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IASTदेवनागरीবাংলা
MBH paspaśā 2
Vṛtti Patañjali
atha gauḥ iti atra kaḥ śabdaḥ .
Now (atha), here in gauḥ, what is the śabda (word)?
अब 'गौः' — यहाँ शब्द क्या है?
kim yat tat sāsnālāṅgūlakakudakhuraviṣāṇi artharūpam saḥ śabdaḥ .
Is it (kim) that which has the form of the object possessed of dewlap, tail, hump, hoof and horns — is that the śabda?
क्या जो वह सास्ना (गलकम्बल), लाङ्गूल (पूँछ), ककुद (डिल्ला), खुर और सींगवाला अर्थरूप है, वह शब्द है?
na iti āha .
‘No,’ he says.
'नहीं' — ऐसा (आचार्य) कहते हैं।
dravyam nāma tat .
That is what is called dravya (substance).
वह तो द्रव्य कहलाता है।
yat tarhi tat iṅgitam ceṣṭitam nimiṣitam saḥ śabdaḥ .
Then (tarhi) is it that which is a stirring, a movement, a blinking — is that the śabda?
तो फिर जो वह इङ्गित (हिलना-डुलना), चेष्टित (क्रिया करना), निमिषित (पलक झपकना) है, वह शब्द है?
na iti āha .
‘No,’ he says.
'नहीं' — ऐसा (आचार्य) कहते हैं।
kriyā nāma sā .
That is what is called kriyā (action).
वह तो क्रिया कहलाती है।
yat tarhi tat śuklaḥ nīlaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ kapilaḥ kapotaḥ iti saḥ śabdaḥ .
Then is it that which is śuklaḥ, nīlaḥ, kṛṣṇaḥ, kapilaḥ, kapotaḥ (white, blue, black, tawny, dove-grey) — is that the śabda?
तो फिर जो वह शुक्लः, नीलः, कृष्णः, कपिलः, कपोतः — इस प्रकार है, वह शब्द है?
na iti āha .
‘No,’ he says.
'नहीं' — ऐसा (आचार्य) कहते हैं।
guṇaḥ nāma saḥ .
That is what is called guṇa (quality).
वह तो गुण कहलाता है।
yat tarhi tat bhinneṣu abhinnam chinneṣu acchinnam sāmānyabhūtam saḥ śabdaḥ .
Then is it that which, among things divided, is undivided, among things cut, uncut, being of the nature of the general — is that the śabda?
तो फिर जो वह भिन्नों में अभिन्न, छिन्नों में अच्छिन्न, सामान्यभूत है, वह शब्द है?
na iti āha .
‘No,’ he says.
'नहीं' — ऐसा (आचार्य) कहते हैं।
ākṛtiḥ nāma sā .
That is what is called ākṛti (generic configuration).
वह तो आकृति कहलाती है।
kaḥ tarhi śabdaḥ .
What then (tarhi) is the śabda?
तो फिर शब्द क्या है?
yena uccāritena sāsnālāṅgūlakakudakhuraviṣāṇinām sampratyayaḥ bhavati saḥ śabdaḥ .
That by whose being uttered there arises the cognition (sampratyaya) of things possessed of dewlap, tail, hump, hoof and horns — that is the śabda.
जिसके उच्चारित होने पर सास्ना, लाङ्गूल, ककुद, खुर और सींगवालों का सम्प्रत्यय (बोध) होता है, वह शब्द है।
atha vā pratītapadārthakaḥ loke dhvaniḥ śabdaḥ iti ucyate .
Or else (atha vā): in the world, a sound (dhvani) whose object is understood is what is called ‘śabda’.
अथवा — जिससे पदार्थ प्रतीत होता है, ऐसा ध्वनि लोक में 'शब्द' कहा जाता है।
tat yathā śabdam kuru mā śabdam kārṣīḥ śabdakārī ayam māṇavakaḥ iti .
That is, for instance: ‘Make a śabda’, ‘Do not make a śabda’, ‘This boy (māṇavaka) is a śabda-maker’ — thus (iti).
जैसे — 'शब्द कर', 'शब्द मत कर', 'यह माणवक शब्द करने वाला है' — इति।
dhvanim kurvan evam ucyate .
It is one who is making a dhvani who is spoken of in this way.
ध्वनि करता हुआ (व्यक्ति) ही ऐसा कहा जाता है।
tasmāt dhvaniḥ śabdaḥ .
Therefore dhvani is śabda.
इसलिए ध्वनि (ही) शब्द है।
Translator notes mūla-only construal · not shown in the reading edition
  • Dialectic construal: s1 is the question that opens the section (in gauḥ, what is the śabda?). s2, s5, s8, s11 are four successive proposals of an interlocutor (each a pūrvapakṣa horn, marked kim / yat tarhi); s3, s6, s9, s12 are the identical refusal na iti āha; s4, s7, s10, s13 give the ground of refusal — each proposal has named a different padārtha (dravya, kriyā, guṇa, ākṛti), not a word. s14 re-puts the question once all four are eliminated; s15 is the answer. s16-s19 are a SECOND answer introduced by atha vā, grounded in ordinary usage (loke): dhvani is śabda.
