After this chapter you will be able to decline the feminine nouns whose stem ends in a consonant: upānah "sandal", div "heaven", gir "speech", sraj, vāc, ap "water", diś, tviṣ, āśis, and the feminine pronouns iyam "this", syā, asau "that (yonder)", kā "who?", and catasraḥ "four". Only three new rules are taught here. SK 440 fixes the final of nah; SK 441 gives the nominative singular of feminine idam; SK 442 gives the t of adbhiḥ. Everything else is done by rules you already know from the consonant-stem masculines, and this chapter shows exactly how they combine.

Before you start

A. h-final feminines — naho dhaḥ against the kvin gh-route — running example: upānah "sandal" → upānat / upānad (also uṣṇih → uṣṇik)

Two feminine stems end in h, and they go two different ways. upānah "sandal" contains the root nah, so SK 440 turns its h into dh and the word ends in upānat. uṣṇih (a metrical name) is formed with the affix kvin, and a kvin-final word turns its last sound into a guttural: h → gh, and the word ends in uṣṇik.

SK 440 · नहो धः · naho dhaḥ (A 8.2.34)

नहो धः
naho dhaḥ · A 8.2.34
नहो हस्य धः स्याज्झलि पदान्ते च । उपानत् । उपानद् । उपानहौ । उपानहः । उपानद्भ्याम् । उपानत्सु । उत्पूर्वात् ष्णिह प्रीतावित्स्मात् ऋत्विक् SK 373आदिना क्विन् । निपातनाद्दलोपषत्वे । क्विन्नन्तत्वात्कुत्वेन हस्य घः । जश्त्वचर्त्वे । उष्णिक् । उष्णिग् । उष्णिहौ । उष्णिहः । उष्णिग्भ्याम् । उष्णिक्षु । द्यौः । दिवौ । दिवः । द्युषु । गीः । गिरौ । गिरः । एवं पूः । चतुरश्चतस्रादेशः । चतस्रः 2 । चतसृणाम् । किमः कादेशे टाप् । का । के । काः । सर्ववत् ॥

Rule. The h of the root nah becomes dh in two places: before a jhal (any obstruent, that is, any stop or sibilant) and at the end of a pada.

Example. upānah + su (nominative singular):

upānah + su → su drops after a consonant stem (hal-ṅyādi) → upānah, now a pada

upānah → h → dh by SK 440 at the end of the pada → upānadh

upānadh → jaśtva: dh → d → upānad

upānad → cartva: d → t (optional) → upānat / upānad

Before a vowel-initial ending the h is not at the end of a pada, and no jhal follows, so it stays: upānahau, upānahaḥ. Before bhyām, which begins with the obstruent bh, h → dh → d: upānadbhyām. Before su (locative plural) the same, and cartva then gives t before the s: upānatsu.

singulardualplural
nominativeupānat / upānadupānahauupānahaḥ
instr./dat./abl.upānadbhyām
locativeupānatsu

Applies when / blocked by. SK 440 is a special rule (apavāda) that sets aside SK 324, the general rule by which a final h becomes ḍh. Without SK 440 the nominative would come out with ḍ, not d.

The other h-stem: uṣṇih. uṣṇih is made from the prefix ut and the root ṣṇih "to feel affection" with the affix kvin, added by SK 373 and the rules that follow it. Two things happen by nipātana, that is, by the grammar simply stating the finished form: the d of the prefix is dropped, and the s of the root becomes ṣ (ṣatva). The result is uṣṇih. Because the word ends in kvin, kutva applies (SK 377): the h becomes gh. Then jaśtva and cartva give g and k.

ut + ṣṇih + kvin → nipātana: d dropped, s → ṣ → uṣṇih

uṣṇih + su → su drops → kutva: h → gh → uṣṇigh

uṣṇigh → jaśtva: gh → g → uṣṇig → cartva → uṣṇik / uṣṇig

singulardualplural
nominativeuṣṇik / uṣṇiguṣṇihauuṣṇihaḥ
instr./dat./abl.uṣṇigbhyām
locativeuṣṇikṣu

Watch out. The two stems look alike but are not. The rule for uṣṇih is not SK 440 at all; it is the kvin-guttural rule SK 377. Ask first whether the word ends in kvin.

