Commentary — decoded
Jīva Gosvāmī
s1avataranika
atha tasyā lakṣaṇaṁ vadann eva grantham ārabhate anyeti |
athanow (opening the definition) discourse-openerअब (प्रसंग का आरम्भ)
tasyāḥof it — that is, of bhakti (the topic just raised) gen.उस भक्ति का
lakṣaṇamthe defining mark, the definition acc. objectलक्षण (को)
vadan evain the very act of stating — right as he states it pres. participle + evaकहते हुए ही
granthamthe book, the treatise acc. objectग्रन्थ (को)
ārabhatehe begins 3sg. verbआरम्भ करते हैं
anya itiwith the word 'anya' (the first word of the verse) pratīka'अन्य' इत्यादि पद से (अर्थात् इस श्लोक से)
atha — now; tasyāḥ lakṣaṇam — the definition of it (bhakti); vadan eva — in the very act of stating; grantham ārabhate — he begins the treatise; anya iti — with the word 'anya'.
atha — अब; tasyāḥ — उस भक्ति का; lakṣaṇam — लक्षण; vadan eva — कहते हुए ही; grantham — ग्रन्थ; ārabhate — आरम्भ करते हैं; anya iti — 'अन्य' इस पद से
Now Rūpa gives the definition of bhakti. He does it right as he opens the book. So the treatise begins with its very first word, anya. In other words, the opening verse is itself the definition.
अब उस भक्ति का लक्षण कहते हुए ही (ग्रन्थकार) 'अन्य' इत्यादि श्लोक से ग्रन्थ का आरम्भ करते हैं।
lakṣaṇa: in Nyāya-Vedānta, a 'defining mark' — the feature that picks out the thing and nothing else; here, the definition of bhakti.
'लक्षण' न्याय-वेदान्त में वह असाधारण धर्म है जो अपने लक्ष्य को ही पहचानता है, अन्य किसी को नहीं; यहाँ भक्ति का लक्षण।
s2gloss
anuśīlanam atra kriyā-śabda-baddhātmartha-mātram ucyate |
anuśīlanam'cultivation' — the key word of the verse being glossed the word under comment'अनुशीलन' शब्द
atrahere, in this verse adverbयहाँ (इस प्रसंग में)
kriyā-śabda-baddha-ātma-artha-mātrammeans only the bare root-sense that is bound up inside a word for an action — the plain activity itself, before any grammatical dressing acc.; compound kept wholeक्रियावाचक शब्द में निहित धातु-अर्थ मात्र (के रूप में)
ucyateis said, is meant passive verbकहा जाता है
anuśīlanam — 'cultivation'; atra — here; kriyā-śabda-baddha-ātma-artha-mātram — only the bare root-meaning contained in an action-word; ucyate — is meant.
anuśīlanam — 'अनुशीलन' शब्द; atra — यहाँ; kriyā-śabda-baddha-ātma-artha-mātram — क्रिया-शब्द में बँधे धातु-अर्थ मात्र; ucyate — कहा जाता है
In this verse, 'cultivation' (anuśīlana) is used in a narrow, technical sense. It means only the bare root-meaning — the plain activity carried inside any word that names an action. Strip off the grammar and take just the doing itself. That doing is what 'cultivation' points to here.
यहाँ 'अनुशीलन' शब्द से क्रियावाचक शब्द में निहित धातु-अर्थ मात्र कहा जाता है।
dhātv-artha (root-sense): in Sanskrit grammar, the meaning carried by the verbal root alone, before the tense/person suffixes are added. Jīva isolates just this bare activity.
धात्वर्थ अर्थात् केवल धातु से निकलने वाला अर्थ, तिङ् (काल-पुरुष) प्रत्ययों के जुड़ने से पूर्व का। जीव यहाँ उसी क्रियामात्र को पृथक् करके ग्रहण करते हैं।
s3gloss
dhātv-arthaś ca dvividhaḥ |
dhātu-arthaḥ caand this root-meaning (the bare activity just named) nom.; ca = 'and, now'और धातु का अर्थ
dvividhaḥis of two kinds predicate adj.दो प्रकार का (है)
dhātu-arthaḥ ca — and this root-meaning; dvividhaḥ — is of two kinds.
dhātu-arthaḥ ca — और धातु-अर्थ; dvividhaḥ — दो प्रकार का
Now this root-meaning, the bare activity, comes in two kinds. He is about to name them.
और वह धातु-अर्थ दो प्रकार का है।
s4gloss
pravṛtti-nivṛtty-ātmakaḥ kāya-vāṅ-mānasīyas tat-tat-ceṣṭā-rūpaḥ, prīti-viṣādātmako mānasas tat-tad-bhāva-rūpaś ca |
pravṛtti-nivṛtti-ātmakaḥthe first kind consists of doing and not-doing — going toward and holding back nom.; compound kept wholeप्रवृत्ति और निवृत्ति रूप
kāya-vāk-mānasīyaḥit belongs to body, speech, and mind nom. adj.शरीर, वाणी और मन से सम्बन्धित
tat-tat-ceṣṭā-rūpaḥand takes the form of their various actions — the acts each of them performs nom.; compound kept wholeउन-उन चेष्टाओं के रूप वाला
prīti-viṣāda-ātmakaḥthe second kind consists of fondness and aversion — being drawn to and put off nom.; compound kept wholeप्रीति और विषाद रूप
mānasaḥit is mental — it happens in the mind nom. adj.मन-सम्बन्धी
tat-tat-bhāva-rūpaḥ caand takes the form of the various feelings — the moods themselves nom.; ca links the two kindsऔर उन-उन भावों के रूप वाला
pravṛtti-nivṛtti-ātmakaḥ — one kind consists of doing and refraining; kāya-vāk-mānasīyaḥ — belonging to body, speech, and mind; tat-tat-ceṣṭā-rūpaḥ — taking the form of their several acts; prīti-viṣāda-ātmakaḥ ca — and the other consists of fondness and aversion; mānasaḥ — being mental; tat-tat-bhāva-rūpaḥ — taking the form of the several feelings.
pravṛtti-nivṛtti-ātmakaḥ — प्रवृत्ति-निवृत्ति रूप; kāya-vāk-mānasīyaḥ — काय-वाणी-मन का; tat-tat-ceṣṭā-rūpaḥ — उन-उन चेष्टाओं के रूप में; prīti-viṣāda-ātmakaḥ — प्रीति-विषाद रूप; mānasaḥ — मानसिक; tat-tat-bhāva-rūpaḥ ca — और उन-उन भावों के रूप में
The two kinds are these. The first is doing and refraining — moving toward something or holding back from it. It works through body, speech, and mind, and it shows up as the actual acts they perform. The second is fondness and aversion — being drawn to something or put off by it. This one is purely mental, and it shows up as the feelings themselves.
एक प्रवृत्ति-निवृत्ति रूप है — काय, वाणी और मन की उन-उन चेष्टाओं के रूप में; और दूसरा प्रीति-विषाद रूप है — मन का, उन-उन भावों के रूप में।
bhāva: here in the ordinary sense of 'feeling, inner mood,' the mental side of activity — not yet the technical sthāyi-bhāva of rasa theory.
'भाव' यहाँ साधारण अर्थ में — अनुभूति, अन्तर्मन की वृत्ति, क्रिया का मानसिक पक्ष; अभी रस-शास्त्र का पारिभाषिक स्थायी-भाव अभिप्रेत नहीं।
s5gloss
sattvāsattve tu parasparopamarditatvāc ceṣṭāntargate eva |
sattva-asattve tubut as for a thing's being present and being absent (existence and non-existence) nom. dual; tu = 'but, however'किन्तु (भाव का) होना और न होना
paraspara-upamarditatvātbecause they cancel each other out — one drives the other off abl. of reason; compound kept wholeक्योंकि वे परस्पर एक-दूसरे को दबा देते हैं
ceṣṭā-antargate evathey fall inside action alone — they are already covered under 'doing/refraining' nom. dual + evaचेष्टा के भीतर ही समाविष्ट हैं
sattva-asattve tu — but being-present and being-absent; paraspara-upamarditatvāt — because they mutually cancel each other; ceṣṭā-antargate eva — are included within action alone.
sattva-asattve tu — किन्तु सत्त्व और असत्त्व; paraspara-upamarditatvāt — परस्पर उपमर्दन के कारण; ceṣṭā-antargate eva — चेष्टा के अन्तर्गत ही
One might ask about a third pair: a thing's presence and its absence. But those two cancel each other — where one is, the other is not. So they need no separate slot. They already sit inside the first kind, the doing-and-refraining. He is tidying the scheme: only two real kinds, not three.
किन्तु (भाव का) होना और न होना, परस्पर एक-दूसरे को दबा देने के कारण, चेष्टा के ही अन्तर्गत आ जाते हैं।
s6gloss
tad evaṁ sati kṛṣṇa-sambandhi kṛṣṇārthaṁ vānuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇānuśīlanam iti |
tat evaṁ satithis being so — given the two kinds just settled loc. absolute: 'when this is the case'जब ऐसा है (यह सिद्ध होने पर)
kṛṣṇa-sambandhicultivation related to Kṛṣṇa — connected with him nom.; compound kept wholeकृष्ण से सम्बन्ध रखने वाला
kṛṣṇa-artham vāor cultivation done for Kṛṣṇa's sake — aimed at him vā = 'or'; compound kept wholeअथवा कृष्ण के प्रयोजन से (किया गया)
anuśīlanamsuch cultivation nom.अनुशीलन
kṛṣṇa-anuśīlanam itiis what 'the cultivation of Kṛṣṇa' means iti closes the definition'कृष्णानुशीलन' कहलाता है — ऐसा (अर्थ है)
tat evaṁ sati — this being so; kṛṣṇa-sambandhi — related to Kṛṣṇa; kṛṣṇa-artham vā — or for Kṛṣṇa's sake; anuśīlanam — the cultivation; kṛṣṇa-anuśīlanam iti — is 'the cultivation of Kṛṣṇa'.
tat evaṁ sati — ऐसा होने पर; kṛṣṇa-sambandhi — कृष्ण से सम्बन्धित; kṛṣṇa-artham vā — अथवा कृष्ण के लिए; anuśīlanam — अनुशीलन; kṛṣṇa-anuśīlanam iti — 'कृष्णानुशीलन' — ऐसा
Given the two kinds just settled, here is what the compound 'cultivation of Kṛṣṇa' means. It is cultivation that either is connected with Kṛṣṇa, or is done for Kṛṣṇa's sake. Either link is enough. That is all 'kṛṣṇa-anuśīlana' says.
ऐसा होने पर, कृष्ण से सम्बन्धित अथवा कृष्ण के लिए किया गया अनुशीलन ही 'कृष्णानुशीलन' कहलाता है।
s7reply
tat-sambandha-mātrasya tādarthyasya vā vivakṣitatvād guru-pādāśrayādau bhāva-rūpasyāpi kroḍīkṛtatvāt tat-sthāyini vyabhicāriṣu ca bhāveṣu nāvyāptiḥ |
tat-sambandha-mātrasyabecause mere relation to him is enough (is what is meant) gen., ties to vivakṣitatvāt; compound kept wholeउस (कृष्ण) से मात्र सम्बन्ध का
tādarthyasya vāor else being-for-his-sake is enough gen.; vā = 'or'अथवा उसी के प्रयोजन का
vivakṣitatvātbecause that is precisely what is intended by the word abl. of reasonक्योंकि (यहाँ) यही कहना अभीष्ट है
guru-pāda-āśraya-ādauso that in acts like taking shelter at the guru's feet loc.; compound kept wholeगुरु के चरणों के आश्रय आदि (कार्यों) में
bhāva-rūpasya apieven the feeling-form of devotion (the inner mood, not just the outward act) gen.; api = 'even'भाव-रूप (अनुशीलन) का भी
kroḍīkṛtatvātbecause it too is gathered in, taken into the embrace of the definition abl. of reasonक्योंकि वह (लक्षण में) समेट लिया गया है
tat-sthāyini vyabhicāriṣu ca bhāveṣuwith respect to the settled core-feeling in it and to the passing feelings as well loc. pl.; compounds kept whole; ca = 'and'उस स्थायी तथा व्यभिचारी भावों के विषय में
na avyāptiḥthere is no under-reach — the definition does not fall short of covering them nom.; na = 'not'अव्याप्ति दोष नहीं होता
tat-sambandha-mātrasya tādarthyasya vā vivakṣitatvāt — because mere relation to him, or being for his sake, is what is meant; guru-pāda-āśraya-ādau bhāva-rūpasya api kroḍīkṛtatvāt — because even the feeling-form present in things like sheltering at the guru's feet is gathered in; tat-sthāyini vyabhicāriṣu ca bhāveṣu — regarding its settled core-feeling and the passing feelings; na avyāptiḥ — there is no under-reach.
tat-sambandha-mātrasya — उससे मात्र सम्बन्ध का; tādarthyasya vā — अथवा उसके प्रयोजन का; vivakṣitatvāt — विवक्षित होने के कारण; guru-pāda-āśraya-ādau — गुरु-चरणों के आश्रय आदि में; bhāva-rūpasya api — भाव-रूप का भी; kroḍīkṛtatvāt — समेट लिए जाने के कारण; tat-sthāyini vyabhicāriṣu ca bhāveṣu — उस स्थायी और व्यभिचारी भावों में; na avyāptiḥ — अव्याप्ति नहीं
Someone might worry the definition is too narrow — that it misses the inner feelings of devotion. It does not. Two reasons. First, the word asks only for a link to Kṛṣṇa: either connected with him or done for his sake. Second, that loose link even pulls in the feeling-side — for instance, the devotion felt when you take shelter at the guru's feet gets gathered in too. So the definition reaches both the settled core-feeling (the sthāyi-bhāva) and the passing moods (the vyabhicāri-bhāvas). Nothing devotional is left out.
क्योंकि यहाँ कृष्ण से केवल सम्बन्ध, अथवा उसी के प्रयोजन का होना — यही कहना अभीष्ट है, और गुरु-चरणों के आश्रय आदि में भाव-रूप अनुशीलन भी (इस लक्षण में) समेट लिया गया है, इसलिए उस स्थायी तथा व्यभिचारी भावों के विषय में अव्याप्ति दोष नहीं होता।
avyāpti ('under-reach'): a Nyāya definition-fault where the definition fails to cover some cases it should. sthāyi-bhāva = the one stable core-emotion (here rati/prema); vyabhicāri-bhāva = the transient accessory moods that attend it.