  • The bhāṣya does not reconcile s15 with s16-s19: s15 defines śabda by the cognition its utterance produces, s19 flatly identifies śabda with dhvani. I leave that unreconciled — no bridge is stated in the text and I have not supplied one.
  • s3/s6/s9/s12 āha has no expressed subject; rendered impersonally as ‘“No,” he says’. Who ‘he’ is (the siddhāntin, or an unnamed authority being reported) is not stated.
  • s11 sāmānyabhūtam rendered ‘being of the nature of the general’; the three descriptions are confirmed as ākṛti by s13.
  • Dialectic construal: s1 opens the inquiry. s2, s5, s8, s11 are four successive proposals put by the interlocutor (each 'is THAT the śabda?'); s3/s6/s9/s12 ('na iti āha') are the ācārya's flat denial, and s4/s7/s10/s13 name what the proposal actually was (dravya, kriyā, guṇa, ākṛti). s14 is the interlocutor's 'kaḥ tarhi', s15 the settled answer. s16 ('atha vā') offers a second, alternative definition supported by loka-usage in s17–s19.
  • s3/s6/s9/s12 'āha' has no stated subject; I have supplied '(आचार्य)' as the speaker of the denial. Patañjali does not name him — this is my construal, not the text's.
  • s16 'pratītapadārthakaḥ' is a bahuvrīhi I read as 'that by/from which the word-meaning is understood'; an alternative reading 'whose meaning is already understood' is possible. Flagged as uncertain.
  • s15 vs s19 give two different definitions (the cognition-producer, and dhvani) and the bhāṣya does not here reconcile them; I have left the tension standing.
Vṛtti — decoded
Patañjali
s1avataranika
atha gauḥ iti atra kaḥ śabdaḥ .
athanow — opening a fresh question, not resuming the heading of the previous unit indeclinable; here a simple transition particle, unlike the adhikāra-sense atha discussed at 1.s2अब — नए प्रश्न का आरम्भ
gauḥ itiin the case of the word "gauḥ" iti quotes the word-form; gauḥ was the first of the laukika samples in the previous unit'गौः' — यह जो शब्द ऊपर उदाहरण-रूप में दिया गया, उसे उद्धृत करके
atrahere, in this expression adverbial locative, taken together with gauḥ itiयहाँ, इस प्रयोग में
kaḥ śabdaḥwhat is the śabda — what is the word? interrogative kaḥ as predicate of a verbless sentence, nom. sg. masc.शब्द कौन-सा है? — अर्थात् इस प्रयोग में 'शब्द' किसे कहा जाए?
atha — now; atra gauḥ iti — here, in the expression "gauḥ"; kaḥ śabdaḥ — what is the word? atra and iti work together to mean "in this case, gauḥ". kaḥ is the interrogative predicate of a verbless sentence.
atha — प्रकरण-आरम्भ का अव्यय; gauḥ iti atra — 'गौः' इस प्रयोग में, विषय-निर्देश; kaḥ — प्रश्नवाचक विधेय; śabdaḥ — उद्देश्य। अन्वय: अथ 'गौः' इति अत्र कः शब्दः?
A new question opens. gauḥ was the first sample in the previous unit; now Patañjali asks what exactly the śabda is when you say it. The question is not idle. If the whole discipline is an instruction of śabdas, it had better be able to say what a śabda is.
पिछले प्रकरण में 'गौः' को लौकिक शब्द का उदाहरण कहा गया था। अब प्रश्न उठता है कि उस प्रयोग में 'शब्द' किसे कहें। यही जिज्ञासा आगे के पूरे विचार को खोलती है।
Watch the sense of śabda shift across the two units. At 1.s2 śabda meant a word-form to be taught. Here it is being asked what a śabda IS, and by s19 the term has been identified with dhvani, sound. The bhāṣya does not flag the shift; the reader has to notice it.
'इति' से 'गौः' उद्धृत किया गया है — अर्थात् उसका उच्चारण-रूप, गाय नामक वस्तु नहीं। यही भेद आगे के सारे विकल्पों की भूमि है।
s2objection
kim yat tat sāsnālāṅgūlakakudakhuraviṣāṇi artharūpam saḥ śabdaḥ .
kimis it that…? — opening the first alternative interrogative particle introducing a yes/no hornक्या — पूरे वाक्य पर लगने वाला प्रश्न
yat tatthat which — relative and correlative, both nom. sg. neut., picking out the item about to be describedजो वह — यत्-तत् से आगे कही जाने वाली वस्तु का निर्देश
sāsnālāṅgūlakakudakhuraviṣāṇipossessing dewlap, tail, hump, hooves and horns bahuvrīhi in -in (…viṣāṇin), nom. sg. neut. viṣāṇi; the -in stem is confirmed by the gen. pl. …viṣāṇinām at s15जिसमें गलकम्बल, पूँछ, ककुद, खुर और सींग हों, ऐसा — बहुव्रीहि
artharūpamthe shape of the thing meant — the object itself as it shows up tatpuruṣa artha + rūpa, nom. sg. neut.; the bahuvrīhi agrees with itअर्थ-स्वरूप वस्तु, अर्थात् जो पदार्थ के रूप में सामने है
saḥ śabdaḥthat is the word nom. sg. masc.; saḥ resumes the neuter yat tat but takes the gender of its own predicate śabdaḥक्या वही शब्द है?