B. The v-, r-final stems and the catur / kim specials — running example: div "heaven" → dyauḥ (also gir → gīḥ, pūr → pūḥ, catur → catasraḥ, kim → kā)

This group has no new sūtra. Bhaṭṭoji continues SK 440's paragraph through four feminine stems whose rules were all given in chapter 11, and simply shows the feminine forms. div "heaven" gives dyauḥ, gir "speech" gives gīḥ, catur "four" takes the feminine substitute catasṛ, and kim "who?" takes ka and then the feminine ā.

div (v-final). SK 336 replaces the v of div with au before su, so the nominative singular is dyauḥ. Before a vowel the v stays: divau, divaḥ. At the end of a pada SK 337 replaces the v with u, and the s of the locative plural then becomes ṣ: dyuṣu.

div + su → SK 336: v → au → dyau + s → dyauḥ

div + su (loc. pl.) → SK 337: v → u at pada-end → dyu + su → ṣatva → dyuṣu

singulardualplural
nominativedyauḥdivaudivaḥ
locativedyuṣu

gir and pūr (r-final). When su has dropped, the stem gir is a pada ending in r. SK 433 lengthens the vowel before a final r or v at the end of a pada: gīr. The final r then becomes visarga: gīḥ. Before a vowel nothing happens: girau, giraḥ. pūr "city" runs the same way: pūḥ, and then purau, puraḥ on the pattern of gīḥ.

gir + su → su drops → SK 433: i → ī → gīr → r → visarga → gīḥ

singulardualplural
nominative (gir)gīḥgiraugiraḥ
nominative (pūr)pūḥpuraupuraḥ

catur "four". In the feminine the whole stem catur is replaced by catasṛ. Only plural forms are given: the nominative and accusative plural are both catasraḥ (Bhaṭṭoji marks the form "twice" to say it serves both cases), and the genitive plural is catasṛṇām.

kim "who?". SK 342 replaces kim with ka before a case-ending. Once the stem ends in a, the feminine affix ṭāp (ā) is added, and the word declines like sarvā: kā, ke, kāḥ, and so on.

kim + su → SK 342: kim → ka → ka + ṭāp → kā + su → kā

singulardualplural
nominativekākekāḥ

C. The feminine idam paradigm — yaḥ sau's d → y and the walk through tyadādy-atva — running example: idam → iyam / ime / imāḥ / anayā / ābhyām / asyai / enām

idam "this" is the one stem for which the feminine has a rule of its own. SK 441 changes its d to y before the nominative singular, giving iyam. Every other form is built by the chapter-11 machinery: the final of idam becomes a (tyadādy-atva), the feminine ā is added, the d becomes m, and before consonant endings the syllable id is dropped altogether.

SK 441 · यः सौ · yaḥ sau (A 7.2.110)

यः सौ
yaḥ sau · A 7.2.110
इदमो दस्य यः स्यात्सौ ॥ इदमो मः SK 343 इयम् । त्यदाद्यत्वं टाप् ।दश्च SK 345 इति मः । इमे । इमाः । इमाम् । इमे । इमाः । अनया ॥ हलि लोपः SK 347 । आभ्याम् 3 । आभिः । अस्यै । अस्याः 2 । अनयोः 2 । आसाम् । अस्याम् । आसु । अन्वादेशे तु । एनाम् । एने । एनाः । एनया । एनयोः 2 । ऋत्विक् SK 373 आदिना सृजेः क्विन् अमागमश्च निपातितः । स्रक् । स्रग् । स्रजौ । स्रजः । स्रग्भ्याम् । स्रक्षु । त्यदाद्यत्वं टाप् । स्या । त्ये । त्याः । एवं तद् यद् एतद् । वाक् । वाग् । वाचौ । वाचः । वाग्भ्याम् । वाक्षु । अप् शब्दो नित्यं बहुवचनान्तः । अप्तृन् SK 277 इति दीर्घः । आपः । अपः ॥

Rule. The d of idam becomes y when su, the nominative singular ending, follows.