अव्याप्ति न्याय का वह लक्षण-दोष है जिसमें लक्षण अपने कुछ लक्ष्यों तक नहीं पहुँचता। स्थायी-भाव वह एक स्थिर मूल-भाव है (यहाँ रति/प्रेम), और व्यभिचारी-भाव उसके साथ आने-जाने वाले अस्थिर सहायक भाव हैं।
s8gloss
etac ca kṛṣṇa-tad-bhakta-kṛpayaika-labhyaṁ, śrī-bhagavataḥ svarūpa-śakti-vṛtti-rūpam ato’prākṛtam api kāyādi-vṛtti-tādātmyenaiva tatra tatrāvirbhūtam iti jñeyam |
etat caand this cultivation (bhakti, as just defined) nom.; ca = 'and, moreover'और यह (भक्ति-अनुशीलन)
kṛṣṇa-tat-bhakta-kṛpayā eka-labhyamis obtainable only through the grace of Kṛṣṇa and of his devotee — by that grace alone instr. of means; eka- = 'only'; compound kept wholeकृष्ण तथा उनके भक्त की कृपा से ही प्राप्य
śrī-bhagavataḥ svarūpa-śakti-vṛtti-rūpamit is a working of the Lord's own essential power — a function of his svarūpa-śakti nom.; compound kept wholeश्रीभगवान् की स्वरूप-शक्ति की वृत्ति रूप
ataḥ aprākṛtam apiand therefore it is non-material — beyond ordinary matter ataḥ = 'therefore'; api = 'even so'इसलिए अप्राकृत (दिव्य) होने पर भी
kāya-ādi-vṛtti-tādātmyena evayet only by becoming one with the workings of the body and the rest instr. of means; eva = 'precisely'; compound kept wholeकाय आदि की वृत्ति के साथ तादात्म्य के द्वारा ही
tatra tatrahere and there, in this devotee and that adverbउन-उन (साधकों) में
āvirbhūtamit shows itself, comes into view past part., nom.प्रकट होता है
iti jñeyamso it should be understood iti + gerundiveऐसा जानना चाहिए
etat ca — and this; kṛṣṇa-tat-bhakta-kṛpayā eka-labhyam — obtainable only by the grace of Kṛṣṇa and his devotee; śrī-bhagavataḥ svarūpa-śakti-vṛtti-rūpam — being a function of the Lord's essential power; ataḥ aprākṛtam api — therefore non-material; kāya-ādi-vṛtti-tādātmyena eva — yet only through identity with the workings of body and the rest; tatra tatra āvirbhūtam — it shows itself here and there; iti jñeyam — thus it is to be known.
etat ca — और यह; kṛṣṇa-tat-bhakta-kṛpayā eka-labhyam — कृष्ण और उनके भक्त की कृपा से ही प्राप्य; śrī-bhagavataḥ svarūpa-śakti-vṛtti-rūpam — भगवान् की स्वरूप-शक्ति की वृत्ति रूप; ataḥ aprākṛtam api — इसलिए अप्राकृत होते हुए भी; kāya-ādi-vṛtti-tādātmyena eva — काय आदि की वृत्ति के तादात्म्य से ही; tatra tatra — वहाँ-वहाँ; āvirbhūtam — प्रकट हुआ; iti jñeyam — ऐसा जानना चाहिए
One more point about this bhakti. You cannot manufacture it; it comes only by the grace of Kṛṣṇa and of his devotee. In its own nature it is a working of the Lord's own inner power, so it is not made of matter at all. And yet it shows up in a devotee only by fusing with the ordinary workings of the body, speech, and mind — taking them on as its vehicle. That is how a non-material thing appears here in one person and there in another. Understand it this way.
और यह अनुशीलन कृष्ण तथा उनके भक्त की कृपा से ही प्राप्त होता है; यह श्रीभगवान् की स्वरूप-शक्ति की वृत्ति रूप है, इसलिए अप्राकृत होते हुए भी काय आदि की वृत्ति के साथ तादात्म्य के द्वारा ही उन-उन साधकों में प्रकट होता है — ऐसा जानना चाहिए।
svarūpa-śakti: the Lord's own 'essential potency' (distinct from his material power, māyā); bhakti is one of its functions, hence non-material even while it operates through the body.
स्वरूप-शक्ति भगवान् की अपनी अन्तरंगा शक्ति है (उनकी बहिरंगा माया-शक्ति से भिन्न); भक्ति उसी की एक वृत्ति है, इसीलिए काय आदि के द्वारा प्रकट होने पर भी अप्राकृत रहती है।
s9avataranika
agre tu spaṣṭīkariṣyate |
agre tubut later on, further ahead in the book adverb; tu = 'but, as for that'आगे (ग्रन्थ में) तो
spaṣṭī-kariṣyateit will be made clear, spelled out plainly fut. passiveस्पष्ट किया जाएगा
agre tu — but further on; spaṣṭī-kariṣyate — it will be made clear.
agre tu — आगे तो; spaṣṭī-kariṣyate — स्पष्ट किया जाएगा
He does not settle all of this here. This point — how bhakti is the Lord's own power appearing through the body — will be made clear later in the work. He flags it now and defers the full treatment.
यह बात आगे (ग्रन्थ में) स्पष्ट की जाएगी।
s10gloss
kṛṣṇa-śabdaś cātra svayaṁbhagavataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇasya tad-rūpāṇāṁ cānyeṣām api grāhakaḥ |
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥ caand the word 'Kṛṣṇa' (in the verse) nom.; ca = 'and, further'और 'कृष्ण' शब्द
atrahere, in this definition adverbयहाँ (इस लक्षण में)
svayaṁ-bhagavataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇasyaof Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Lord in his own original self (svayaṁ-bhagavān) gen.; compound kept wholeस्वयं भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण का
tat-rūpāṇām caand of his own expansions, his forms gen. pl.; ca = 'and'और उनके उन रूपों का
anyeṣām apiand of others besides — even further forms gen. pl.; api = 'even, also'तथा अन्य (अवतारों) का भी
grāhakaḥis the term that takes them all in — it denotes all of these nom. predicateबोध कराने वाला है
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥ ca — and the word 'Kṛṣṇa'; atra — here; svayaṁ-bhagavataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇasya — of Śrī Kṛṣṇa the original Lord; tat-rūpāṇām ca — and of his forms; anyeṣām api — and of others too; grāhakaḥ — is the taker-in, i.e. denotes them all.
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥ ca — और 'कृष्ण' शब्द; atra — यहाँ; svayaṁ-bhagavataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇasya — स्वयं भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण का; tat-rūpāṇām ca — और उनके रूपों का; anyeṣām api — अन्यों का भी; grāhakaḥ — ग्राहक है
Now, what does the word 'Kṛṣṇa' cover in this definition? Not only Śrī Kṛṣṇa himself, the original Lord. The word also reaches his own expansions, his forms, and still others beyond them. So one word, 'Kṛṣṇa,' stands for the whole range of these divine forms.
और यहाँ 'कृष्ण' शब्द स्वयं भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण का, उनके उन रूपों का, तथा अन्यों (अवतारों) का भी ग्राहक (बोधक) है।
svayaṁ-bhagavān: 'the Lord in his own original person' — the source form from which the other divine forms expand; here Kṛṣṇa is that source, and the word covers the expansions too.
स्वयं-भगवान् अर्थात् भगवान् का अपना मूल रूप, जिससे अन्य दिव्य रूप विस्तार पाते हैं; यहाँ कृष्ण वही मूल हैं, और 'कृष्ण' शब्द उनके तद्रूपों (विस्तारों) का भी ग्राहक है।
s11avataranika
tāratamyaṁ cāgre vivecanīyam |
tāratamyam caand the ranking among them — which form stands higher or lower nom.; ca = 'and'और इनका तारतम्य (क्रम-भेद)
agrefurther on, later in the book adverbआगे
vivecanīyamis to be sorted out, examined gerundive, nom.विवेचन किया जाएगा
tāratamyam ca — and the gradation among them; agre — further on; vivecanīyam — is to be examined.
tāratamyam ca — और तारतम्य; agre — आगे; vivecanīyam — विवेचनीय है
These forms are not all on one level. But the ranking among them — how they stand higher and lower relative to each other — is something to be worked out later in the book, not here. Another point deferred.
और इनका तारतम्य आगे विवेचनीय है।
s12avataranika
tatra bhakti-mātratva-siddhy-arthaṁ viśeṣaṇam--ānukūlyeneti |
tatraat that point, within the verse adverbवहाँ (उस लक्षण में)
bhakti-mātratva-siddhi-arthamin order to establish that it is devotion at all — to secure its bare status as bhakti acc. of purpose; compound kept wholeयह केवल भक्ति ही है, यह सिद्ध करने के लिए
viśeṣaṇamthere is a qualifier — a word that describes and narrows the definition nom.(यह) विशेषण है
ānukūlyena itinamely the word 'ānukūlyena' ('favorably') pratīka'आनुकूल्येन' यह (पद)
tatra — there; bhakti-mātratva-siddhi-artham — in order to establish its being devotion at all; viśeṣaṇam — the qualifier; ānukūlyena iti — namely 'favorably'.
tatra — वहाँ; bhakti-mātratva-siddhi-artham — भक्तिमात्रता की सिद्धि के लिए; viśeṣaṇam — विशेषण; ānukūlyena iti — 'आनुकूल्येन' यह
Now he turns to the qualifying words in the verse. The first job is just to secure that this activity counts as devotion in the first place. For that, the verse adds one qualifier: 'favorably' (ānukūlyena). This word describes and narrows the cultivation so that it qualifies as bhakti.
वहाँ, यह केवल भक्ति ही है — इसे सिद्ध करने के लिए 'आनुकूल्येन' यह विशेषण (दिया गया है)।
viśeṣaṇa: 'the describing word' — a qualifier that narrows the term it modifies and enters into what the thing is (contrast upalakṣaṇa below, at s16).
विशेषण वह पद है जो अपने विशेष्य को संकुचित करता है और उसके स्वरूप में प्रविष्ट होता है — आगे (स१६ में) आने वाले उपलक्षण से भिन्न।
s13reply
prātikūlye bhaktitvāprasiddheḥ |
prātikūlyewhen there is adverseness — in an activity done against Kṛṣṇa loc.: 'in the case of / when'जब (कृष्ण के प्रति) प्रतिकूलता हो
bhaktitva-aprasiddheḥbecause its status as devotion is not established — it simply won't be recognized as bhakti abl. of reason; compound kept wholeक्योंकि (वहाँ) भक्तित्व प्रसिद्ध नहीं
prātikūlye — in adverseness; bhaktitva-aprasiddheḥ — because being-devotion is not established.
prātikūlye — प्रातिकूल्य होने पर; bhaktitva-aprasiddheḥ — भक्तित्व की अप्रसिद्धि के कारण
Why is 'favorably' needed? Because when the activity runs against Kṛṣṇa — done in a hostile spirit — it is never recognized as devotion at all. Hostile cultivation is not bhakti. So the word 'favorably' rules that case out.
क्योंकि प्रतिकूलता होने पर भक्तित्व प्रसिद्ध नहीं होता।
aprasiddhi: lit. 'non-establishment / not being well-known' — such activity does not earn the name bhakti.
अप्रसिद्धि अर्थात् प्रसिद्ध न होना — प्रातिकूल्य से युक्त प्रवृत्ति को 'भक्ति' यह नाम ही नहीं मिलता।
s14definition
ānukūlyaṁ cāsminn uddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāya rocamānā pravṛttiḥ |
ānukūlyam caand favorableness (the term just introduced) nom.; ca = 'and, now'और 'आनुकूल्य' (अनुकूलता)
asmintoward him loc.: 'in / toward this one'यहाँ (इस प्रसंग में)
uddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāyafor Śrī Kṛṣṇa, who is the intended target of the act dat.: 'aimed at, for'; compound kept wholeजो उद्देश्य हैं उन श्रीकृष्ण को (रुचने वाली)
rocamānāthat is pleasing, that gives pleasure pres. part., nom. fem.प्रिय लगने वाली
pravṛttiḥengagement, active effort nom. fem.(वह) प्रवृत्ति है
ānukūlyam ca — and favorableness; asmin uddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāya — for Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the intended object; rocamānā — being pleasing; pravṛttiḥ — is the engagement.
ānukūlyam ca — और आनुकूल्य; asmin — इसमें; uddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāya — उद्देश्य श्रीकृष्ण के लिए; rocamānā — रुचने वाली; pravṛttiḥ — प्रवृत्ति
Here is what 'favorableness' actually means. Kṛṣṇa is the one the act is aimed at. Favorableness is engagement that pleases him — activity he finds agreeable. If it pleases Kṛṣṇa, it is favorable.
और यहाँ 'आनुकूल्य' का अर्थ है — उद्देश्य-स्वरूप श्रीकृष्ण को रुचने वाली (प्रिय लगने वाली) प्रवृत्ति।
s15definition
prātikūlyaṁ tu tad-viparītaṁ jñeyam |
prātikūlyam tuadverseness, on the other hand nom.; tu = 'but, by contrast'परन्तु 'प्रातिकूल्य' (प्रतिकूलता)
tat-viparītamis the opposite of that — engagement that displeases him nom.; compound kept wholeउससे विपरीत
jñeyamis to be understood gerundive, nom.जानना चाहिए
prātikūlyam tu — but adverseness; tat-viparītam — the opposite of that; jñeyam — is to be understood.
prātikūlyam tu — परन्तु प्रातिकूल्य; tat-viparītam — उससे विपरीत; jñeyam — जानना चाहिए
And adverseness is simply the reverse. It is engagement that goes against Kṛṣṇa — activity that does not please him. Take it as the plain opposite of favorableness.
परन्तु 'प्रातिकूल्य' उससे विपरीत जानना चाहिए।
s16definition
tṛtīyā ceyaṁ viśeṣaṇa eva, na tūpalakṣaṇe |
tṛtīyā ca iyamand this instrumental case-ending (the -ena in ānukūlyena) nom. fem.; 'the third' = the instrumental caseऔर यह तृतीया विभक्ति
viśeṣaṇe evafunctions as a qualifier alone — a word that is part of the definition loc.: 'in the sense of'; eva = 'only'विशेषण के अर्थ में ही (है)
na tu upalakṣaṇeand not as a mere pointer — a mark that only helps you locate the thing and then drops away loc.; na tu = 'not, however'न कि उपलक्षण के अर्थ में
tṛtīyā ca iyam — and this instrumental case; viśeṣaṇe eva — is in the sense of a qualifier alone; na tu upalakṣaṇe — not in the sense of an indicatory mark.
tṛtīyā ca iyam — और यह तृतीया विभक्ति; viśeṣaṇe eva — विशेषण के अर्थ में ही; na tu upalakṣaṇe — उपलक्षण के अर्थ में नहीं
Now a grammatical point about the ending on 'ānukūlyena.' That instrumental case is doing the work of a qualifier — it names something that is genuinely part of the definition of bhakti. It is not a mere pointer. A pointer would only help you locate devotion and then drop away; but favorableness stays as part of what bhakti is.