kim — is it?; yat tat sāsnā-lāṅgūla-kakuda-khura-viṣāṇy artharūpam — that object-shape which possesses dewlap, tail, hump, hooves and horns; saḥ śabdaḥ — that is the word. The bahuvrīhi qualifies artharūpam; the correlative saḥ shifts to masculine under the attraction of śabdaḥ.
kim — पूरे वाक्य का प्रश्न; yat tat … artharūpam — यत्-तत् सम्बन्ध, विषय का निर्देश; sāsnālāṅgūlakakudakhuraviṣāṇi — बहुव्रीहि, artharūpam का विशेषण; saḥ śabdaḥ — विधेय। अन्वय: यत् तत् सास्नालाङ्गूलककुदखुरविषाणि अर्थरूपम्, किं सः शब्दः?
The first proposal, and it is a pūrvapakṣa — the interlocutor's guess, not Patañjali's view. Perhaps the word gauḥ just IS the animal: the thing with dewlap, tail, hump, hooves and horns. Ordinary speech encourages this way of talking. It is put as a question precisely so that it can be knocked down.
यह पूर्वपक्ष का पहला विकल्प है। आपत्तिकर्ता पूछता है — क्या जिसमें गलकम्बल, पूँछ, ककुद, खुर और सींग हैं, वही वस्तु 'शब्द' है? अर्थात् क्या शब्द अर्थ ही है?
The five marks — sāsnā, lāṅgūla, kakud, khura, viṣāṇa — serve as a definition-by-description of a cow, and they recur verbatim at s15. They are used instead of the word gauḥ because that word is exactly what is under investigation; the argument needs to point at the animal without naming it.
'सास्नालाङ्गूलककुदखुरविषाणि' बहुव्रीहि है — जिसमें ये अवयव हों, वह। यही गाय का अवयव-वर्णन है, इसलिए यह 'गौः' के अर्थ की ओर संकेत करता है।
s3reply
na iti āha .
nano negative particle, quoted as the whole of the answerनहीं — संक्षिप्त निषेध
iti— thus closes the quoted replyऐसा — उत्तर-वाक्य को उद्धृत करने वाला चिह्न
āhahe says 3 sg. perfect of √ah with present sense; the subject is unnamedकहता है — उत्तरदाता इस प्रकार उत्तर देता है
na iti — "no"; āha — he says. The reply is a single quoted word reported as somebody's speech.
na iti — āha का कर्म-रूप उद्धृत वाक्य; āha — मुख्य क्रिया, कर्ता अनुक्त। अन्वय: 'न' इति (सः) आह।
The answer is one word: no. Patañjali reports it as speech, āha, "he says", without naming who is speaking. That refusal to name is normal in this text. It is read here as the reply that carries the argument forward, because the very next sentence gives the ground for it.
उत्तर संक्षेप में — 'नहीं'। भाष्य संवाद-शैली में चलता है: प्रश्न, फिर एक शब्द का निषेध, फिर उसका कारण। कहने वाला नामतः नहीं बताया गया।
āha with an unnamed subject is the bhāṣya's ordinary way of reporting a turn in the dialogue. Since the text never labels its speakers, every assignment of a sentence to pūrvapakṣa or to the settled view is a construal, not something stated. This same na iti āha returns at s6, s9 and s12, setting the rhythm of four rejected proposals.
'इति आह' भाष्य की संवाद-रचना का चिह्न है। यह बताता है कि यह वाक्य उत्तर देने वाले का है, प्रश्नकर्ता का नहीं — यही वक्ता-निर्णय का एकमात्र आधार है।
s4gloss
dravyam nāma tat .
dravyamsubstance — a thing, a concrete individual nom. sg. neut.; a category termद्रव्य — वस्तु
nāmais what that goes by the name of indeclinable marking a naming or identificationतो — निश्चयार्थक अव्यय, 'प्रसिद्ध रूप से वही कहलाता है'
tatthat — what you just described nom. sg. neut., pointing back to artharūpam at s2वह — जो ऊपर सास्नादि से युक्त अर्थरूप कहा गया
tat — that [which you described]; dravyaṁ nāma — is called dravya. A verbless naming sentence; tat is neuter in agreement with the neuter artharūpam, and dravyam is neuter too.
tat — s2 का सास्नादिमत् अर्थरूप, उद्देश्य; dravyam — विधेय; nāma — निश्चयार्थक अव्यय। अन्वय: तत् द्रव्यं नाम (न शब्दः)।
Here is the ground for the "no". What the questioner described is not a word at all; it belongs to another category. It is a dravya, a substance. So the identification fails at the level of kind, not on some detail.
निषेध का कारण दिया जाता है: वह तो द्रव्य कहलाता है, शब्द नहीं। इस प्रकार शब्द और द्रव्य का भेद स्थापित होता है।
dravya, kriyā, guṇa and ākṛti — the four candidates named at s4, s7, s10 and s13 — are the standing categories a Sanskrit thinker reaches for when asking what sort of item something is. Patañjali runs through them in order and puts each one out of court. Watch the pronoun take the gender of the category name each time: neuter tat with dravyam, feminine sā with kriyā, masculine saḥ with guṇaḥ, feminine sā with ākṛtiḥ.