Example.

idam + su → SK 441: d → y → iyam + su

iyam + su → SK 343 (idamo maḥ) keeps the m and blocks the change of the final to a → iyam + su

iyam + su → su drops after a consonant (hal-ṅyādi) → iyam

Applies when / blocked by. The rule says nothing about gender, yet it works only in the feminine. Bhaṭṭoji's commentators explain this by elimination (pariśeṣa): in the masculine a different rule (ido 'y puṃsi) gives ay, and in the neuter su is deleted by luk (a deletion after which the ending leaves no trace), so there is no su for the rule to see. Only the feminine is left. Note also the order of operations: idam would normally have its final replaced by a (tyadādy-atva), but SK 343 blocks that before su and keeps the m.

The rest of the paradigm. Wherever a case-ending other than su follows, three things happen first: the final of idam becomes a (tyadādy-atva, the rule that treats idam as one of the tyad-group), the two a-sounds merge into one (pararūpa), and the feminine ā (ṭāp) is added. SK 345 (daś ca) then replaces the d with m. The stem is now imā.

idam + au → tyadādy-atva, pararūpa, ṭāp → idā + au → SK 345: d → m → imā + au

imā + au → the au of the dual becomes ī (auṅ āpaḥ) → imā + ī → ā + ī → e by ād guṇaḥ → ime

The nominative plural is imāḥ (the ā and the a of jas merge into one long vowel; no śī for jas, because after ṭāp the stem is not a-final). The accusative singular imām takes the vowel before am as the single substitute (ami pūrvaḥ). The accusative dual is ime, like the nominative. The accusative plural is imāḥ; being feminine, the ending does not become n. In the instrumental singular the syllable id is replaced by ana (anāp yakaḥ), the ā becomes e before the ending ā (āṅi cāpaḥ), and e becomes ay: anayā. The ana-substitution holds in every vowel-initial ending from ṭā on.

Before consonant-initial endings SK 347 (hali lopaḥ) drops id: the stem becomes ā, giving ābhyām (instrumental, dative and ablative dual) and ābhiḥ. In the dative singular the augment syāṭ is added, the ā shortened, and id dropped: asyai. asyāḥ (ablative and genitive singular) runs the same way. anayoḥ (genitive and locative dual) has ana for id, then e and ay as in anayā. āsām (genitive plural) has the augment suṭ and the loss of id. asyām (locative singular) has ām for ṅi, then syāṭ, shortening, and the loss of id. āsu (locative plural) needs only a, pararūpa, ṭāp and the loss of id.

singulardualplural
nominativeiyamimeimāḥ
accusativeimāmimeimāḥ
instrumentalanayāābhyāmābhiḥ
dativeasyaiābhyām(not listed here)
ablativeasyāḥābhyām(not listed here)
genitiveasyāḥanayoḥāsām
locativeasyāmanayoḥāsu

In a re-mention (anvādeśa). When idam refers back to something already mentioned, the rule dvitīyā-ṭaus-sv enaḥ replaces it with ena. With ṭāp it then declines like ramā, giving enām, ene, enāḥ, enayā and enayoḥ (this last marked "twice", as it serves two cases).

Watch out. Do not let the m of iyam fool you into keeping m elsewhere. It survives in the nominative singular only because SK 343 blocks the a-substitution there. Everywhere else the d of idam is replaced by m (SK 345), and the stem is imā.

D. The j-, d-, c-, p-final feminines closing SK 441's walk — running example: sraj → srak / srag (also tyad → syā, vāc → vāk, ap → āpaḥ)

Again no new sūtra: Bhaṭṭoji runs through four more finals in SK 441's paragraph. sraj ends in j and is a kvin-word, so its j goes guttural: srak. tyad takes a and ṭāp like idam, but its nominative singular replaces t with s: syā. vāc ends in c and goes guttural by the general rule: vāk. ap "water" ends in p, is always plural, and lengthens in the nominative: āpaḥ.

sraj (j-final). sraj comes from the root sṛj "to release" with kvin (SK 373 and following). The augment am is placed after the ṛ, its m is a marker, and the ṛ becomes its yaṇ substitute r; the augment itself is supplied by nipātana. The word is feminine. Being kvin-final, its j becomes a guttural (SK 377), then jaśtva and cartva give g and k.