और यह तृतीया विभक्ति विशेषण के अर्थ में ही है, उपलक्षण के अर्थ में नहीं।
viśeṣaṇa vs upalakṣaṇa: a viśeṣaṇa is a trait that belongs to the thing — like 'blue' in 'the blue lotus,' where blueness is part of that lotus. An upalakṣaṇa only helps you find the thing and then falls away — like 'the house with the crow on it,' where the crow just locates the house and can fly off. Jīva's point: 'favorably' is like the blue, not like the crow — favorableness genuinely belongs to devotion.
विशेषण और उपलक्षण का भेद — विशेषण वह धर्म है जो वस्तु में ही रहता है, जैसे 'नीलकमल' में नीलता उस कमल का अंग है। उपलक्षण केवल वस्तु को पहचानवाकर हट जाता है, जैसे 'जिस घर पर कौआ बैठा है' में कौआ केवल घर बतलाकर उड़ जाता है। जीव का आशय — 'आनुकूल्य' नीलता के समान है, कौए के समान नहीं; आनुकूल्य वस्तुतः भक्ति का ही धर्म है।
s17reply
tataś ca yathā śastriṇaḥ samānayety ukte śastrāṇām api samānayanaṁ prasajyate, tathānukūlyasyāpi bhaktitva-vidhānam |
tataḥ caand from this — since it is a qualifier, not a pointer abl.; ca = 'and so'और इस कारण
yathājust as, in the example correlative: 'as'जैसे
śastriṇaḥ samānaya iti uktewhen the order is given, 'bring the man with the weapon' loc. absolute: 'when it is said'; śastriṇaḥ = 'the weapon-bearer''शस्त्रधारियों को ले आओ' — ऐसा कहे जाने पर
śastrāṇām apithe weapons too — not just the man gen. pl.; api = 'even'शस्त्रों का भी
samānayanam prasajyateget brought along as well — their bringing follows by entailment nom. + passive: 'is entailed'ले आना (प्रसंगवश) आ पड़ता है
tathāso likewise, in the case at hand correlative: 'so'वैसे ही
ānukūlyasya apito favorableness too gen.; api = 'as well'आनुकूल्य का भी
bhaktitva-vidhānamthe prescription 'this is devotion' applies — it too gets ruled in as bhakti nom.; compound kept wholeभक्तित्व का विधान (हो जाता है)
tataḥ ca — and from this; yathā śastriṇaḥ samānaya iti ukte — just as when 'bring the man with the weapon' is said; śastrāṇām api samānayanam prasajyate — the bringing of the weapons too is entailed; tathā — so likewise; ānukūlyasya api bhaktitva-vidhānam — the prescription of being-devotion applies to favorableness as well.
tataḥ ca — और इससे; yathā — जैसे; śastriṇaḥ samānaya iti ukte — 'शस्त्रधारियों को ले आओ' कहने पर; śastrāṇām api — शस्त्रों का भी; samānayanam prasajyate — ले आना आ पड़ता है; tathā — वैसे ही; ānukūlyasya api — आनुकूल्य का भी; bhaktitva-vidhānam — भक्तित्व का विधान
He argues by example, and the example supports his point. Say a master orders, 'Bring me the man with the weapon.' The order names only the man, yet obviously the weapon comes along with him — you cannot bring the armed man and leave his weapon behind. Mapping: the man = the cultivation (anuśīlana, the main word); the weapon he carries = favorableness (the qualifier riding along); the order 'bring him' = the verse's rule 'this is devotion.' Just as the weapon is included in what gets brought, favorableness is included in what gets called devotion. Because it is a real qualifier, the label 'bhakti' falls on the favorableness too. The example proves that a genuine qualifier is carried in along with its head-word; it is offered in support (confirmed as such by the granting 'satyam' at s21). It does not go further than that — it only shows the qualifier is not left out.
और इस कारण, जैसे 'शस्त्रधारियों को ले आओ' ऐसा कहने पर शस्त्रों का भी ले आना प्रसंगवश आ पड़ता है, वैसे ही आनुकूल्य का भी भक्तित्व-रूप में विधान हो जाता है।
s18reply
na tu śastriṇo bhojayety atra śastrāṇām abhojanavat tad-avidhānam |
na tuand it is not the other way — not like the contrasting example na tu = 'not, however'किन्तु ऐसा नहीं (कि)
śastriṇaḥ bhojaya iti atrain the case 'feed the man with the weapon' loc.: 'in this instance''शस्त्रधारियों को भोजन कराओ' — इस स्थल में
śastrāṇām abhojana-vatjust as there the weapons are not fed — you feed the man, not his sword -vat = 'like, just as'; compound kept wholeजैसे शस्त्रों को भोजन नहीं कराया जाता, उसकी भाँति
tat-avidhānamits non-prescription — favorableness being left out — does not happen here nom.; compound kept whole(आनुकूल्य का) विधान न हो — ऐसा नहीं
na tu — but not; śastriṇaḥ bhojaya iti atra — in 'feed the man with the weapon'; śastrāṇām abhojana-vat — as the weapons' not-being-fed; tat-avidhānam — its non-prescription.
na tu — किन्तु ऐसा नहीं; śastriṇaḥ bhojaya iti atra — 'शस्त्रधारियों को भोजन कराओ' यहाँ; śastrāṇām abhojana-vat — शस्त्रों के न भोजन करने की भाँति; tat-avidhānam — उसका अविधान
He blocks the wrong reading with a contrast case. Take instead 'Feed the man with the weapon.' Here the weapon is plainly not fed — feeding reaches the man only, since only a man can eat. That is a case where the qualifier is left out. His point: 'favorably' is not like this. Favorableness is not left out of the label 'devotion.' So the operative example is 'bring the armed man' (weapon included), not 'feed the armed man' (weapon excluded). The difference lies in whether the action can naturally extend to the qualifier.
किन्तु ऐसा नहीं कि — जैसे 'शस्त्रधारियों को भोजन कराओ' यहाँ शस्त्रों को भोजन नहीं कराया जाता, वैसे ही (आनुकूल्य का भक्तित्व-रूप में) विधान न हो।
s19objection
nanv ānukūlyaṁ bhaktir ity evāstām |
nanubut surely — raising an objection objection-marker: 'now one might say'अच्छा, (कोई कह सकता है)
ānukūlyam bhaktiḥ iti evalet it be just this: 'favorableness is devotion' nom. predication; eva = 'simply''आनुकूल्य ही भक्ति है' — बस ऐसा ही
āstāmlet it stand, let that be the formula 3sg. imperative: 'let it be'मान लिया जाए
nanu — but surely; ānukūlyam bhaktiḥ iti — 'favorableness is devotion'; eva āstām — let it just stand.
nanu — अच्छा (शंका); ānukūlyam bhaktiḥ iti eva — 'आनुकूल्य ही भक्ति है' ऐसा ही; āstām — हो जाए
An objector breaks in. If favorableness is what really makes it devotion, then why keep the word 'cultivation' at all? Just say, 'Favorableness is devotion,' and be done. Let that short formula stand as the definition. The objector wants to drop 'cultivation' as excess baggage.
अच्छा — 'आनुकूल्य ही भक्ति है' बस ऐसा ही (क्यों न) मान लिया जाए?
s20objection
tataś ca rājāyaṁ gacchatīty atra rāja-padena tat-parikarāṇāṁ grahaṇaṁ syāt |
tataḥ caand then — if we drop 'cultivation' as you propose abl.; ca = 'and in that case'और तब (ऐसा मानने पर)
rājā ayaṁ gacchati iti atrain the sentence 'this king is going' loc.: 'in this case''यह राजा जा रहा है' — इस वाक्य में
rāja-padenaby the single word 'king' instr.: 'by means of'; compound kept whole'राजा' शब्द के द्वारा
tat-parikarāṇāmhis retinue, his whole entourage gen. pl.; compound kept wholeउसके (राजा के) परिजनों का
grahaṇam syātwould get taken in as well — the word would sweep them all up nom. + optative: 'would result'भी ग्रहण हो जाएगा
tataḥ ca — and in that case; rājā ayaṁ gacchati iti atra — in 'this king is going'; rāja-padena — by the word 'king'; tat-parikarāṇām — of his retinue; grahaṇam syāt — there would be the inclusion.
tataḥ ca — और तब; rājā ayaṁ gacchati iti atra — 'यह राजा जाता है' यहाँ; rāja-padena — 'राजा' पद से; tat-parikarāṇām — उसके परिजनों का; grahaṇam syāt — ग्रहण हो जाएगा
The objector presses the point with his own example — a counter-case. Suppose the definition were just 'favorableness is devotion.' Then favorableness, standing alone, would sweep in far too much — the way, when you say 'the king is going,' the one word 'king' drags in his whole retinue: the ministers, guards, and servants all understood to move with him. Mapping: 'king' = favorableness taken as the bare definition; the retinue swept along = all the extra activity that would wrongly get counted as devotion. So dropping 'cultivation' makes the definition over-reach. This is an objection; it will be granted in part and answered at s21 ('satyam, yet...').
और तब, 'यह राजा जा रहा है' — इस वाक्य में 'राजा' शब्द से उसके परिजनों का भी ग्रहण हो जाएगा।
s21reply
satyaṁ, tathāpi dhātv-artha-bhedānāṁ spaṣṭā pratipattir na syād iti dhātv-artha-mātra-grahaṇāyānuśīlana-padam upādīyate |
satyamtrue — yes, granted (he concedes the objection that a word can pull its associates in with it)यह ठीक है
tathāpiand yet, even soतो भी
dhātv-artha-bhedānāmof the divisions of the verbal-root meaning (its two kinds: bodily activity and mental emotion) gen. pl., object of the apprehensionधातु-अर्थ के भेदों का
spaṣṭā pratipattiḥa clear grasp, a clear taking-inस्पष्ट बोध
na syātwould not ariseन होगा
iti— on this consideration, for this reason iti of cause / reasoningइस कारण
dhātv-artha-mātra-grahaṇāyain order to grasp the bare verbal-root meaning dat. of purposeकेवल धातु-अर्थ का ग्रहण हो, इसलिए
anuśīlana-padamthe word 'cultivation' (anuśīlana)'अनुशीलन' पद
upādīyateis adopted, is taken upरखा गया है
satyam — true, granted; tathāpi — yet even so; dhātv-artha-bhedānām — of the divisions of the verbal-root meaning; spaṣṭā pratipattiḥ — a clear grasp; na syāt — would not arise; iti — for this reason; dhātv-artha-mātra-grahaṇāya — in order to grasp the bare verbal-root meaning; anuśīlana-padam — the word 'cultivation'; upādīyate — is adopted.
satyam — सत्य है; tathāpi — तो भी; dhātv-artha-bhedānām — धातु-अर्थ के भेदों का; spaṣṭā pratipattiḥ — स्पष्ट बोध; na syāt — न होगा; iti — इसलिए; dhātv-artha-mātra-grahaṇāya — केवल धातु-अर्थ के ग्रहण के लिए; anuśīlana-padam — 'अनुशीलन' पद; upādīyate — ग्रहण किया गया है
True. He grants the objection: yes, a word can carry its associates along with it. And yet, if we let it stand simply as 'favorableness is devotion,' the two kinds of the verbal-root meaning would not be clearly grasped. Remember the root-meaning splits two ways: outward activity of body, speech, and mind, and the inner emotion. So the word 'cultivation' (anuśīlana) is put in for one purpose: to grasp that bare root-meaning by itself.
यह ठीक है; तो भी (केवल 'भक्ति' कहने से) धातु-अर्थ के भेदों का स्पष्ट बोध न होगा — इसलिए केवल धातु-अर्थ का ग्रहण हो, इस हेतु 'अनुशीलन' पद रखा गया है।
dhātv-artha (vyākaraṇa, Pāṇinian grammar): the meaning carried by the verbal root itself, before the tense/mood endings are added. Here the point is that anuśīlana isolates just this root-sense — the sheer activity — so both its outward and inner forms come into view.
धात्वर्थ (व्याकरण) अर्थात् धातु का अपना अर्थ, काल-प्रत्ययों के पूर्व का। यहाँ आशय यह कि 'अनुशीलन' उसी धात्वर्थ को — शुद्ध क्रिया को — पृथक् करता है, जिससे उसके बाह्य और आन्तरिक दोनों रूप दृष्टि में आ जाते हैं।
s22gloss
anv iti padaṁ cānukūlye jāte muhur eva śīlanaṁ syād ity abhiprāyeṇa kṛtam |
anv iti padamthe prefix 'anu-' (as a word-element in anuśīlana)'अनु' यह पद (उपसर्ग)
caand — moving to the next pieceऔर
ānukūlye jāteonce favorableness has arisen, when favorableness is present locative absoluteजब आनुकूल्य उत्पन्न हो जाए (तब)
muhur evaagain and again, over and over — precisely repeatedly eva stresses the repetitionबार-बार ही
śīlanamcultivating, the practice (from the root śīl)शीलन (सेवन) हो
syātshould occur, should go onहोता रहे
iti abhiprāyeṇawith this intention, with this aim in view instr. of purpose/intentइस अभिप्राय से
kṛtamit was done, it was employed (the prefix was put there)(यह उपसर्ग) जोड़ा गया है
anv iti padam — the prefix 'anu-'; ca — and; ānukūlye jāte — once favorableness has arisen; muhur eva — again and again; śīlanam — cultivating; syāt — should occur; iti abhiprāyeṇa — with this intention; kṛtam — it was employed.
anv iti padam — 'अनु' यह उपसर्ग; ca — और; ānukūlye jāte — आनुकूल्य के उत्पन्न होने पर; muhur eva — बार-बार ही; śīlanam — शीलन; syāt — हो; iti abhiprāyeṇa — इस अभिप्राय से; kṛtam — किया गया
And the prefix 'anu-' is put there on purpose. Its point: once favorableness toward Kṛṣṇa has arisen, the cultivating (śīlana) should go on again and again. So 'anu-' builds the sense of repetition into the word — devotion is not a one-time act but a continual practice.
और 'अनु' यह उपसर्ग इस अभिप्राय से जोड़ा गया है कि — आनुकूल्य के उत्पन्न हो जाने पर बार-बार ही शीलन (सेवन) होता रहे।
anu- (vyākaraṇa): a verbal prefix that here carries the force of 'along, following after, repeatedly.' Prefixed to śīlana ('practice, cultivating') it yields anuśīlana — steady, ongoing cultivation, not a single instance.