'नाम' यहाँ 'प्रसिद्ध रूप से' के अर्थ में है — जिसका जाना-पहचाना नाम द्रव्य है। भाष्य विकल्प को हटाता नहीं, उसे उसकी अपनी कोटि में रख देता है।
s5objection
yat tarhi tat iṅgitam ceṣṭitam nimiṣitam saḥ śabdaḥ .
yat tarhi tatthen is it that which…? — tarhi concedes the last refusal and opens the next horn tarhi is the dialectic pivot, "in that case"; yat…tat as at s2तो फिर जो वह — पिछला उत्तर हट जाने पर अगला विकल्प
iṅgitamthe stirring past passive participle used as a neuter noun, in apposition to yat tatइङ्गित — सूक्ष्म अङ्ग-संचालन
ceṣṭitamthe moving about likewise a neuter participial nounचेष्टित — स्पष्ट हलचल
nimiṣitamthe blinking likewise; the three name what a living animal is seen doingनिमिषित — पलक झपकना
saḥ śabdaḥthat is the word nom. sg. masc. as at s2क्या वही शब्द है?
tarhi — in that case; yat tat iṅgitaṁ ceṣṭitaṁ nimiṣitam — that which is the stirring, the moving, the blinking; saḥ śabdaḥ — that is the word? Three neuter participial nouns stand in apposition to yat tat.
tarhi — पूर्व-निषेध पर टिका हुआ प्रतिप्रश्न; yat tat iṅgitam ceṣṭitam nimiṣitam — यत्-तत् से निर्दिष्ट क्रियाएँ; saḥ śabdaḥ — विधेय; प्रश्नवाचकता s2 के 'kim' से अनुवृत्त है। अन्वय: यत् तर्हि तत् इङ्गितं चेष्टितं निमिषितम्, सः शब्दः?
The second proposal. If the word is not the thing, maybe it is what the thing does — the stirring, the shifting, the blinking you see in a live animal. tarhi is doing real work here: it grants that the last answer stood and asks what is left. Still the interlocutor speaking.
दूसरा विकल्प: तब क्या इङ्गित, चेष्टा और पलक झपकना — ये क्रियाएँ शब्द हैं? पूर्वपक्षी एक-एक करके हर सम्भावना उठाता है।
'तर्हि' दिखाता है कि यह प्रश्न पिछले निषेध पर खड़ा है — पहला विकल्प हटा, इसलिए अगला रखा जा रहा है। भाष्य का यह क्रम आगे भी दोहराया जाता है।
s6reply
na iti āha .
nano negative particle, quotedनहीं — वही संक्षिप्त निषेध
iti āhaso he says iti closing the quotation, āha 3 sg. with unnamed subject, exactly as at s3ऐसा कहता है — उत्तरदाता का वचन
na iti — "no"; āha — he says. Identical in form to s3.
na iti — āha का उद्धृत कर्म; āha — मुख्य क्रिया, कर्ता अनुक्त। अन्वय: 'न' इति आह।
No again. The second refusal, word for word the same as the first, with the ground supplied by the sentence that follows.
फिर वही संक्षिप्त निषेध — नहीं। भाष्य का ढाँचा जान-बूझकर दोहराया जाता है, जिससे हर विकल्प अलग-अलग हटे और कारण अलग-अलग दिया जा सके।
s7gloss
kriyā nāma sā .
kriyāaction — what a thing does nom. sg. fem.; a category termक्रिया — करना, होना
nāmais what that goes by the name ofतो — प्रसिद्ध रूप से वही कहलाती है
that — what you just described nom. sg. fem., taking the gender of the predicate kriyā rather than of the neuter yat tat it refers back toवह — इङ्गित-चेष्टित-निमिषित रूप जो ऊपर कहा गया
— that; kriyā nāma — is called kriyā. Verbless naming sentence, feminine throughout because the category name is feminine.
— s5 की इङ्गित-चेष्टित-निमिषित, उद्देश्य; kriyā — विधेय; nāma — निश्चयार्थक। अन्वय: सा क्रिया नाम (न शब्दः)।
The ground for the second "no". Stirring and blinking are kriyā, action. Again the refusal is categorial: whatever else action is, it is not a word.
कारण: वह तो क्रिया है, शब्द नहीं। अब तक दो कोटियाँ शब्द से अलग हो चुकीं — द्रव्य और क्रिया।
सर्वनाम 'सा' स्त्रीलिङ्ग में है यद्यपि उद्दिष्ट पद (इङ्गितम् आदि) नपुंसक थे — विधेय 'क्रिया' के लिङ्ग के अनुसार सर्वनाम का लिङ्ग लिया गया है।
s8objection
yat tarhi tat śuklaḥ nīlaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ kapilaḥ kapotaḥ iti saḥ śabdaḥ .
yat tarhi tatthen is it that which…? — the third horn same frame as s5तो फिर जो वह — तीसरा विकल्प
śuklaḥ nīlaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ kapilaḥ kapotaḥ"white", "dark blue", "black", "tawny", "dove-grey" all nom. sg. masc. — masculine because they describe the animal (gauḥ is masc.); alternatively they are cited as words in the quoting nominative, which the following iti supportsश्वेत, नील, कृष्ण (काला), कपिल (पीला-भूरा), कपोत (धूसर) — ये वर्ण
iti— so the list of colours ends closes the quoted runइस प्रकार — उदाहरणों को उद्धृत करने वाला चिह्न
saḥ śabdaḥthat is the wordक्या वही शब्द है?