sṛj + kvin → nipātana: am after ṛ, m an it, ṛ → r → sraj

sraj + su → su drops → SK 377: j → guttural → srag → cartva → srak / srag

singulardualplural
nominativesrak / sragsrajausrajaḥ
instr./dat./abl.sragbhyām
locativesrakṣu

tyad, tad, yad, etad (d-final). Before any case-ending the final of tyad becomes a, pararūpa merges the vowels, and ṭāp is added: tyā. From there the forms are those of sarvā. The nominative singular alone is special: SK 381 replaces the t with s, giving syā.

tyad + su → a for the final, pararūpa, ṭāp → tyā + su → SK 381: t → s → syā

singulardualplural
nominativesyātyetyāḥ

tad, yad and etad go the same way. tad has t → s in the nominative singular: sā. yad gives yā. In etad the new s becomes ṣ by ādeśa-pratyayayoḥ: eṣā.

vāc (c-final). vāc comes from the root vac with the affix kvip; the rule kvip vaci… gives kvip and the long vowel, and vaci-svapi… prevents saṃprasāraṇa. When su drops, the c at the end of the pada becomes a guttural by coḥ kuḥ, and jaśtva and cartva give g and k.

vac + kvip → lengthening, no saṃprasāraṇa → vāc

vāc + su → su drops → coḥ kuḥ: c → k → vāk → jaśtva → vāg → cartva → vāk / vāg

singulardualplural
nominativevāk / vāgvācauvācaḥ
instr./dat./abl.vāgbhyām
locativevākṣu

ap "water" (p-final). By a rule of the Liṅgānuśāsana, the treatise on the gender of words, ap is always feminine and always plural. SK 277 (aptṛn) lengthens the a before jas: āpaḥ. It does not lengthen before śas, because the condition "in a sarvanāmasthāna ending, not in the vocative" is carried into SK 277 by anuvṛtti, and śas is not a sarvanāmasthāna (the name of the endings su, au, jas, am, auṭ): apaḥ.

ap + jas → SK 277: a → ā → āpaḥ (nom. pl.)

ap + śas → no lengthening → apaḥ (acc. pl.)

E. ap and the apo-bhi t-substitution — running example: ap → adbhiḥ (also apām, apsu)

The last new rule finishes ap. Before an ending that begins with bh the p becomes t, and jaśtva then makes it d: adbhiḥ. Before the other endings ap is untouched: apām, apsu.

SK 442 · अपो भि · apo bhi (A 7.4.48)

अपो भि
apo bhi · A 7.4.48
अपस्तकारः स्याद्भादौ प्रत्यये परे । अद्भिः । अद्भ्यः 2 । अपाम् । अप्सु । दिक् । दिग् । दिशौ । दिशः । दिग्भ्याम् । दिक्षु । त्यदादिषु SK 429 इति दृशेः क्विन्विधानादन्यत्रापि कुत्वम् । दृक् । दृग् । दृशौ । दृशः । त्विट् । त्विड् । त्विषौ । त्विषः । त्विड्भ्याम् । त्विट्त्सु । सह जुषते इति सजूः । सजुषौ । सजुषः । सजूर्भ्याम् । सजूष्षु । सजूःषु । षत्वस्यासिद्धत्वाद्रुत्वम् । आशीः । आशिषौ । आशिषः । आशीर्भ्याम् । असौ । त्यदाद्यत्वं टाप् । औङः शी । उत्वमत्वे । अमू । अमूः । अमूम् । अमू । अमूः । अमुया । अमूभ्याम् । अमूभिः । अमुष्यै । अमूभ्याम् । अमूभ्यः । अमुष्याः 2 । अमुयोः 2 । अमूषाम् । अमुष्याम् । अमूषु ॥

Rule. For ap, t replaces the final when an affix beginning with bh follows. The word t itself is carried by anuvṛtti from the preceding rule aca upasargāt taḥ (A 7.4.47).

Example.

ap + bhis → SK 442: p → t → at + bhis

at + bhis → jaśtva before bh: t → d → adbhiḥ

plural
instrumentaladbhiḥ
dative / ablativeadbhyaḥ
genitiveapām
locativeapsu

Applies when / blocked by. The rule stands under the aṅga heading, so "bhi" means an affix that follows the stem and begins with bh. The word "affix" matters: in abbhakṣaḥ what follows ap is not an affix, so there is no t. In apām and apsu no bh follows, so no t.

