kim udāharaṇam .

iha tāvat : tasmin iti nirdiṣṭe pūrvasya iti : ikaḥ yaṇ aci : dadhi atra madhu atra .

iha : tasmāt iti uttarasya iti : dvayantarupasargebhyaḥ apaḥ īt : dvīpam antarīpam samīpam .

anyathājātīyakena śabdena nirdeśaḥ kriyate anyathājātīyakaḥ udāhriyate .

kim punaḥ udāharaṇam .

iha tāvat : tasmin iti nirdiṣṭe pūrvasya iti : tasmin aṇi ca yuṣmākāsmākau iti .

tasmāt iti uttarasya iti : tasmāt śasaḥ naḥ puṃsi iti .

idam ca api udāharaṇam : ikaḥ yaṇ aci dvyantarupasargebhyaḥ apaḥ īt iti .

katham .

sarvanāmnā ayam nirdeśaḥ kriyate sarvanāma ca sāmānyavāci .

tatra sāmānye nirdiṣṭe viśeṣāḥ api udāharaṇāni bhavanti .

kim punaḥ sāmānyam kaḥ vā viśeṣaḥ .

gauḥ sāmānyam kṛṣṇaḥ viśeṣaḥ .

na tarhi idānīm kṛṣṇaḥ sāmānyam bhavati gauḥ viśeṣaḥ bhavati .

bhavati ca .

yadi sāmānyam api viśeṣaḥ viśeṣaḥ api sāmānyam sāmānyaviśeṣau na prakalpete .

prakalpete ca .

katham .

vivakṣātaḥ .

yadā asya gauḥ sāmānyena vivakṣitaḥ bhavati kṛṣṇaḥ viśeṣatvena tadā gauḥ sāmānyam kṛṣṇaḥ viśeṣaḥ .

yadā kṛṣṇaḥ sāmānyena vivakṣitaḥ bhavati gauḥ viśeṣatvena tadā kṛṣṇaḥ sāmānyam kṛṣṇaḥ viśeṣaḥ .

aparaḥ āha : prakalpete ca .

katham .

pitāputravat .

tat yathā saḥ eva kam cit prati pitā bhavati kam cit prati putraḥ bhavati evam iha api saḥ eva kam cit prati sāmānyam kam cit prati viśeṣaḥ .

ete khalu api nairdeśikānām vārttatarakāḥ bhavanti ye sarvanāmnā nirdeśāḥ kriyante .

etaiḥ hi bahutarakam vyāpyate .

atha kimartham upasargeṇa nirdeśaḥ kriyate .

śabde saptamyā nirdiṣṭe pūrvasya kāryam yathā syāt arthe mā bhūt : janapade atiśāyane iti .

kim gatam etat upasargeṇa āhosvit śabdādhikyāt arthādhikyam .

gatam iti āha .

katham .

niḥ ayam bahirbhāve vartate .

tat yathā : niṣkrāntaḥ deśāt nirdeśaḥ .

bahirdeśaḥ iti gamyate .

śabdaḥ ca śabdāt bahirbhūtaḥ arthaḥ abahirbhūtaḥ .

atha nirdiṣṭagrahaṇam kimartham .

nirdiṣṭagrahaṇam ānantaryārtham .

nirdiṣṭagrahaṇam kriyate ānantaryārtham .

ānantaryamātre kāryam yathā syāt .

ikaḥ yaṇ aci : dadhi atra madhu atra .

iha mā bhūt :samidhau samidhaḥ , dṛṣadau dṛṣadaḥ .