'अनु' उपसर्ग यहाँ 'पीछे-पीछे, बार-बार' का बल देता है। शीलन के आगे लगकर वह 'अनुशीलन' बनाता है — निरन्तर चलने वाला अनुशीलन, एक बार का नहीं।
s23conclusion
tad etat svarūpa-lakṣaṇam |
tad etatthis, then — this whole thing just laid out ('favorable cultivation of Kṛṣṇa')यह (जो कहा गया)
svarūpa-lakṣaṇamis the definition by essential nature — the mark that tells you what the thing itself isस्वरूप-लक्षण है
tad etat — this, then; svarūpa-lakṣaṇam — is the definition by essential nature.
tad etat — यह जो है; svarūpa-lakṣaṇam — स्वरूप-लक्षण
This, then, is the definition-by-essential-nature. Everything up to here — 'favorable cultivation of Kṛṣṇa' — states what devotion intrinsically is. The two negative descriptions still to come (empty of other longing, uncovered by knowledge and action) will do a different job: they mark it from the outside.
यह जो (कहा गया) — यह स्वरूप-लक्षण है।
svarūpa-lakṣaṇa vs taṭastha-lakṣaṇa (Nyāya-Vedānta definition-theory): a svarūpa-lakṣaṇa names a feature that IS part of what the thing is — like 'a blue lotus,' where the blue belongs to the flower itself. A taṭastha-lakṣaṇa (see next atom) names an outside, incidental mark that still happens to pick the thing out — like 'the house with the crow on it,' where the crow only helps you locate it and then flies off. Here 'favorable cultivation of Kṛṣṇa' gives devotion's own nature; the coming negations are the crow-on-the-roof marks.
स्वरूप-लक्षण और तटस्थ-लक्षण का भेद — स्वरूप-लक्षण वह धर्म बतलाता है जो वस्तु के स्वरूप का ही अंग है, जैसे 'नीलकमल' में नीलता कमल में ही है। तटस्थ-लक्षण बाहरी, आगन्तुक चिह्न बतलाता है जो फिर भी वस्तु को पहचानवा देता है, जैसे 'जिस घर पर कौआ बैठा है'। यहाँ 'कृष्ण का आनुकूल्यमय अनुशीलन' भक्ति का अपना स्वरूप देता है; आगे के निषेध कौआ-रूप तटस्थ चिह्न हैं।
s24avataranika
uttamātva-siddhy-arthaṁ tu taṭastha-lakṣaṇena viśeṣaṇa-dvayam--anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam iti |
uttamātva-siddhy-arthamin order to establish that it is the highest (uttamā) dat./artham of purpose(भक्ति) उत्तमा है, यह सिद्ध करने के लिए
tubut now — turning from the essential definition to a new taskतो (अब)
taṭastha-lakṣaṇenaby way of the extrinsic definition — an outside mark that still applies only to it instr. of meansतटस्थ-लक्षण के रूप में
viśeṣaṇa-dvayamthere are two qualifiers, two describing termsदो विशेषण (दिए गए)
anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam itinamely, in the words 'empty of longing for anything else' (and what follows)'अन्याभिलाषिता-शून्य' इत्यादि
uttamātva-siddhy-artham — in order to establish that it is the highest; tu — but now; taṭastha-lakṣaṇena — by way of the extrinsic definition; viśeṣaṇa-dvayam — there are two qualifiers; anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam iti — namely, 'empty of longing for anything else,' etc.
uttamātva-siddhy-artham — उत्तमत्व की सिद्धि के लिए; tu — तो; taṭastha-lakṣaṇena — तटस्थ-लक्षण से; viśeṣaṇa-dvayam — दो विशेषण; anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam iti — 'अन्याभिलाषिता-शून्य' यह
Now he introduces the next stretch. The essential nature is settled; but to establish that this devotion is the highest kind, there are two more qualifiers — and these work by way of the extrinsic definition. They are the two negatives in the verse: 'empty of longing for anything else' and 'not covered over by knowledge, action, and the rest.' Each one describes devotion from the outside rather than stating its core.
किन्तु (भक्ति) उत्तमा है — यह सिद्ध करने के लिए, तटस्थ-लक्षण के रूप में दो विशेषण 'अन्याभिलाषिता-शून्य' इत्यादि (दिए गए हैं)।
taṭastha-lakṣaṇa (Nyāya-Vedānta): the 'external' mark — like 'the house with the crow on it,' the crow being no part of the house but pointing it out at this moment. The two negations are such marks: freedom from other desires and from rival paths are not what devotion IS, but they reliably pick out the highest devotion. Contrast the svarūpa-lakṣaṇa of the previous atom ('a blue lotus' — the blue is part of the flower).
तटस्थ-लक्षण बाहरी चिह्न है — जैसे 'जिस घर पर कौआ बैठा है', कौआ घर का अंग नहीं तौभी इस क्षण उसे पहचानवा देता है। ये दो निषेध (अन्य अभिलाषा से और अन्य मार्गों से शून्यता) भक्ति का स्वरूप नहीं, तौभी उत्तमा भक्ति को निश्चित रूप से पहचानवा देते हैं — पूर्व अतोम के स्वरूप-लक्षण ('नीलकमल', जहाँ नीलता पुष्प का अंग है) से विपरीत।
s25gloss
atra anya- iti bhakty-ekābhilāṣeṇa yuktam ity arthaḥ |
atrahere — in this compound anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyamयहाँ
anya- itithe word-piece 'anya-' ('other')'अन्य' यह (पद)
bhakty-eka-abhilāṣeṇa yuktammeans: joined with longing for devotion alone instr. 'joined with'केवल भक्ति की ही अभिलाषा से युक्त
ity arthaḥ— that is the senseऐसा अर्थ है
atra — here; anya- iti — the piece 'anya-'; bhakty-eka-abhilāṣeṇa yuktam — joined with longing for devotion alone; ity arthaḥ — that is the sense.
atra — यहाँ; anya- iti — 'अन्य' यह पद; bhakty-eka-abhilāṣeṇa yuktam — एकमात्र भक्ति की अभिलाषा से युक्त; ity arthaḥ — ऐसा अर्थ है
Here he unpacks the 'anya-' ('other') in the compound. It does not mean the devotee wants nothing at all. It means: the devotee is joined with longing for devotion alone. So 'empty of longing for anything else' = empty of every longing except the longing for devotion itself. One desire is left standing — the desire for bhakti.
यहाँ 'अन्य' पद का अर्थ है — केवल भक्ति की ही अभिलाषा से युक्त (अनुशीलन)।
s26gloss
jñānam atra nirbheda-brahmānusandhānam, na tu bhajanīya-tattvānusandhānam api, tasyāvaśyāpekṣaṇīyatvāt |
jñānam atra'knowledge' (jñāna) hereयहाँ 'ज्ञान' (शब्द से)
nirbheda-brahma-anusandhānammeans the inquiry into undifferentiated Brahman — the impersonal, distinction-less Absoluteभेदरहित ब्रह्म का अनुसन्धान (अभिप्रेत है)
na tu bhajanīya-tattva-anusandhānam apibut NOT — not even — inquiry into the Reality that is to be worshiped na tu ... api excludes this from the negated 'knowledge'किन्तु भजनीय तत्त्व का अनुसन्धान (यहाँ ज्ञान से) नहीं (लिया जाता)
tasya avaśya-apekṣaṇīyatvātbecause that (knowing the worshipable Lord) is indispensably required abl. of reasonक्योंकि वह (भजनीय-तत्त्व का अनुसन्धान) तो अवश्य अपेक्षित है
jñānam atra — 'knowledge' here; nirbheda-brahma-anusandhānam — the inquiry into undifferentiated Brahman; na tu bhajanīya-tattva-anusandhānam api — but not even inquiry into the Reality to be worshiped; tasya avaśya-apekṣaṇīyatvāt — because that is indispensably required.
jñānam atra — यहाँ 'ज्ञान'; nirbheda-brahma-anusandhānam — निर्भेद ब्रह्म का अनुसन्धान; na tu bhajanīya-tattva-anusandhānam api — भजनीय तत्त्व का अनुसन्धान नहीं; tasya avaśya-apekṣaṇīyatvāt — क्योंकि वह अवश्य अपेक्षणीय है
He fixes what 'knowledge' means in the verse. It means the pursuit of undifferentiated, impersonal Brahman — the Advaita kind of knowing. It does NOT mean knowing the Lord who is to be worshiped. Why exclude that from the negation? Because knowing the worshipable Lord is indispensable — devotion positively needs it. So only the impersonal, distinction-erasing knowledge is what covers over bhakti and is ruled out here.
यहाँ 'ज्ञान' शब्द से भेदरहित ब्रह्म का अनुसन्धान (अभिप्रेत है), किन्तु भजनीय तत्त्व का अनुसन्धान नहीं; क्योंकि वह तो अवश्य अपेक्षित है।
jñāna (Advaita Vedānta): there, the liberating realization that the self is identical with the attributeless (nirbheda) Brahman, the direct means to liberation. Here Jīva narrows the verse's 'jñāna' to exactly that impersonal path — barred because it smothers pure devotion — while the knowing of the personal Lord is kept, since bhakti depends on it.
ज्ञान (अद्वैत वेदान्त) वहाँ आत्मा का निर्भेद (निर्विशेष) ब्रह्म से अभेद-साक्षात्कार है, मोक्ष का साक्षात् साधन। यहाँ जीव श्लोक के 'ज्ञान' को ठीक उसी निर्विशेष मार्ग तक सीमित करते हैं — जो निषिद्ध है क्योंकि वह शुद्ध भक्ति को ढँक देता है; किन्तु भजनीय भगवान् का ज्ञान अपेक्षित रहता है, क्योंकि भक्ति उसी पर आश्रित है।
s27gloss
karma cātra smṛty-ādy-uktaṁ nitya-naimittikādi, na tu bhajanīya-paricaryādi |
karma ca atraand 'action' (karma) hereऔर यहाँ 'कर्म' (शब्द से)
smṛty-ādy-uktamas laid down in the smṛti and the like 'stated in' — source of these ritesस्मृति आदि में विहित
nitya-naimittikādimeans the obligatory and occasional rites, and such — the daily-required and occasion-triggered dutiesनित्य और नैमित्तिक आदि कर्म (अभिप्रेत हैं)
na tu bhajanīya-paricaryādibut NOT the loving service of the one to be worshiped, and such na tu excludes devotional service from the negated 'action'किन्तु भजनीय (भगवान्) की परिचर्या आदि नहीं
karma ca atra — and 'action' here; smṛty-ādy-uktam — as stated in the smṛti and the like; nitya-naimittikādi — the obligatory and occasional rites, etc.; na tu bhajanīya-paricaryādi — but not the loving service of the one to be worshiped.
karma ca atra — और यहाँ 'कर्म'; smṛty-ādy-uktam — स्मृति आदि में कहा गया; nitya-naimittikādi — नित्य-नैमित्तिक आदि; na tu bhajanīya-paricaryādi — भजनीय की परिचर्या आदि नहीं
Now 'action' (karma) in the verse. It means the ritual duties the smṛtis prescribe — the daily obligatory rites and the occasion-triggered ones. It does NOT mean devotional service to the Lord. So when the verse says devotion is 'uncovered by action,' it is not ruling out worship of Kṛṣṇa; it is ruling out ordinary ritual duty done for its own sake.
और यहाँ 'कर्म' शब्द से स्मृति आदि में विहित नित्य-नैमित्तिक आदि कर्म (अभिप्रेत हैं), किन्तु भजनीय (भगवान्) की परिचर्या आदि नहीं।
karma (Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā / dharmaśāstra): there, the Veda-and-smṛti-enjoined ritual acts — nitya (daily, obligatory) and naimittika (triggered by an occasion) — performed as duty. Here 'action' is narrowed to exactly these, and devotional service (paricaryā) is deliberately kept out of the negation.
कर्म (पूर्व-मीमांसा/धर्मशास्त्र) वहाँ वेद-स्मृति-विहित अनुष्ठान हैं — नित्य (प्रतिदिन का कर्तव्य) और नैमित्तिक (निमित्त से प्रेरित) — जो कर्तव्य-बुद्धि से किए जाते हैं। यहाँ 'कर्म' ठीक इन्हीं तक सीमित है, और भगवान् की परिचर्या (सेवा) जानबूझकर निषेध से बाहर रखी गई है।
s28reply
tasya tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvāt |
tasyaof that — of the loving service (paricaryā) just kept out of the negationउस (भजनीय की परिचर्या) का
tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvātbecause it is itself of the form of cultivation of Him — it IS anuśīlana of Kṛṣṇa abl. of reasonक्योंकि वह तो उसी (कृष्ण) के अनुशीलन-रूप है
tasya — of that (devotional service); tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvāt — because it is itself of the form of cultivation of Him.
tasya — उसका; tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvāt — उसके अनुशीलन-रूप होने के कारण
Here is why devotional service was kept out of the ruled-out 'action.' Because service to the Lord is itself cultivation of Him — it is the very anuśīlana the definition is about. You could not negate it without negating devotion itself. So the verse's 'uncovered by action' cannot be touching devotional service.
क्योंकि वह (भजनीय की परिचर्या) तो उसी (कृष्ण) के अनुशीलन-रूप ही है।
s29gloss
ādi-śabdena vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhyābhyāsādayaḥ |
ādi-śabdenaby the word 'and the rest' (the '-ādi' in jñāna-karmādi) instr. — 'by this word are meant...''आदि' शब्द से
vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhya-abhyāsa-ādayaḥare meant renunciation (vairāgya), yoga, the practice of Sāṅkhya, and so forthवैराग्य, योग, सांख्य, अभ्यास आदि (लिए जाते हैं)
ādi-śabdena — by the word 'and the rest'; vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhya-abhyāsa-ādayaḥ — renunciation, yoga, the practice of Sāṅkhya, and so on.
ādi-śabdena — 'आदि' शब्द से; vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhya-abhyāsa-ādayaḥ — वैराग्य, योग, सांख्य, अभ्यास आदि
He spells out the 'and the rest' ('-ādi') in the verse's 'knowledge, action, and the rest.' It takes in renunciation (vairāgya), yoga, the practice of Sāṅkhya, and other such disciplines. These too, if they intrude, cover over pure devotion — so the verse's negation reaches them as well.
'आदि' शब्द से वैराग्य, योग, सांख्य, अभ्यास आदि लिए जाते हैं।
vairāgya / yoga / sāṅkhya (the classical darśanas): vairāgya is dispassion, detachment from the world; Yoga is the eightfold discipline of mental restraint; Sāṅkhya is the discriminative enumeration of spirit (puruṣa) and matter (prakṛti). Listed here as further self-effort paths whose intrusion would smother bhakti.