F. The ś- and ṣ-final feminines closing SK 442's walk — running example: diś → dik / dig (also dṛś → dṛk, tviṣ → tviṭ, sajuṣ → sajūḥ, āśis → āśīḥ)

No new sūtra. Bhaṭṭoji continues SK 442's paragraph with five stems in ś and ṣ. Two of them, diś and dṛś, end in a guttural in the nominative (dik, dṛk). tviṣ ends in a retroflex (tviṭ). sajuṣ and āśis turn their sibilant into r and lengthen the vowel before it (sajūḥ, āśīḥ).

diś (ś-final). diś is the root diś "to assign" with kvin. After su drops, the ś becomes ṣ (vraśca…), jaśtva makes it ḍ, the kvin-guttural rule (SK 377) makes that g, and cartva optionally makes it k.

diś + kvin → diś; + su → su drops → vraśca…: ś → ṣ → diṣ

diṣ → jaśtva: ṣ → ḍ → diḍ → SK 377: ḍ → g → dig → cartva → dik / dig

singulardualplural
nominativedik / digdiśaudiśaḥ
instr./dat./abl.digbhyām
locativedikṣu

dṛś (ś-final). dṛś takes kvip, not kvin (it belongs to the sampad list). Yet SK 429 enjoins kvin for dṛś when a word of the tyad-group precedes it, and the guttural rule is framed for "a root after which kvin is enjoined". So kutva applies to dṛś even elsewhere, with no such preceding word: dṛk / dṛg, then dṛśau, dṛśaḥ, by the same six steps as dik.

tviṣ (ṣ-final). tviṣ is the root tviṣ "to shine" with kvip. After su drops, jaśtva makes ṣ into ḍ and cartva makes it ṭ.

tviṣ + su → su drops → jaśtva: ṣ → ḍ → tviḍ → cartva → tviṭ / tviḍ

singulardualplural
nominativetviṭ / tviḍtviṣautviṣaḥ
instr./dat./abl.tviḍbhyām
locativetviṭtsu

sajuṣ (nom. sg. sajūḥ) "one who serves along with" (ṣ-final). saha "together" plus the root juṣ "to serve" with kvip. saha becomes sa (by sahasya saḥ, or by the nipātana in sasajuṣo…). After su drops, sasajuṣo ruḥ replaces the final sibilant with ru, and SK 433 lengthens the vowel before the final r: sajūr, whose r is written as visarga, sajūḥ. The final was ṣ, not s, and sasajuṣo ruḥ speaks of s; the ru still applies because the ṣ-change is asiddha, treated as not yet made.

saha + juṣ + kvip → saha → sa → sajuṣ

sajuṣ + su → su drops → sasajuṣo ruḥ: ṣ → ru → sajur → SK 433: u → ū → sajūr → sajūḥ

singulardualplural
nominativesajūḥsajuṣausajuṣaḥ
instr./dat./abl.sajūrbhyām
locativesajūṣṣu / sajūḥṣu

āśis (ṣ-final). The prefix āṅ plus the root śās "to wish" with kvip. The rule aśāsaḥ kvāv upasaṃkhyānam replaces the vowel before the final (the upadhā) with i, and śāsivasighasīnāṃ ca turns the s into ṣ: āśiṣ. After su drops, ṣ becomes ru and the i is lengthened by SK 433: āśīḥ.

ā + śās + kvip → upadhā ā → i → āśis → s → ṣ → āśiṣ

āśiṣ + su → su drops → ṣ → ru → āśir → SK 433: i → ī → āśīr → āśīḥ

singulardualplural
nominativeāśīḥāśiṣauāśiṣaḥ
instr./dat./abl.āśīrbhyām

G. The feminine adas paradigm — closing the feminine consonant-stems — running example: adas → asau (also amūm, amuyā, amuṣyai, amūṣām, amūṣu)

No new sūtra. The feminine of adas "that (yonder)" is the last stem of the chapter, and it closes SK 442's paragraph. Its nominative singular asau is the same as the masculine (SK 437). Every other form is built like feminine idam, with two extra changes proper to adas: the d becomes m, and the vowel after it becomes u or ū.

asau. SK 437 gives au for the final of adas with the loss of su, and SK 381 turns the d into s: asau. Feminine and masculine share this form.