tarhi — in that case; yat tat śuklaḥ nīlaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ kapilaḥ kapotaḥ iti — that which is white, dark blue, black, tawny, dove-grey; saḥ śabdaḥ — that is the word? The masculine colour-terms are construed here as adjectives of the animal; taking them instead as words merely cited (which iti would allow) does not change the argument.
yat tarhi tat — यत्-तत् निर्देश; śuklaḥ … kapotaḥ — गुण-वाचक उदाहरण, iti से उद्धृत; saḥ śabdaḥ — विधेय; प्रश्नवाचकता अनुवृत्त। अन्वय: यत् तर्हि तत् 'शुक्लः नीलः कृष्णः कपिलः कपोतः' इति, सः शब्दः?
The third proposal. If not the thing, and not what it does, maybe the word is the quality you see — its colour. Note the shift in form: the actions at s5 were given as bare neuter participles, while the colours here are masculine and are closed off with iti. The bhāṣya does not say whether that difference is deliberate.
तीसरा विकल्प: क्या रंग — सफ़ेद, नीला, काला आदि — शब्द हैं? पूर्वपक्षी अब गुण की ओर बढ़ता है।
यहाँ 'कृष्णः' रंग का वाचक है, कोई व्यक्तिनाम नहीं; सारे उदाहरण एक ही कोटि — गुण — के हैं, इसीलिए उत्तर भी एक ही वाक्य से दिया जा सकेगा।
s9reply
na iti āha .
nanoनहीं — निषेध
iti āhaso he says as at s3 and s6ऐसा कहता है — उत्तरदाता का वचन
na iti — "no"; āha — he says.
na iti — āha का उद्धृत कर्म; āha — मुख्य क्रिया, कर्ता अनुक्त। अन्वय: 'न' इति आह।
The third refusal, in the same three words.
तीसरा विकल्प भी अस्वीकृत। उत्तर वही एक शब्द — नहीं; कारण अगली पंक्ति में आता है।
s10gloss
guṇaḥ nāma saḥ .
guṇaḥquality — how a thing is, as against what it is nom. sg. masc.; a category termगुण — द्रव्य में रहने वाला धर्म
nāmais what that goes by the name ofतो — प्रसिद्ध रूप से वही कहलाता है
saḥthat — what you just described nom. sg. masc., taking the gender of guṇaḥवह — शुक्ल आदि वर्ण जो ऊपर कहे गए
saḥ — that; guṇo nāma — is called guṇa.
saḥ — s8 के शुक्लादि, उद्देश्य; guṇaḥ — विधेय; nāma — निश्चयार्थक। अन्वय: सः गुणः नाम (न शब्दः)।
The ground for the third "no". Colours are guṇa, quality. A quality is no more a word than a substance or an action is.
कारण: वह गुण है, शब्द नहीं। तीसरी कोटि भी अलग हुई — अब तक द्रव्य, क्रिया और गुण शब्द से भिन्न ठहरे।
s11objection
yat tarhi tat bhinneṣu abhinnam chinneṣu acchinnam sāmānyabhūtam saḥ śabdaḥ .
yat tarhi tatthen is it that which…? — the fourth and last hornतो फिर जो वह — चौथा विकल्प
bhinneṣu abhinnamundivided among the divided — one and the same across things that are distinct loc. pl. of domain ("among…"); abhinnam nom. sg. neut. agreeing with yat tatजब व्यक्ति भिन्न-भिन्न हों तब भी जो अभिन्न बना रहता है — सप्तमी 'जब … हों तब भी' के अर्थ में
chinneṣu acchinnamuncut among the cut — unbroken though its bearers are cut up the same loc.-of-domain construction, restated with a sharper verbजब वे छिन्न हों तब भी जो अच्छिन्न रहता है
sāmānyabhūtamstanding as what is shared — having become the common thing sāmānya + -bhūta compound, nom. sg. neut.जो सामान्य-रूप से सब में एक-सा विद्यमान है
saḥ śabdaḥthat is the wordक्या वही शब्द है?
tarhi — in that case; yat tat bhinneṣu abhinnaṁ chinneṣu acchinnaṁ sāmānyabhūtam — that which is undivided among divided things, uncut among cut things, standing as what is shared; saḥ śabdaḥ — that is the word? The two locatives mark the field within which the item stays one.
yat tarhi tat — यत्-तत् निर्देश; bhinneṣu, chinneṣu — सप्तमी, स्थिति-निर्देश; abhinnam, acchinnam, sāmānyabhūtam — तत् के विशेषण; saḥ śabdaḥ — विधेय। अन्वय: यत् तर्हि तत् भिन्नेषु अभिन्नं छिन्नेषु अच्छिन्नं सामान्यभूतम्, सः शब्दः?
The fourth proposal, and the strongest one. Perhaps the word is the universal — the single cow-ness that stays one across all the separate individual cows. This is the candidate a realist would press. It too is put as a question, by the same interlocutor.