वैराग्य, योग, सांख्य (शास्त्रीय दर्शन) — वैराग्य जगत् से विरक्ति है; योग चित्त-निरोध की अष्टांग साधना; सांख्य पुरुष और प्रकृति का विवेकपूर्ण पृथक्करण। ये आगे 'आदि' शब्द से गृहीत आत्म-प्रयत्नमय मार्ग हैं, जिनका प्रवेश भक्ति को ढँक देता।
s30conclusion
atra śrī-kṛṣṇānuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇa-bhaktir iti vaktavye bhagavac-chāstreṣu kevalasya ca bhakti-śabdasya tatraiva viśrāntir ity abhiprāyāt tathoktaṁ, tathaiva hy agrima-vākyam iti ||
atrahere — in this verseयहाँ
śrī-kṛṣṇa-anuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇa-bhaktiḥ iti vaktavyethough one ought to have said 'the cultivation of Śrī Kṛṣṇa is devotion TO Kṛṣṇa' loc. absolute — 'while this was the natural thing to say'जबकि 'श्रीकृष्णानुशीलन ही कृष्ण-भक्ति है' — ऐसा कहना ही स्वाभाविक था
bhagavac-chāstreṣuin the scriptures that concern the Lord loc. — the domain where this holdsभगवत्परक शास्त्रों में
kevalasya ca bhakti-śabdasyaof the bare word 'bhakti' by itself, standing alone gen. — whose resting is spoken ofऔर अकेले 'भक्ति' शब्द का
tatra eva viśrāntiḥcomes to rest precisely there — settles on Him alone (Kṛṣṇa) eva: on Him and nowhere elseउन्हीं (कृष्ण) में विश्राम (पर्यवसान) होता है
ity abhiprāyātwith this intention in mind, on this consideration abl. of reasonइस अभिप्राय के कारण
tathā uktamit was said in that way (just 'bhakti,' not 'kṛṣṇa-bhakti')वैसा (कृष्णानुशीलन कहकर) कहा गया
tathā eva hi agrima-vākyamfor the very next sentence is likewise (it too says simply 'bhakti') hi 'for' — gives the confirming reasonक्योंकि आगे का वाक्य भी वैसा ही (है)
iti— so it stands (closing the comment)— ऐसा (जानना)
atra — here; śrī-kṛṣṇa-anuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇa-bhaktiḥ iti vaktavye — though 'cultivation of Śrī Kṛṣṇa is devotion to Kṛṣṇa' ought to have been said; bhagavac-chāstreṣu — in the scriptures of the Lord; kevalasya bhakti-śabdasya — of the bare word 'bhakti'; tatra eva viśrāntiḥ — its resting is precisely there; ity abhiprāyāt — with this intention; tathā uktam — it was said thus; tathā eva hi agrima-vākyam — for the next sentence is likewise.
atra — यहाँ; śrī-kṛṣṇa-anuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇa-bhaktiḥ iti vaktavye — 'श्रीकृष्णानुशीलन कृष्ण-भक्ति है' कहना उचित होने पर; bhagavac-chāstreṣu — भगवत् शास्त्रों में; kevalasya ca bhakti-śabdasya — और केवल 'भक्ति' शब्द का; tatra eva viśrāntiḥ — वहीं विश्रान्ति; ity abhiprāyāt — इस अभिप्राय से; tathā uktam — वैसा कहा गया; tathā eva hi agrima-vākyam — क्योंकि आगे का वाक्य भी वैसा ही; iti — इति
One last point on the wording. By rights Rūpa should have written 'the cultivation of Śrī Kṛṣṇa is devotion to Kṛṣṇa.' Instead he wrote just 'is the highest devotion (bhakti).' Why drop the 'to Kṛṣṇa'? Because in scriptures about the Lord, the bare word 'bhakti,' left on its own, already comes to rest on Kṛṣṇa and nowhere else — 'devotion' by itself already means devotion to Him. So there was no need to add it. And the proof is the very next line of the text, which again says simply 'bhakti.'
यहाँ, यद्यपि 'श्रीकृष्णानुशीलन ही कृष्ण-भक्ति है' — ऐसा कहना स्वाभाविक था, तथापि भगवत्परक शास्त्रों में अकेले 'भक्ति' शब्द का पर्यवसान उन्हीं (कृष्ण) में होता है — इस अभिप्राय से वैसा (कृष्णानुशीलन कहकर) कहा गया; क्योंकि आगे का वाक्य भी वैसा ही है।
Mukunda-dāsa Gosvāmī
s1gloss
kṛṣṇānuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇasya dehendriyāntaḥkaraṇair abhyāsaḥ |
kṛṣṇa-anuśīlanaṁthe phrase 'cultivation of Kṛṣṇa' — the word being explained
kṛṣṇasyaof Kṛṣṇa — directed at him objective genitive: the object cultivated
deha-indriya-antaḥkaraṇaiḥcarried out with the body, the senses, and the inner faculty (mind) instrumental of means: the instruments through which it is done
abhyāsaḥis the practice — steady, repeated doing
kṛṣṇa-anuśīlanaṁ — the phrase 'cultivation of Kṛṣṇa'; kṛṣṇasya abhyāsaḥ — is the practice of Kṛṣṇa; deha-indriya-antaḥkaraṇaiḥ — carried out with the body, the senses, and the inner faculty.
Mukunda opens by glossing the compound 'cultivation of Kṛṣṇa.' It means the practice of Kṛṣṇa. And that practice is done with three instruments: the body, the senses, and the inner faculty (the mind). So 'cultivation' here is not just a mood; it is active, embodied practice directed at Kṛṣṇa.
antaḥkaraṇa: in Sāṅkhya-Vedānta psychology, the 'inner instrument' (mind, intellect, ego, and the reflective faculty); here simply the inner mental faculty, paired with body and senses as a third instrument of practice.
s2gloss
śīla upadhāraṇa iti caurādiko dhātuḥ |
śīlathe root śīl
upadhāraṇa itimeans 'close attention, attentive holding-in-mind' — so the grammarians list it iti marks the quoted dhātu-pāṭha entry
caurādikaḥand it belongs to the cur-class of roots the tenth (cur-ādi) verb-class in Pāṇini
dhātuḥit is a verbal root
śīla upadhāraṇa iti — 'śīl, in the sense of close attention,' so runs the root-list; caurādikaḥ dhātuḥ — it is a verbal root of the cur-class.
He backs up the meaning from grammar. The root inside 'anuśīlana' is śīl. The grammarians' root-list glosses śīl as upadhāraṇa — close, careful attention. And they place it in the cur-class of verbs. So 'cultivation' properly means attentive, deliberate practice, not casual contact.
caurādika (cur-ādi gaṇa): the tenth of Pāṇini's ten verb-classes; its roots take the -aya suffix and often carry a causative-like sense. Cited here only to fix śīl as 'attentive holding-in-mind' (upadhāraṇa).
s3gloss
kṛṣṇa-śabdaś cātra yatra granthe yasya bhagavataḥ pratipādanaṁ tatra tasya nāma deyam iti nārāyaṇādīnām upalakṣaṇam |
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥthe word 'Kṛṣṇa'
ca atraand here — in this verse
yatra granthein whichever treatise correlative 'in which… there'
yasya bhagavataḥof whichever Lord correlative with tasya below
pratipādanaṁthere is the setting-forth, the expounding
tatrathere — in that treatise
tasya nāma deyamhis name is to be used
iti— such is the maxim iti closes the cited principle
nārāyaṇa-ādīnāmfor Nārāyaṇa and the other forms of the Lord objective genitive: whom the word points to
upalakṣaṇamit is a mere pointer, an indicatory mark — it names Kṛṣṇa but points beyond him
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥ ca atra — and the word 'Kṛṣṇa' here; iti — by the maxim; yatra granthe yasya bhagavataḥ pratipādanaṁ tatra tasya nāma deyam — 'in whatever treatise whichever Lord is set forth, there his name is to be used'; nārāyaṇa-ādīnām upalakṣaṇam — is an indicatory mark for Nārāyaṇa and the rest.
What does 'Kṛṣṇa' cover? Mukunda invokes a working rule: in any given treatise, you name the Lord that that treatise is about. By that rule, the word 'Kṛṣṇa' here is only a pointer. It names Kṛṣṇa but stands in for Nārāyaṇa and the other forms of the Lord too. Note his choice of word: he calls 'Kṛṣṇa' an upalakṣaṇa here.
viśeṣaṇa vs upalakṣaṇa: a viśeṣaṇa is a defining attribute that is genuinely part of the thing — 'a blue lotus,' where the blueness belongs to the lotus. An upalakṣaṇa is only a pointer that helps you locate the thing and then drops away — 'the house with the crow on it,' where the crow is not part of the house. Here Mukunda treats the name 'Kṛṣṇa' as an upalakṣaṇa: it merely identifies which Lord is meant and gives way to Nārāyaṇa and the rest — it does not restrict devotion to the Kṛṣṇa-form alone.
s4gloss
yasyānuśīlanaṁ tasyārthata eva prāptiḥ syād ity abhipretya bhaktir ity evoktam |
yasya anuśīlanaṁof whomever the cultivation is done correlative with tasya: the one cultivated
tasyaof that very one
arthataḥ evaas a matter of course, automatically — by the very meaning eva: precisely of itself, without needing to be stated
prāptiḥ syātattainment would follow
iti abhipretyaintending this gerund of purpose: with this in view
bhaktiḥ iti eva uktamhe said just 'devotion,' and only that eva: 'devotion' alone, nothing more
yasya anuśīlanaṁ tasya arthataḥ eva prāptiḥ syāt — whoever is cultivated, attainment of that very one would follow of itself; iti abhipretya — intending this; bhaktiḥ iti eva uktam — he said simply 'devotion.'
Why does the verse say only 'devotion' and not 'devotion to Kṛṣṇa'? Because whoever you cultivate, you automatically reach him — that follows from the very meaning of cultivation. Since attaining the object is already built in, there was no need to name the object again. So the verse says just 'bhakti,' and stops there.
s5gloss
na tu kṛṣṇa-bhaktir iti |
na tuand not — by contrast tu marks the rejected alternative
kṛṣṇa-bhaktiḥ'devotion to Kṛṣṇa'
iti— it does not say that iti closes the rejected wording
na tu kṛṣṇa-bhaktiḥ iti — and it does not say 'devotion to Kṛṣṇa.'
He makes the point sharp. The verse deliberately does not say 'devotion to Kṛṣṇa.' It says only 'devotion.' This completes the previous sentence: because the object is already implied, spelling out 'to Kṛṣṇa' was left off on purpose.
s6avataranika
tatra bhakti-mātra-siddhy-arthaṁ viśeṣaṇam ānukūlyeneti |
tatrathere — at this point in the verse
bhakti-mātra-siddhi-arthaṁin order to establish that it is devotion at all — that it counts as devotion in the first place dative/-artham of purpose: for the sake of proving mere bhakti-hood
viśeṣaṇamcomes the qualifier — the describing word
ānukūlyena itinamely, the word ānukūlyena, 'favorably' iti quotes the verse-word
tatra — there; bhakti-mātra-siddhi-arthaṁ — to establish that it is devotion at all; viśeṣaṇam ānukūlyena iti — comes the qualifier, the word 'favorably.'
Now he introduces the first describing word. To prove that this activity even qualifies as devotion, the verse adds a qualifier: ānukūlyena, 'favorably.' The job of this word is to secure the very status of being devotion — to show the activity counts as bhakti at all.
s7definition
ānukūlyaṁ kṛṣṇa-rocaka-pravṛttiḥ |
ānukūlyaṁfavorableness — the word just introduced
kṛṣṇa-rocaka-pravṛttiḥis engagement that pleases Kṛṣṇa — activity that is agreeable to him compound: pravṛtti (engagement) that is kṛṣṇa-rocaka (Kṛṣṇa-pleasing)
ānukūlyaṁ — favorableness; kṛṣṇa-rocaka-pravṛttiḥ — is engagement that is pleasing to Kṛṣṇa.
He defines 'favorably.' Favorableness means engagement that pleases Kṛṣṇa — activity Kṛṣṇa finds agreeable. So the test of the qualifier is Kṛṣṇa's own pleasure: the action must be one he welcomes.
s8gloss
tṛtīyeyaṁ viśeṣaṇe, na tūpalakṣaṇe |
tṛtīyā iyaṁthis instrumental case-ending (the -ena of ānukūlyena) tṛtīyā: the third (instrumental) case
viśeṣaṇefunctions as a qualifier — it describes what devotion is locative: 'is used in the sense of a qualifier'
na tu upalakṣaṇeand not as a mere pointer that would drop away tu: the excluded reading
tṛtīyā iyaṁ viśeṣaṇe — this instrumental serves as a qualifier; na tu upalakṣaṇe — not as an indicatory mark.
Now a grammatical ruling on the case-ending. The '-ena' of 'favorably' is an instrumental. Mukunda insists it works as a qualifier, not as a pointer. That is: 'favorably' actually describes devotion and is part of it; it does not merely point to where devotion is found and then fall away. This decides how much weight the word carries in the definition.
viśeṣaṇa vs upalakṣaṇa: a viśeṣaṇa belongs to the thing — 'a blue lotus,' the blue is part of the lotus; an upalakṣaṇa only locates it and drops off — 'the house with the crow on it,' the crow is no part of the house. Reading the instrumental as viśeṣaṇa makes 'favorably' an ingredient of devotion itself; reading it as upalakṣaṇa would make it a mere locator. Mukunda takes the first.
s9reply
śāstriṇaḥ samānayetivad ānukūlyasyāpi bhaktitva-vidhānam uttamātva-siddhy-artham |
śāstriṇaḥ samānaya iti-vatjust like the order 'bring the man with the weapon' -vat: 'in the same way as'; the standard grammarians' example
ānukūlyasya apiof favorableness too — not only of cultivation api: 'as well,' extending the rule
bhaktitva-vidhānamthe prescribing of devotion-hood carries over — favorableness too gets enjoined as devotion
uttama-tva-siddhi-arthamand this serves to establish that it is the highest -artham of purpose: for the sake of proving its being 'uttamā'
śāstriṇaḥ samānaya iti-vat — as in 'bring the man with the weapon'; ānukūlyasya api bhaktitva-vidhānam — the prescription of being devotion applies to favorableness too; uttamā-tva-siddhi-artham — in order to establish that it is the highest.