The dual and the rest. Wherever a case-ending is present, the final of adas becomes a, pararūpa merges the vowels, and ṭāp is added: adā. In the nominative dual au becomes ī, and ā + ī gives e by ād guṇaḥ: ade. Because the e here counts as long, the vowel becomes ū and the d becomes m: amū.

adas + au → a for the final, pararūpa, ṭāp → adā + au → au → ī → ade

ade → e (long) → ū, d → m → amū

In the nominative plural the ā of adā and the a of jas merge into one long vowel, then ū and m come in: amūḥ. There is no śī for jas, because after ṭāp the stem is not a-final; and there is no ī for the vowel (as in the masculine plural amī), because there is no e for it to replace. amūm is like the masculine except for the ū. amū in the accusative dual is like the nominative dual. amūḥ in the accusative plural is like the nominative plural; being feminine, the ending does not become n. In the instrumental singular the ā becomes e before the ending ā (āṅi cāpaḥ), the e becomes ay, and u and m come in: amuyā. amūbhyām and amūbhiḥ need only a, pararūpa, ṭāp, ū and m. In the dative singular the augment syāṭ is added and shortened, u and m come in, and the s becomes ṣ: amuṣyai. amūbhyaḥ is like amūbhyām; after ṭāp there is no a-final stem, so no e replaces the ending. In the ablative and genitive singular the form is as in the dative, with ru and visarga at the end: amuṣyāḥ. In os (genitive and locative dual) the ā becomes e, then ay, and u comes in: amuyoḥ. In the genitive plural the augment suṭ is added, the vowel shortened, and u comes in: amūṣām. In the locative singular, amuṣyām. In the locative plural the s becomes ṣ: amūṣu.

singulardualplural
nominativeasauamūamūḥ
accusativeamūmamūamūḥ
instrumentalamuyāamūbhyāmamūbhiḥ
dativeamuṣyaiamūbhyāmamūbhyaḥ
ablativeamuṣyāḥamūbhyāmamūbhyaḥ
genitiveamuṣyāḥamuyoḥamūṣām
locativeamuṣyāmamuyoḥamūṣu

Watch out. asau is the only form without m. From the dual onward every form has m for the d. The vowel after it is u where the ā of ṭāp has first been turned into ay (amuyā, amuyoḥ) or shortened before syāṭ (amuṣyai, amuṣyāḥ, amuṣyām). It is ū in the other forms (amū, amūḥ, amūm, amūbhyām, amūbhiḥ, amūbhyaḥ, amūṣām, amūṣu).

This ends the feminine consonant-stems. Bhaṭṭoji's commentary on SK 442 runs straight on into the neuter consonant-stems, which are the subject of the next chapter.

Terms used in this chapter

Summary

SKSūtraWhat it doesExample
440naho dhaḥThe h of nah becomes dh before an obstruent and at the end of a word; sets aside SK 324.upānah + su → upānat / upānad, upānadbhyām, upānatsu
—(walk of SK 440)kvin-final uṣṇih goes guttural instead: h → gh (SK 377). div, gir, pūr, catur, kim by chapter-11 rules.uṣṇik; dyauḥ, dyuṣu; gīḥ, pūḥ; catasraḥ, catasṛṇām; kā, ke, kāḥ
441yaḥ sauThe d of idam becomes y before su; feminine only, by elimination.idam + su → iyam
—(walk of SK 441)Feminine idam: a for the final, ṭāp, m for d (SK 345), id dropped before consonants (SK 347), ena in re-mention. sraj, syā / sā / yā / eṣā, vāc, ap.ime, imāḥ, anayā, ābhyām, asyai, āsām, enām; srak; syā; vāk; āpaḥ / apaḥ
442apo bhiFor ap, t replaces the p before an affix beginning with bh.ap + bhis → adbhiḥ; adbhyaḥ; but apām, apsu
—(walk of SK 442)diś, dṛś go guttural; tviṣ goes retroflex; sajuṣ, āśis take ru and lengthen (SK 433); feminine adas has asau and then m + u/ū.dik, dṛk; tviṭ; sajūḥ, āśīḥ; asau, amū, amūḥ, amūm, amuyā, amuṣyai, amūṣām, amūṣu
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