चौथा विकल्प: क्या वह सामान्य — जो अनेक व्यक्तियों में एक-सा बना रहता है — शब्द है? यह वर्णन जाति का है।
bhinneṣv abhinnam is the classic way of stating a universal: one item recurring undivided across many divided bearers. Notice how Patañjali disposes of it — not by arguing that there is no such thing, but by giving it a name, ākṛti, that places it in a category other than śabda. Nothing in this unit denies that dravya, kriyā, guṇa or ākṛti exist.
'भिन्नेषु' और 'छिन्नेषु' सप्तमी में हैं — 'जब वे भिन्न या छिन्न हों तब भी'। यही सामान्य का लक्षण-कथन है, और इसी वर्णन से अगली पंक्ति का उत्तर निकलता है।
s12reply
na iti āha .
nanoनहीं — निषेध
iti āhaso he says the fourth and last occurrence of the formulaऐसा कहता है — उत्तरदाता का वचन
na iti — "no"; āha — he says.
na iti — āha का उद्धृत कर्म; āha — मुख्य क्रिया, कर्ता अनुक्त। अन्वय: 'न' इति आह।
The fourth refusal, closing the run of proposals.
चौथा विकल्प भी हटा दिया जाता है। यही संक्षिप्त निषेध चौथी बार आता है — प्रत्येक कोटि अलग-अलग नाम पाकर शब्द से अलग की जाती है।
s13gloss
ākṛtiḥ nāma sā .
ākṛtiḥthe form — the configuration a thing has, the shape shared by its instances nom. sg. fem.; a category termआकृति — सब व्यक्तियों में एक-सा रहने वाला रूप
nāmais what that goes by the name ofतो — प्रसिद्ध रूप से वही कहलाती है
that — what you just described nom. sg. fem., taking the gender of ākṛtiḥवह — जो भिन्नों में अभिन्न, सामान्यभूत कहा गया
— that; ākṛtir nāma — is called ākṛti.
— s11 का सामान्यभूत, उद्देश्य; ākṛtiḥ — विधेय; nāma — निश्चयार्थक। अन्वय: सा आकृतिः नाम (न शब्दः)।
The ground for the fourth "no". The one-across-many is ākṛti, form. All four proposals have now failed in exactly the same way: each named a real item, and none of them was a word.
कारण: वह आकृति है। इस प्रकार चार कोटियाँ — द्रव्य, क्रिया, गुण और आकृति — शब्द से अलग कर दी गईं।
'आकृति' यहाँ केवल बाहरी आकार नहीं; s11 के वर्णन (भिन्नों में अभिन्न, सामान्यभूत) से स्पष्ट है कि यह जाति-रूप सामान्य के अर्थ में प्रयुक्त है।
s14objection
kaḥ tarhi śabdaḥ .
kaḥ tarhiwhat then? — tarhi again granting the last refusal interrogative kaḥ, nom. sg. masc., agreeing with śabdaḥतो फिर कौन — सब विकल्प हट जाने पर सीधा प्रश्न
śabdaḥis the word nom. sg. masc.; verbless sentenceशब्द है
tarhi — in that case; kaḥ śabdaḥ — what is the word? The same question as s1, now asked with the four obvious answers used up.
kaḥ — प्रश्नवाचक विधेय; śabdaḥ — उद्देश्य; tarhi — पूर्व-निषेधों पर आश्रित। अन्वय: कः तर्हि शब्दः?
The interlocutor stops guessing and asks straight out: then what IS the word? This is the hinge of the unit. Four candidates are gone, and the answer that follows will be of a different kind altogether.
चारों विकल्प हट जाने पर सीधा प्रश्न — तब शब्द है क्या? यहीं से लक्षण की माँग उठती है, और उत्तर अगली पंक्ति में लक्षण-रूप में आता है।
s15definition
yena uccāritena sāsnālāṅgūlakakudakhuraviṣāṇinām sampratyayaḥ bhavati saḥ śabdaḥ .
yena uccāritenathat by which, once it has been uttered — instr. sg. of yad with a past passive participle; an instrumental of means in an absolute-like phrase, "by which in its uttered state"जिसके उच्चारण किए जाने से — तृतीया, कारण-करण का निर्देश
sāsnālāṅgūlakakudakhuraviṣāṇināmof things possessing dewlap, tail, hump, hooves and horns gen. pl. of the -in stem …viṣāṇin; objective genitive with sampratyayaḥगलकम्बल, पूँछ, ककुद, खुर और सींग वालों का — षष्ठी, बोध का विषय
sampratyayaḥ bhavatithere comes about a recognition — the hearer takes in what is meant sam-pra-√i + ti, nom. sg. masc., with bhavati supplying the verb of the relative clauseसम्प्रत्यय होता है, अर्थात् निश्चित बोध उत्पन्न होता है
saḥ śabdaḥthat is the word correlative closing the yena … saḥ frameवही शब्द है
yena uccāritena — that by which, when it has been uttered; sāsnā-lāṅgūla-kakuda-khura-viṣāṇinām — of things having dewlap, tail, hump, hooves and horns; sampratyayo bhavati — a recognition comes about; saḥ śabdaḥ — that is the word. yena … saḥ is the relative-correlative frame; the genitive is objective with sampratyaya, i.e. a recognition OF cows.
yena uccāritena — तृतीया, sampratyayaḥ bhavati का करण; sāsnālāṅgūlakakudakhuraviṣāṇinām — षष्ठी, सम्प्रत्यय का विषय; saḥ śabdaḥ — यत्-तत् सम्बन्ध का उत्तरार्ध। अन्वय: येन उच्चारितेन सास्नालाङ्गूलककुदखुरविषाणिनां सम्प्रत्ययो भवति, सः शब्दः।
The answer, and it changes the kind of definition being given. The word is not identified with any item in the world at all; it is identified by what it does. A śabda is whatever, on being said aloud, makes a hearer recognise cows. Notice that utterance and hearer-uptake are both built into the definition, and that Patañjali reuses the very description from s2 — the thing with dewlap and horns is now what the word points to, not what the word is.