He clinches the point with a stock grammatical example, used here in support. When you order 'bring the man with the weapon,' the weapon comes along too — you cannot bring the armed man and leave his weapon behind. Map it: 'the man' is the main thing, the cultivation; 'the weapon he carries' is favorableness, its qualifier; the command 'bring him' is the verse's prescription that this is devotion. Just as the order pulls in the weapon, the prescription 'this is devotion' pulls in favorableness too — favorableness is itself enjoined as devotion. That is exactly what a qualifier (viśeṣaṇa) does, and it is what secures the further claim that this devotion is the highest. The example proves that a qualifier is carried along by the prescription; it does not by itself say anything more than that.
s10avataranika
taṭastha-lakṣaṇenānyetyādi-viśeṣaṇa-dvayam |
taṭastha-lakṣaṇenaby way of the extrinsic definition — a mark that sits 'on the bank,' outside the thing's core nature yet found only in it instrumental of means: defining it through its outer marks
anya-iti-ādi-viśeṣaṇa-dvayamcome the two qualifiers, in the words beginning with 'anya…' the pair anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam and jñāna-karmādy-anāvṛtam
taṭastha-lakṣaṇena — by way of the extrinsic definition; anya-iti-ādi-viśeṣaṇa-dvayam — there are the two qualifiers, in the words beginning 'anya.'
He turns to the other two describing words. These give devotion's extrinsic definition — its outer marks. The two qualifiers are the phrases starting with 'anya': 'empty of longing for anything else' and 'not covered over by knowledge, action, and the rest.' Where 'favorably' gave part of devotion's own nature, these two mark it off from outside.
svarūpa-lakṣaṇa vs taṭastha-lakṣaṇa: a svarūpa-lakṣaṇa defines by a feature intrinsic to the thing — like defining fire by its heat, which is part of what fire is. A taṭastha-lakṣaṇa ('bank-standing' mark) defines by an incidental feature that is nonetheless present only in it — like pointing out a house by 'the one where a crow happens to be sitting.' Here 'favorable cultivation of Kṛṣṇa' gives bhakti's intrinsic essence; the two negations ('empty of other longing,' 'uncovered by jñāna/karma') are its extrinsic, marking-off features.
s11gloss
jñānam ādhyātmikaṁ |
jñānamthe 'knowledge' the verse rules out
ādhyātmikaṁis the kind that concerns the self — self-directed metaphysical knowledge the knowledge aimed at the ātman/Brahman, not devotional knowledge of the Lord
jñānam — knowledge; ādhyātmikaṁ — is that pertaining to the self.
He pins down what 'knowledge' means in the verse. It is ādhyātmika knowledge — knowledge aimed at the self, the impersonal inquiry into ātman and Brahman. That is the sort that would smother devotion. It is not the devotional knowledge of the Lord, which devotion needs.
ādhyātmika: 'pertaining to the ātman/self.' In the wider tradition it can mean anything on the plane of the self as against the outer or the divine. Here it narrows to the self-focused knowledge-path (inquiry into the undifferentiated Self/Brahman) that the verse excludes as a coverer of bhakti.
s12gloss
karma nitya-naimittika-dāna-vratādi-smṛtyādy-uktam |
karmathe 'action' the verse rules out
nitya-naimittika-dāna-vrata-ādiis the daily-obligatory and occasion-triggered rites, charity, vows, and the like the standard ritual duties: nitya (daily), naimittika (occasional), plus giving, vows, etc.
smṛti-ādi-uktamas laid down in the smṛti texts and the rest the scriptural source of these rites
karma — action; nitya-naimittika-dāna-vrata-ādi — the obligatory and occasional rites, charity, vows, and the like; smṛti-ādi-uktam — stated in the smṛti and so forth.
He pins down 'action' the same way. It means ritual duty as prescribed in the smṛti and similar texts: the daily obligatory rites, the occasion-triggered rites, acts of charity, vows, and so on. This is the ritual-action path — again, the kind that, mixed in, would cover devotion; not the loving service of the Lord.
karma (nitya-naimittika): in Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā and dharmaśāstra, the Veda- and smṛti-enjoined ritual acts — nitya done daily as standing duty, naimittika triggered by an occasion. Here it names exactly that body of prescribed ritual, distinguished from devotional service.
s13gloss
ādi-padenālasyaṁ gṛhītam |
ādi-padenaby the word 'and the rest' (the 'ādi' of jñāna-karmādi) instrumental: 'by means of the term ādi'
ālasyaṁsloth, laziness
gṛhītamis taken in, included
ādi-padena — by the word 'and the rest'; ālasyaṁ gṛhītam — sloth is included.
What does the verse's 'and the rest' (ādi) sweep in? Mukunda says it also covers sloth. So the list of coverers is not only knowledge and action; plain laziness is caught under 'ādi' as well — that too can smother devotion.
s14conclusion
lakṣaṇam idam ā-sādhanam ā-mahā-bhāvam anveti ||
lakṣaṇam idamthis definition — the one just unpacked
ā-sādhanamfrom the stage of practice (sādhana) onward ā- 'starting from': the lower bound
ā-mahā-bhāvamall the way up to mahā-bhāva ā- 'up to and including': the upper bound
anvetiruns through, holds good the whole way anu-i: 'follows along,' applies continuously
lakṣaṇam idam — this definition; ā-sādhanam ā-mahā-bhāvam — from practice up to mahā-bhāva; anveti — holds good throughout.
He closes with the reach of the definition. This one definition of devotion holds true across the whole span: from the very first stage of practice (sādhana) all the way up to mahā-bhāva, the topmost state of love. One and the same definition follows the devotee the entire distance — beginner to perfection.
mahā-bhāva: in Gauḍīya rasa theory (grown out of the alaṅkāra sthāyi-bhāva), the supreme, most intensified state of devotional love, past rati and prema. Here it marks the upper limit through which this single definition of bhakti still applies.
Viśvanātha Cakravartī
s1avataranika
atha tasyā lakṣaṇaṁ vadann eva grantham ārabhate anyeti |
athanow (opening the definition)अब
tasyāḥof it — that is, of the highest devotion genitiveउस भक्ति का
lakṣaṇamthe defining mark, the definitionलक्षण
vadan evaprecisely by way of stating it present participle; eva = at the very moment ofकहते हुए ही
granthamthe book, the treatiseग्रन्थ (को)
ārabhatehe beginsआरम्भ करते हैं
anyetiwith the word anya ("other"), i.e. with the opening word anya-'अन्य' इत्यादि पद से
atha — now; tasyāḥ lakṣaṇam — the definition of it (the highest devotion); vadan eva — in the very act of stating; grantham ārabhate — he begins the treatise; anyeti — with the word anya.
atha — अब; tasyāḥ — उस भक्ति का; lakṣaṇam — लक्षण; vadan eva — कहते हुए ही; grantham — ग्रन्थ; ārabhate — आरम्भ करते हैं; anyeti — 'अन्य' इस पद से
Now the author opens the whole book by stating the definition of the highest devotion right away. He begins with the first word of the verse, anya ("other"). So the definition and the start of the treatise are one and the same move.
अब उस भक्ति का लक्षण कहते हुए ही (ग्रन्थकार) 'अन्य' इत्यादि श्लोक से ग्रन्थ का आरम्भ करते हैं।
s2gloss
yathā kriyā-śabdena dhātv-artha-mātram ucyate, tathātrānuśīlana-śabdenāpi dhātv-artha-mātram ucyate |
yathājust asजैसे
kriyā-śabdenaby a word for an action, an action-word instrumental of meansक्रियावाचक शब्द से
dhātv-artha-mātramonly the bare meaning of the verbal root — nothing but the root-senseकेवल धातु-अर्थ
ucyateis expressed, is meantकहा जाता है
tathāso too, in the same wayवैसे ही
atrahere, in this verseयहाँ
anuśīlana-śabdena apiby the word anuśīlana ("cultivation") as well api = likewise'अनुशीलन' शब्द से भी
dhātv-artha-mātramonly the bare root-meaningकेवल धातु-अर्थ
ucyateis expressedकहा जाता है
yathā kriyā-śabdena dhātv-artha-mātram ucyate — just as by an action-word only the bare root-meaning is expressed; tathā atra anuśīlana-śabdena api dhātv-artha-mātram ucyate — so here too by the word "cultivation" only the bare root-meaning is expressed.
yathā — जैसे; kriyā-śabdena — 'क्रिया' शब्द से; dhātv-artha-mātram — धातु-अर्थ मात्र; ucyate — कहा जाता है; tathā — वैसे ही; atra — यहाँ; anuśīlana-śabdena api — 'अनुशीलन' शब्द से भी; dhātv-artha-mātram — धातु-अर्थ मात्र; ucyate — कहा जाता है
Take the grammarians' rule: when you use a plain action-word, all it names is the bare meaning of the verbal root, the activity as such. The same holds here. The word anuśīlana ("cultivation") is meant to carry only that bare root-sense, the doing itself, and nothing extra.
जैसे क्रियावाचक शब्द से केवल धातु-अर्थ कहा जाता है, वैसे ही यहाँ 'अनुशीलन' शब्द से भी केवल धातु-अर्थ ही कहा जाता है।
dhātv-artha: in Pāṇinian grammar (vyākaraṇa), the meaning belonging to the verbal root alone, before any tense or mood ending is added; here, the bare root-sense of śīl, so that "cultivation" names the activity itself prior to any inflection.
धात्वर्थ (पाणिनीय व्याकरण) अर्थात् केवल धातु का अर्थ, किसी काल-प्रत्यय के जुड़ने से पूर्व का; यहाँ शील् धातु का शुद्ध अर्थ, जिससे 'अनुशीलन' विभक्ति-रहित क्रियामात्र को कहता है।
s3gloss
dhātv-arthaś ca dvividhaḥ |
dhātv-arthaḥthis root-meaning, the meaning of the verbal rootधातु का अर्थ
caand, nowऔर (यह)
dvividhaḥis of two kindsदो प्रकार का (है)
dhātv-arthaḥ ca dvividhaḥ — and this root-meaning is of two kinds.
dhātv-arthaḥ — धातु-अर्थ; ca — और; dvividhaḥ — दो प्रकार का
And this bare root-meaning comes in two kinds. He is about to name them.
और धातु-अर्थ दो प्रकार का है।
s4gloss
pravṛtti-nivṛtty-ātmakaḥ |
pravṛtti-nivṛtti-ātmakaḥit consists of engaging and holding back — doing something and refraining from something -ātmaka = having as its essenceप्रवृत्ति और निवृत्ति को स्वरूप रखने वाला
pravṛtti-nivṛtti-ātmakaḥ — [it is] of the nature of engagement and disengagement.
pravṛtti-nivṛtti-ātmakaḥ — प्रवृत्ति-निवृत्ति स्वरूप
The two kinds are these: engaging (pravṛtti), actively doing a thing, and holding back (nivṛtti), refraining from a thing. The root-meaning is made of these two.
(वह) प्रवृत्ति-रूप और निवृत्ति-रूप (है)।
s5gloss
tatra pravṛtty-ātmaka-dhātv-arthas tu kāya-vāṅ-mānasīya-tat-tac-ceṣṭā-rūpaḥ |
tatraof these two, to take the firstउन दोनों में
pravṛtti-ātmaka-dhātv-arthaḥthe root-meaning that consists of engaging, the "doing" sortप्रवृत्ति-रूप धातु-अर्थ
tunow, for its partतो
kāya-vāṅ-mānasīya-tat-tat-ceṣṭā-rūpaḥtakes the form of the various actions of body, speech, and mind tat-tat = respective, each its ownशरीर, वाणी और मन की उन-उन चेष्टाओं के रूप वाला (है)
tatra pravṛtti-ātmaka-dhātv-arthaḥ tu — of these, the root-meaning consisting of engagement; kāya-vāṅ-mānasīya-tat-tat-ceṣṭā-rūpaḥ — takes the form of the respective activities of body, speech, and mind.
tatra — उनमें; pravṛtti-ātmaka-dhātv-arthaḥ — प्रवृत्ति-रूप धातु-अर्थ; tu — तो; kāya-vāṅ-mānasīya-tat-tat-ceṣṭā-rūpaḥ — काय-वाणी-मन की उन-उन चेष्टाओं के रूप में
Take the first kind, the "doing" one. It shows up as the various positive activities of body, speech, and mind — hearing, chanting, serving, and so on, each in its own channel.
उन दोनों में प्रवृत्ति-रूप धातु-अर्थ तो शरीर, वाणी और मन की उन-उन चेष्टाओं के रूप में (है)।
s6gloss
nivṛtty-ātmaka-dhātv-arthaś ca pravṛtti-bhinnaḥ prīti-viṣādātmako mānasas tat-tad-bhāva-rūpaś ca |
nivṛtti-ātmaka-dhātv-arthaḥthe root-meaning that consists of holding back, the "refraining" sortनिवृत्ति-रूप धातु-अर्थ
caand, for its partऔर
pravṛtti-bhinnaḥbeing distinct from the "doing" sort, other than engagementप्रवृत्ति से भिन्न (होकर)
prīti-viṣāda-ātmakaḥconsists of liking and turning-away — affection and aversionप्रीति और विषाद रूप
mānasaḥis mental, belongs to the mindमन-सम्बन्धी
tat-tad-bhāva-rūpaḥand takes the form of the respective inner feelings bhāva = emotional stateउन-उन भावों के रूप वाला
caas wellऔर (है)
nivṛtti-ātmaka-dhātv-arthaḥ ca — and the root-meaning consisting of disengagement; pravṛtti-bhinnaḥ — distinct from engagement; prīti-viṣāda-ātmakaḥ — consisting of affection and aversion; mānasaḥ — mental; tat-tad-bhāva-rūpaḥ ca — and taking the form of the respective feelings.
nivṛtti-ātmaka-dhātv-arthaḥ — निवृत्ति-रूप धातु-अर्थ; ca — और; pravṛtti-bhinnaḥ — प्रवृत्ति से भिन्न; prīti-viṣāda-ātmakaḥ — प्रीति-विषाद रूप; mānasaḥ — मानसिक; tat-tad-bhāva-rūpaḥ — उन-उन भावों के रूप में; ca — और
The second kind, "refraining," is different from the first. It is mental. It works through affection (being drawn toward) and aversion (turning away). And it shows up as the corresponding inner feelings.
और निवृत्ति-रूप धातु-अर्थ, प्रवृत्ति से भिन्न होकर, प्रीति और विषाद रूप, मन-सम्बन्धी, उन-उन भावों के रूप में (है)।
s7gloss
sa ca vakṣyamāṇa-rati-premādi-sthāyi-bhāva-rūpaś ca |
saḥthat — the mental, "refraining" root-meaning just namedवह (धातु-अर्थ)
caand, moreoverऔर
vakṣyamāṇa-rati-prema-ādi-sthāyi-bhāva-rūpaḥtakes the form of the standing emotions — rati, prema, and the rest — that will be treated later vakṣyamāṇa = to be stated further onआगे कहे जाने वाले रति, प्रेम आदि स्थायी भावों के रूप वाला (है)
caas wellऔर (है)
saḥ ca — and that; vakṣyamāṇa-rati-prema-ādi-sthāyi-bhāva-rūpaḥ ca — also takes the form of the standing emotions, rati, prema, and the rest, that are to be described later.
saḥ — वह; ca — और; vakṣyamāṇa-rati-prema-ādi-sthāyi-bhāva-rūpaḥ — आगे कहे जाने वाले रति-प्रेम आदि स्थायी भावों के रूप में; ca — और
And this same mental kind also takes the form of the standing emotions of devotion — rati (settled loving attachment), prema (mature love), and the higher stages beyond. Those the author will spell out later in the book.
और वह (धातु-अर्थ) आगे कहे जाने वाले रति, प्रेम आदि स्थायी भावों के रूप में भी (है)।
sthāyi-bhāva: in poetics (alaṅkāra, rasa theory), the one stable dominant emotion of a work that ripens into rasa (rati being love's sthāyin); here, the settled devotional love — rati maturing into prema and beyond — that is the abiding core of bhakti.
स्थायी-भाव (काव्यशास्त्र/रस-सिद्धान्त) कृति का वह एक स्थिर प्रधान भाव है जो परिपक्व होकर रस बनता है (रति प्रेम का स्थायी है); यहाँ स्थिर भक्ति-प्रेम — रति का प्रेम आदि रूप में परिपाक — जो भक्ति का चिरस्थायी सार है।
s8gloss
sevā-nāmāparādhānām udbhavābhāva-kāritety ādi-vacana-vyañjita-sevā-nāmāparādhādy-abhāva-rūpaś ca |
sevā-nāma-aparādhānāmof offenses against the service and against the Name genitiveसेवा-अपराध और नाम-अपराध का
udbhava-abhāva-kāritāthe bringing-about of their non-arising — it causes them not to arise kāritā = the causing-of(जो उन अपराधों के) उद्भव का अभाव कर देती है — ऐसी
iti-ādi-vacana-vyañjitaas hinted at by statements such as this vyañjita = suggested, impliedइत्यादि वचनों से सूचित
sevā-nāma-aparādha-ādi-abhāva-rūpaḥtakes the form of the absence of offenses against service, against the Name, and the likeसेवा-अपराध, नाम-अपराध आदि के अभाव के रूप वाला
caas wellऔर (है)
sevā-nāma-aparādhānām udbhava-abhāva-kāritā iti-ādi-vacana-vyañjita — suggested by sayings such as "it brings about the non-arising of offenses against service and the Name"; sevā-nāma-aparādha-ādi-abhāva-rūpaḥ ca — [that root-meaning] also takes the form of the absence of offenses against service, the Name, and so on.
sevā-nāma-aparādhānām — सेवा और नाम के अपराधों का; udbhava-abhāva-kāritā — उद्भव के अभाव को कराने वाली; iti-ādi-vacana-vyañjita — इत्यादि वचनों से व्यंजित; sevā-nāma-aparādha-ādi-abhāva-rūpaḥ — सेवा-नाम-अपराध आदि के अभाव के रूप में; ca — और
This "refraining" side also takes the form of the absence of offenses — no offenses against the Lord's service, no offenses against His Name, and the like. There are sayings that hint at this, for instance the line that devotion "brings about the non-arising of offenses against service and the Name." So dropping such faults is itself part of the cultivation.
और 'सेवा तथा नाम के अपराधों के उद्भव का अभाव करने वाली' — इत्यादि वचनों से व्यंजित, सेवा-अपराध, नाम-अपराध आदि के अभाव के रूप में भी (वह है)।
s9reply
tad evaṁ sati kṛṣṇa-sambandhi kṛṣṇārthaṁ vānuśīlanam iti tat-sambandha-mātrasya tad-arthasya vā vivakṣitatvād guru-pādāśrayādau bhāva-rūpasyāpi kroḍīkṛtatvāt raty-ādi-sthāyini vyabhicāri-bhāveṣu ca nāvyāptiḥ |
tad evaṁ satithis being so, given all thatजब ऐसा है
kṛṣṇa-sambandhicultivation that is connected with Kṛṣṇaकृष्ण से सम्बन्ध रखने वाला
kṛṣṇārtham vāor that is done for Kṛṣṇa's sakeअथवा कृष्ण के प्रयोजन से
anuśīlanam iti— that is "the cultivation of Kṛṣṇa"'अनुशीलन' (कृष्णानुशीलन कहलाता है)
tat-sambandha-mātrasyasince mere connection with Him genitive as subject of the verbal nounउस (कृष्ण) से मात्र सम्बन्ध का
tad-arthasya vāor being for His sakeअथवा उसी के प्रयोजन का
vivakṣitatvātis what is intended — therefore, because that is the point meant ablative of reasonक्योंकि यही कहना अभीष्ट है
guru-pāda-āśraya-ādauin taking shelter at the guru's feet and such acts locativeगुरु के चरणों के आश्रय आदि में
bhāva-rūpasya apieven the feeling-form of devotion api = evenभाव-रूप (अनुशीलन) का भी
kroḍīkṛtatvātis embraced, gathered in — therefore, because it too is included ablative of reasonक्योंकि वह समेट लिया गया है
rati-ādi-sthāyiniwith respect to the standing emotion, rati and the rest locativeरति आदि स्थायी भाव के विषय में
vyabhicāri-bhāveṣu caand with respect to the passing, accessory emotions locativeऔर व्यभिचारी भावों के विषय में
na avyāptiḥthere is no under-application — the definition does not fail to cover themअव्याप्ति दोष नहीं होता
tad evaṁ sati — this being so; kṛṣṇa-sambandhi kṛṣṇārtham vā anuśīlanam iti — "cultivation connected with Kṛṣṇa or for His sake" [is what "cultivation of Kṛṣṇa" means]; tat-sambandha-mātrasya tad-arthasya vā vivakṣitatvāt — because mere connection with Him or being for His sake is what is intended; guru-pāda-āśraya-ādau bhāva-rūpasya api kroḍīkṛtatvāt — and because even the feeling-form present in sheltering at the guru's feet and the like is included; rati-ādi-sthāyini vyabhicāri-bhāveṣu ca — with respect to the standing emotion (rati etc.) and the passing emotions; na avyāptiḥ — there is no under-application.
tad evaṁ sati — ऐसा होने पर; kṛṣṇa-sambandhi — कृष्ण से सम्बन्धित; kṛṣṇārtham vā — अथवा कृष्ण के लिए; anuśīlanam iti — 'अनुशीलन'; tat-sambandha-mātrasya — उससे मात्र सम्बन्ध का; tad-arthasya vā — अथवा उसके प्रयोजन का; vivakṣitatvāt — विवक्षित होने से; guru-pāda-āśraya-ādau — गुरु-चरणों के आश्रय आदि में; bhāva-rūpasya api — भाव-रूप का भी; kroḍīkṛtatvāt — समेट लिए जाने से; rati-ādi-sthāyini — रति आदि स्थायी में; vyabhicāri-bhāveṣu ca — और व्यभिचारी भावों में; na avyāptiḥ — अव्याप्ति नहीं
Given all this, "cultivation of Kṛṣṇa" means cultivation that is either connected with Kṛṣṇa or done for His sake. That is all the compound intends. So even an act like taking shelter at the guru's feet counts, because the devotional feeling in it is gathered in too. Result: the definition does not fall short. It still covers both the standing emotion (rati and the rest) and the passing, accessory emotions. There is no under-application.
ऐसा होने पर, कृष्ण से सम्बन्धित अथवा कृष्ण के लिए किया गया अनुशीलन ('कृष्णानुशीलन' कहलाता है); क्योंकि यहाँ कृष्ण से केवल सम्बन्ध अथवा उसी के प्रयोजन का होना — यही कहना अभीष्ट है, और गुरु-चरणों के आश्रय आदि में भाव-रूप अनुशीलन भी समेट लिया गया है, इसलिए रति आदि स्थायी भाव तथा व्यभिचारी भावों के विषय में अव्याप्ति दोष नहीं होता।
avyāpti: in Nyāya definition-theory, the fault of under-extension — a definition that fails to cover some cases it ought to; here, the worry that "cultivation of Kṛṣṇa" might miss the purely emotional forms of devotion, which Viśvanātha shows it does not.
अव्याप्ति (न्याय की लक्षण-मीमांसा) अर्थात् लक्षण का अपने कुछ लक्ष्यों तक न पहुँचना; यहाँ यह शंका कि 'कृष्ण का अनुशीलन' कहीं भक्ति के केवल भावमय रूपों को न छोड़ दे — विश्वनाथ दिखाते हैं कि नहीं छोड़ता।
s10gloss
etac ca kṛṣṇa-tad-bhakta-kṛpayaiva labhyaṁ śrī-bhagavataḥ svarūpa-śakti-vṛtti-rūpaṁ kāyādi-vṛtti-rūpeṇāvirbhūtam eva jñeyam |
etatthis — this devotional cultivationयह (अनुशीलन)
caand, moreoverऔर
kṛṣṇa-tad-bhakta-kṛpayā evaonly by the grace of Kṛṣṇa and of His devotee instrumental of means; eva = onlyक्योंकि यह कृष्ण तथा उनके भक्त की कृपा से ही
labhyamis to be obtained, can be gottenप्राप्त होता है
śrī-bhagavataḥ svarūpa-śakti-vṛtti-rūpambeing a working of the Lord's own essential power svarūpa-śakti = His intrinsic potency; genitive of sourceश्रीभगवान् की स्वरूप-शक्ति की वृत्ति रूप है
kāya-ādi-vṛtti-rūpeṇain the form of the workings of the body and the rest instrumental of mannerकाय आदि की वृत्ति के रूप में
āvirbhūtam evait becomes visible, shows itself — precisely thus eva emphasizes the mannerप्रकट होता है — ऐसा ही
jñeyamis to be understoodजानना चाहिए
etat ca — and this; kṛṣṇa-tad-bhakta-kṛpayā eva labhyam — is obtainable only by the grace of Kṛṣṇa and His devotee; śrī-bhagavataḥ svarūpa-śakti-vṛtti-rūpam — being of the form of a function of the Lord's own essential potency; kāya-ādi-vṛtti-rūpeṇa āvirbhūtam eva jñeyam — is to be known as showing itself precisely in the form of the workings of the body and the rest.
etat — यह; ca — और; kṛṣṇa-tat-bhakta-kṛpayā eva — कृष्ण और उनके भक्त की कृपा से ही; labhyam — प्राप्य; śrī-bhagavataḥ svarūpa-śakti-vṛtti-rūpam — भगवान् की स्वरूप-शक्ति की वृत्ति रूप; kāya-ādi-vṛtti-rūpeṇa — काय आदि की वृत्ति के रूप में; āvirbhūtam eva — प्रकट हुआ ही; jñeyam — जानना चाहिए
And this devotion can be had only by the grace of Kṛṣṇa and of His devotee. In its own nature it is a working of the Lord's essential power (svarūpa-śakti). Yet it becomes visible through the ordinary workings of the body, speech, and mind. Understand it that way: divine in source, but appearing through our bodily and mental acts.
और यह अनुशीलन कृष्ण तथा उनके भक्त की कृपा से ही प्राप्त होता है, श्रीभगवान् की स्वरूप-शक्ति की वृत्ति रूप है, और काय आदि की वृत्ति के रूप में ही प्रकट होता है — ऐसा जानना चाहिए।
svarūpa-śakti: in Gauḍīya theology, the Lord's own intrinsic potency, as opposed to His external material energy (māyā); here, bhakti is a function of that intrinsic potency, which is why grace, not our own effort, brings it.
स्वरूप-शक्ति (गौड़ीय सिद्धान्त) भगवान् की अपनी अन्तरंगा शक्ति है, उनकी बहिरंगा माया-शक्ति से भिन्न; यहाँ भक्ति उसी अन्तरंगा शक्ति की वृत्ति है, इसीलिए वह कृपा से मिलती है, अपने प्रयत्न से नहीं।
s11other
agre spaṣṭīkariṣyate |
agrefurther on, later in the bookआगे
spaṣṭīkariṣyateit will be made clear, spelled outस्पष्ट किया जाएगा
agre spaṣṭīkariṣyate — it will be made clear further on.
agre — आगे; spaṣṭīkariṣyate — स्पष्ट किया जाएगा
He will explain all this more fully later on. Here he only flags it.
यह आगे स्पष्ट किया जाएगा।
s12gloss
kṛṣṇa-śabdaś cātra svayaṁ bhagavataḥ kṛṣṇasya tad-rūpāṇāṁ cānyeṣām avatārāṇāṁ grāhakaḥ |
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥthe word "Kṛṣṇa"'कृष्ण' शब्द
canow, moreoverऔर
atrahere, in this verseयहाँ
svayaṁ bhagavataḥ kṛṣṇasyaof Kṛṣṇa, the Lord Himself, God in person svayaṁ bhagavān = the original Lord; genitive as object of grāhakaस्वयं भगवान् कृष्ण का
tad-rūpāṇāmand of His own forms genitiveउनके उन रूपों का
ca anyeṣām avatārāṇāmand of the other avatāras as well genitiveतथा अन्य अवतारों का
grāhakaḥis what takes in, denotes — it picks out all theseबोध कराने वाला है
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥ ca atra — and the word "Kṛṣṇa" here; svayaṁ bhagavataḥ kṛṣṇasya — of Kṛṣṇa the Lord Himself; tad-rūpāṇām ca anyeṣām avatārāṇām — and of His forms and the other avatāras; grāhakaḥ — is the denoter.
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥ — 'कृष्ण' शब्द; ca — और; atra — यहाँ; svayaṁ bhagavataḥ kṛṣṇasya — स्वयं भगवान् कृष्ण का; tad-rūpāṇām — उनके रूपों का; ca anyeṣām avatārāṇām — और अन्य अवतारों का; grāhakaḥ — ग्राहक है
Now the word "Kṛṣṇa" here does not mean Kṛṣṇa narrowly. It takes in Kṛṣṇa, the original Lord Himself; His own forms; and the other avatāras besides. All of them are covered by the one word.