अब लक्षण दिया जाता है: शब्द वह है जिसके उच्चारण से गाय-रूप अर्थ का बोध होता है। शब्द न द्रव्य है, न क्रिया, न गुण, न आकृति — वह बोध का कारण है।
uccārita, "uttered", is load-bearing: the śabda is defined in its pronounced state, and that is what makes the alternative at s16, identifying it with dhvani, sound, available at all. sampratyaya is the technical name for the hearer's determinate cognition of what is meant; defining a word through sampratyaya defines it by its effect on a hearer rather than by what it is made of.
लक्षण दो सम्बन्धों पर टिका है: तृतीया 'उच्चारितेन' बोध का करण बताती है, और षष्ठी 'सास्नादिमताम्' बोध का विषय। इन्हीं दोनों से शब्द को उसकी कोटि मिलती है।
s16alternative
atha vā pratītapadārthakaḥ loke dhvaniḥ śabdaḥ iti ucyate .
atha vāor else — a second answer offered without the first being withdrawn atha vā introduces a suspended alternative; the bhāṣya nowhere says which of the two it settles onअथवा — दूसरा पक्ष, पहले को हटाए बिना
pratītapadārthakaḥwhose word-meaning has been grasped — a sound that gets its sense across bahuvrīhi, pratīta + padārtha + -ka, nom. sg. masc., taken here as agreeing with dhvaniḥजिसका पदार्थ पहले से प्रतीत हो चुका है, ऐसा — बहुव्रीहि
lokein ordinary usage — in the world, as against technical usage loc. sg. of lokaलोकव्यवहार में — सप्तमी, प्रयोग का क्षेत्र
dhvaniḥsound nom. sg. masc., the subjectध्वनि — केवल आवाज़
śabdaḥ iti ucyateis called "śabda" 3 sg. pres. passive of √vac with iti quoting the name applied'शब्द' कहा जाता है — कर्मवाच्य
The construal adopted here: loke — in ordinary usage; pratīta-padārthako dhvaniḥ — a sound whose meaning has been grasped; śabda iti ucyate — is called "śabda". The alternative construal, which the words alone do not rule out, takes pratītapadārthakaḥ as a separate predication about the word śabda itself ("its sense is the familiar one") and reads loke dhvaniḥ śabda iti ucyate as the whole claim. The usage quoted at s17 sits more comfortably with that second reading, since "make a śabda" covers mere noise with no meaning grasped at all. The bhāṣya does not decide, and the tension is left standing here.
atha vā — विकल्प-सूचक; loke — सप्तमी, प्रयोग-क्षेत्र; dhvaniḥ — उद्देश्य; śabdaḥ iti ucyate — विधेय-क्रिया। pratītapadārthakaḥ को मैं dhvaniḥ का विशेषण मानता हूँ — 'जिसका अर्थ प्रतीत हो चुका है, ऐसी ध्वनि लोक में शब्द कही जाती है'। वैकल्पिक अन्वय भी सम्भव है, जिसमें यह विशेषण 'śabdaḥ' पद से जुड़े — 'जिसका पदार्थ (ऊपर) निश्चित हो चुका, वह शब्द-पद लोक में ध्वनि के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है'। भाष्य दोनों में से किसी को स्पष्ट नहीं करता।
A second answer, introduced with atha vā, "or else". In common usage śabda simply means dhvani, sound. Patañjali does not say that this replaces s15, and he does not say that it agrees with it. There is a real strain: s15 defined śabda by the successful recognition of a meaning, whereas the usage about to be quoted is about making noise. Leave the strain where the bhāṣya leaves it.
यह पक्षान्तर है, पूर्व लक्षण का खण्डन नहीं। लोकव्यवहार में केवल ध्वनि को भी 'शब्द' कहते हैं। भाष्य दोनों पक्ष साथ रखता है और एक को दूसरे से काटता नहीं।
atha vā marks a suspended alternative in this text, not a correction of what precedes. Whether s15's functional definition and s16's identification with dhvani are two statements of one position or two competing positions is exactly what a later commentary would settle; from the bhāṣya alone it is open.
'प्रतीतपदार्थकः' बहुव्रीहि है। 'अथ वा' विकल्प-सूचक है — इससे पिछला लक्षण रद्द नहीं होता, उसके पास दूसरा प्रयोग रख दिया जाता है।
s17example
tat yathā śabdam kuru mā śabdam kārṣīḥ śabdakārī ayam māṇavakaḥ iti .
tat yathāas for instance standing formula introducing an illustration drawn from usageजैसे कि — उदाहरण की प्रस्तावना
śabdam kuru"make a śabda" — make a noise acc. sg. object with the 2 sg. imperative of √kṛ'शब्द करो' — अर्थात् आवाज़ करो
mā śabdam kārṣīḥ"don't make a śabda" prohibitive mā with the aorist (luṅ) kārṣīḥ, 2 sg., augmentless — the regular prohibition construction'शब्द मत करो' — निषेध का लौकिक प्रयोग
śabdakārī ayam māṇavakaḥ"this boy is a noise-maker" śabda-kārin, an agent stem in -in with habitual sense, nom. sg. masc. agreeing with māṇavakaḥ'यह लड़का शब्द करने वाला है'
iti— so people say closes the three quoted usagesइस प्रकार — उदाहरण-सूची का समापन
tat yathā — as for example; then three independent quoted utterances — śabdaṁ kuru; mā śabdaṁ kārṣīḥ; śabdakārī ayaṁ māṇavakaḥ — closed by iti. They are adduced as evidence of how the word śabda is actually used.
tat yathā — उदाहरण-प्रस्तावना; तीनों वाक्य लोकप्रयोग के उद्धरण हैं, जिनमें 'शब्द' पद ध्वनि के अर्थ में आया है; iti — उद्धरण-सूची को बाँधता है।
Three snatches of ordinary speech, brought in as evidence. "Make a noise." "Don't make a noise." "That boy is a noise-maker." In none of the three does śabda mean a meaningful word; in all three it means sound. This is loka usage cited in support of identifying śabda with dhvani.
लोक-प्रयोग के तीन उदाहरण दिए जाते हैं, जिनमें 'शब्द' का अर्थ ध्वनि ही है — 'शब्द करो', 'शब्द मत करो', 'यह लड़का शब्द करने वाला है'। इनसे पक्षान्तर को प्रयोग-सिद्ध किया जाता है।
Actual usage (prayoga) counts as evidence in this text: what people say fixes what a word means. The third example is worth pausing on — śabda-kārin is built with an -in agent stem, which gives the habitual sense "one who makes noise as a matter of course", not merely "one who made a noise".
'मा शब्दं कार्षीः' में 'माङ्' के योग से लुङ् आता है और अडागम नहीं होता — इसीलिए रूप 'अकार्षीः' नहीं, 'कार्षीः' है।
s18gloss
dhvanim kurvan evam ucyate .
dhvanim kurvanone who is making a sound acc. object with the nom. sg. masc. present active participle of √kṛध्वनि करता हुआ — शतृ-प्रत्ययान्त कर्ता-विशेषण
evamin that way — by the expressions just quoted adverb pointing back to the three utterances of s17इस प्रकार — ऊपर उद्धृत प्रयोगों की ओर संकेत
ucyateis spoken of 3 sg. pres. passive of √vac; its subject is the participial phraseकहा जाता है — कर्मवाच्य
dhvaniṁ kurvan — one who is making a sound; evam — thus, i.e. by the phrases just quoted; ucyate — is so spoken of.
dhvanim kurvan — ucyate का उद्देश्य, शतृ-प्रत्ययान्त विशेषण; dhvanim उसका कर्म; evam — पूर्वोक्त प्रयोगों का निर्देश; ucyate — मुख्य क्रिया। अन्वय: ध्वनिं कुर्वन् एवम् उच्यते।
The reading of the evidence. In every one of those three sentences the person being talked about is someone producing sound. So when ordinary speech says śabda, what it is picking out is dhvani.
व्याख्या: जो ध्वनि कर रहा है, उसी के विषय में ऐसा कहा जाता है। अर्थात् इन प्रयोगों में 'शब्द' पद ध्वनि को ही कहता है, अर्थ को नहीं।
s19conclusion
tasmāt dhvaniḥ śabdaḥ .
tasmāttherefore abl. of reason, drawing the inference from s17–s18इसलिए — पञ्चमी, हेतु-निर्देश
dhvaniḥ śabdaḥsound is śabda two nominatives in a verbless identification; neither is marked as the subjectध्वनि ही शब्द है
tasmāt — therefore; dhvaniḥ śabdaḥ — dhvani is śabda. Both words are nominative and nothing marks which is subject and which predicate, so the sentence reads either way: "sound is what śabda means", or "what is called śabda is sound".
tasmāt — हेतु-पञ्चमी, s16–s18 के प्रयोग-प्रमाण को समेटती है; dhvaniḥ — उद्देश्य; śabdaḥ — विधेय। अन्वय: तस्मात् ध्वनिः शब्दः।
The conclusion of the atha vā line of argument: śabda is sound. Whether this overrides the definition at s15, or only states what the word means in ordinary usage while s15 states what a grammarian means by it, the bhāṣya does not say. That question is left open here.
पक्षान्तर का निष्कर्ष — ध्वनि शब्द है। यह 'अथ वा' से आरम्भ हुए दूसरे पक्ष का निष्कर्ष है; s15 का लक्षण इससे खण्डित नहीं होता। भाष्य दोनों को खुला छोड़ देता है।
'तस्मात्' पञ्चमी हेतु में है और उसका आधार s16–s18 की लोक-प्रयोग-सिद्धि है, s15 के लक्षण का निराकरण नहीं — यह भेद ध्यान में रखना चाहिए।