और यहाँ 'कृष्ण' शब्द स्वयं भगवान् कृष्ण का, उनके उन रूपों का, तथा अन्य अवतारों का भी ग्राहक (बोधक) है।
s13other
tāratamyam agre vivecanīyam |
tāratamyamthe gradation among them, the higher-and-lower rankingइनका तारतम्य
agrefurther on, laterआगे
vivecanīyamis to be examined, sorted outविवेचन किया जाएगा
tāratamyam agre vivecanīyam — the gradation [among these forms] is to be examined further on.
tāratamyam — तारतम्य; agre — आगे; vivecanīyam — विवेचनीय
Which of these forms rank higher or lower is something he will sort out later. He sets it aside for now.
इनका तारतम्य आगे विवेचनीय है।
s14avataranika
tatra bhakti-svarūpatā-siddhy-arthaṁ viśeṣaṇam āha— ānukūlyeneti |
tatraat this point, in that connectionवहाँ (उस लक्षण में)
bhakti-svarūpatā-siddhy-arthamin order to establish that this really is devotion by its own nature dative of purpose; -artham = for the sake ofयह भक्ति का स्वरूप ही है, यह सिद्ध करने के लिए
viśeṣaṇamthe qualifier, the describing wordविशेषण को
āhahe states, he givesकहते हैं
ānukūlyena itinamely, with the word ānukūlyena ("favorably")'आनुकूल्येन' यह (पद)
tatra — there; bhakti-svarūpatā-siddhy-artham — in order to establish its very being-devotion; viśeṣaṇam āha — he states the qualifier; ānukūlyena iti — namely "favorably."
tatra — वहाँ; bhakti-svarūpatā-siddhy-artham — भक्ति की स्वरूपता की सिद्धि के लिए; viśeṣaṇam — विशेषण; āha — कहते हैं; ānukūlyena iti — 'आनुकूल्येन' यह
Next, to secure that what is defined truly is devotion in its own nature, the author adds a describing word. That word is ānukūlyena, "favorably." It is there to make the definition genuinely name devotion.
वहाँ, यह भक्ति का स्वरूप ही है — यह सिद्ध करने के लिए 'आनुकूल्येन' यह विशेषण कहते हैं।
viśeṣaṇa: in grammar and Nyāya, a delimiting attribute that itself enters into and narrows the thing described (a blue lotus — the blue is part of what the thing is), as against an upalakṣaṇa, a mere pointer that drops away (the house with the crow on it — the crow only helps you find it); here, "favorably" is a viśeṣaṇa: being favorable is part of what devotion is, not just a sign of where it is found.
विशेषण (व्याकरण एवं न्याय) वह सीमक धर्म है जो अपने विशेष्य में प्रविष्ट होकर उसे संकुचित करता है — 'नीलकमल' में नीलता उसका अंग है; इसके विपरीत उपलक्षण केवल संकेतक है जो पहचानवाकर हट जाता है — 'जिस घर पर कौआ है'। यहाँ 'आनुकूल्य' विशेषण है — आनुकूल्य भक्ति का स्वरूप-अंग है, केवल यह बतलाने वाला चिह्न नहीं कि भक्ति कहाँ मिलती है।
s15reply
prātikūlye bhaktitvāprasiddheḥ |
prātikūlyein the case of adverseness — when the attitude is hostile locative of circumstance, "when there is"जब (कृष्ण के प्रति) प्रतिकूलता हो
bhaktitva-aprasiddheḥbecause the status of being devotion is not established — it just isn't recognized as devotion ablative of reasonक्योंकि (वहाँ) भक्तित्व प्रसिद्ध नहीं
prātikūlye — in adverseness; bhaktitva-aprasiddheḥ — because being-devotion is not established.
prātikūlye — प्रातिकूल्य होने पर; bhaktitva-aprasiddheḥ — भक्तित्व की अप्रसिद्धि के कारण
Why is "favorably" needed? Because when the attitude is hostile, adverse to Kṛṣṇa, it simply does not count as devotion at all. Hostility toward the Lord is never called bhakti. So the definition must rule it out.
क्योंकि प्रतिकूलता होने पर भक्तित्व प्रसिद्ध नहीं होता।
s16objection
ānukūlyaṁ coddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāya rocamānā pravṛttir ity ukte lakṣaṇe’tivyāptir avyāptiś ca |
ānukūlyamfavorableness'आनुकूल्य'
canow (raising a difficulty)और
uddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāyatoward Śrī Kṛṣṇa, who is the intended object dative, "pleasing to"उद्देश्य-स्वरूप श्रीकृष्ण को (रुचने वाली)
rocamānā pravṛttiḥ= engagement that is pleasing [to Him], activity He finds agreeableप्रिय लगने वाली प्रवृत्ति
iti ukte lakṣaṇeif the definition is stated in this way locative absolute, "once it is put thus"ऐसा लक्षण कह देने पर
ativyāptiḥthere is over-application — it catches too muchअतिव्याप्ति (दोष)
avyāptiḥ caand under-application — it also fails to catch some it shouldऔर अव्याप्ति (दोष होगा)
ānukūlyam ca — and favorableness; uddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāya rocamānā pravṛttiḥ — [defined as] engagement pleasing to Śrī Kṛṣṇa the intended object; iti ukte lakṣaṇe — once the definition is stated thus; ativyāptiḥ avyāptiḥ ca — there is both over-application and under-application.
ānukūlyam — आनुकूल्य; ca — और; uddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāya — उद्देश्य श्रीकृष्ण के लिए; rocamānā pravṛttiḥ — रुचने वाली प्रवृत्ति; iti ukte lakṣaṇe — ऐसा लक्षण कहने पर; ativyāptiḥ — अतिव्याप्ति; avyāptiḥ ca — और अव्याप्ति
But suppose we define "favorable" as "engagement that pleases Kṛṣṇa, the intended object." A problem arises. Defined that way, the definition both catches too much (over-application) and misses some cases it should catch (under-application). The next two lines give an example of each.
और 'आनुकूल्य' का अर्थ यदि 'उद्देश्य-स्वरूप श्रीकृष्ण को रुचने वाली प्रवृत्ति' — ऐसा लक्षण कहा जाए, तो अतिव्याप्ति और अव्याप्ति (दोनों दोष होंगे)।
ativyāpti / avyāpti: in Nyāya, the two chief faults of a definition — over-extension (it also covers what it should not) and under-extension (it fails to cover what it should); here, the "pleasing to Kṛṣṇa" wording is tested and found faulty on both counts, so it must be repaired.
अतिव्याप्ति और अव्याप्ति (न्याय) — लक्षण के दो प्रधान दोष: अतिव्याप्ति अर्थात् जो लक्ष्य नहीं उस तक भी पहुँच जाना, और अव्याप्ति अर्थात् जो लक्ष्य है उस तक न पहुँचना; यहाँ 'कृष्ण को रुचिकर प्रवृत्ति' वाला रूप दोनों दोषों से युक्त पाया जाता है, अतः उसका संशोधन अपेक्षित है।
s17objection
tad yathā— asura-kartṛka-prahāra-rūpānuśīlanaṁ yuddha-rasa utsāha-ratiḥ śrī-kṛṣṇāya rocate, yathoktaṁ prathama-skandhe manasvinām iva san saṁprahāraḥ iti |
tad yathāto show this, for exampleवह इस प्रकार
asura-kartṛka-prahāra-rūpa-anuśīlanamthe "cultivation" that takes the form of the demons' striking — the blows dealt by the asuras kartṛka = done by, having them as agentअसुरों के द्वारा किया गया प्रहार-रूप अनुशीलन
yuddha-rasaḥwhich is the combat-mood (yuddha-rasa)(जो) युद्ध-रस (है)
utsāha-ratiḥthe relish of martial ardor, the thrill of the fightउत्साह-रति (रूप)
śrī-kṛṣṇāya rocateis pleasing to Śrī Kṛṣṇa — He enjoys it dative, "pleases"श्रीकृष्ण को प्रिय लगता है
yathā uktam prathama-skandheas stated in the First Cantoजैसा प्रथम स्कन्ध में कहा गया
manasvinām iva san saṁprahāraḥ iti"a fitting combat, as between two spirited warriors" quoted, bhā.pu. 1.13.40'मनस्वियों के समान उत्तम संग्राम (उन्हें रुचता है)' — ऐसा
tad yathā — to show this; asura-kartṛka-prahāra-rūpa-anuśīlanam — the cultivation in the form of striking done by the demons; yuddha-rasaḥ utsāha-ratiḥ — [namely] the combat-rasa, the relish of martial ardor; śrī-kṛṣṇāya rocate — is pleasing to Śrī Kṛṣṇa; yathā uktam prathama-skandhe — as said in the First Canto; manasvinām iva san saṁprahāraḥ iti — "a fitting combat, as between two spirited warriors."
tad yathā — वह इस प्रकार; asura-kartṛka-prahāra-rūpa-anuśīlanam — असुरों द्वारा किया गया प्रहार-रूप अनुशीलन; yuddha-rasaḥ — युद्ध-रस; utsāha-ratiḥ — उत्साह-रति; śrī-kṛṣṇāya rocate — श्रीकृष्ण को रुचता है; yathā uktam prathama-skandhe — जैसा प्रथम स्कन्ध में कहा; manasvinām iva san saṁprahāraḥ iti — 'मनस्विनाम् इव सन् संप्रहारः' इति
Here is the over-application case. When the demons strike at Kṛṣṇa in battle, that too is a kind of "cultivation" aimed at Him. It carries the combat-mood, the thrill of a good fight, and Kṛṣṇa actually relishes it — the First Canto says the clash was "a fitting combat, as between two spirited warriors." Map it out: the demons' hostile blows are the "engagement"; Kṛṣṇa's enjoyment of the fight is the "pleasing to Him." So by the loose definition, even a demon's attack would count as devotion — the definition catches too much. That is exactly the over-application (ativyāpti) it must not have. This shows a flaw; the repair comes at s19.
वह इस प्रकार — असुरों द्वारा किया गया प्रहार-रूप अनुशीलन, जो युद्ध-रस तथा उत्साह-रति रूप है, श्रीकृष्ण को प्रिय लगता है; जैसा प्रथम स्कन्ध में कहा गया — 'मनस्वियों के समान उत्तम संग्राम (उन्हें रुचता है)'।
Why cited: cited to show Kṛṣṇa relishes even the demons' hostile combat, so "engagement pleasing to Kṛṣṇa" over-applies — it would wrongly count enmity as devotion.
क्यों उद्धृत: यह वचन इसलिए उद्धृत है कि कृष्ण असुरों के शत्रुतापूर्ण युद्ध का भी आस्वादन करते हैं; अतः 'कृष्ण को रुचिकर प्रवृत्ति' वाला लक्षण अतिव्याप्त हो जाता — वह शत्रुता को भी भ्रमवश भक्ति गिन लेता।
s18objection
tathā śrī-kṛṣṇaṁ vihāya dugdha-rakṣārthaṁ gatāyā yaśodāyās tādṛśānuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇāya na rocate, yathoktaṁ śrī-daśame– saṁjāta-kopa-sphuritāruṇādharaḥ iti |
tathāand likewise, on the other sideऔर वैसे ही
śrī-kṛṣṇaṁ vihāyaleaving Śrī Kṛṣṇa aside, setting Him down absolutive, "having left"श्रीकृष्ण को छोड़कर
dugdha-rakṣā-artham gatāyāḥof her who had gone off to save the boiling milk -artham = in order to; genitive with Yaśodāदूध की रक्षा के लिए गई हुई
yaśodāyāḥ— of Yaśodā genitiveयशोदा का
tādṛśa-anuśīlanamher cultivation of that sort, her acting soवैसा (प्रतिकूल) अनुशीलन
kṛṣṇāya na rocateis not pleasing to Kṛṣṇa — He does not like it dativeकृष्ण को प्रिय नहीं लगता
yathā uktam śrī-daśameas stated in the Tenth [Canto]जैसा श्रीदशम स्कन्ध में कहा गया
saṁjāta-kopa-sphurita-aruṇa-adharaḥ iti"with reddened lips quivering in rising anger" quoted, bhā.pu. 10.9.6'क्रोध उत्पन्न होने से जिनके अरुण अधर फड़क उठे' — ऐसा
tathā — likewise; śrī-kṛṣṇaṁ vihāya dugdha-rakṣā-artham gatāyāḥ yaśodāyāḥ — of Yaśodā, who left Śrī Kṛṣṇa and went to save the milk; tādṛśa-anuśīlanam kṛṣṇāya na rocate — her cultivation of that sort is not pleasing to Kṛṣṇa; yathā uktam śrī-daśame — as said in the Tenth Canto; saṁjāta-kopa-sphurita-aruṇa-adharaḥ iti — "with reddened lips quivering in rising anger."
tathā — वैसे ही; śrī-kṛṣṇaṁ vihāya — श्रीकृष्ण को छोड़कर; dugdha-rakṣā-artham gatāyāḥ — दूध की रक्षा के लिए गई हुई; yaśodāyāḥ — यशोदा का; tādṛśa-anuśīlanam — वैसा अनुशीलन; kṛṣṇāya na rocate — कृष्ण को नहीं रुचता; yathā uktam śrī-daśame — जैसा श्रीदशम में कहा; saṁjāta-kopa-sphurita-aruṇa-adharaḥ iti — 'संजात-कोप-स्फुरित-अरुण-अधरः' इति
Here is the matching under-application case. Yaśodā once set baby Kṛṣṇa down and ran to rescue the milk boiling over. That act of hers was not pleasing to Kṛṣṇa — the Tenth Canto shows Him "with reddened lips quivering in rising anger." Yet Yaśodā is a pure devotee, and her act was pure devotion. Map it out: her devoted act is the "engagement"; Kṛṣṇa's displeasure is the failure of "pleasing to Him." So the loose definition would leave a genuine act of devotion out — it misses a case it should catch. That is exactly the under-application (avyāpti) it must not have. Again a flaw; the repair comes at s19.
और वैसे ही, श्रीकृष्ण को छोड़कर दूध की रक्षा के लिए गई हुई यशोदा का वैसा (प्रतिकूल) अनुशीलन कृष्ण को प्रिय नहीं लगता; जैसा श्रीदशम स्कन्ध में कहा गया — 'क्रोध उत्पन्न होने से जिनके अरुण अधर फड़क उठे'।
Why cited: cited to show Kṛṣṇa was displeased with Yaśodā's genuinely devoted act, so "engagement pleasing to Kṛṣṇa" under-applies — it would wrongly exclude real devotion.
क्यों उद्धृत: यह वचन इसलिए उद्धृत है कि कृष्ण यशोदा के सच्चे भक्तिमय कर्म से अप्रसन्न हुए; अतः 'कृष्ण को रुचिकर प्रवृत्ति' वाला लक्षण अव्याप्त हो जाता — वह वास्तविक भक्ति को भी भ्रमवश छोड़ देता।
s19reply
tathā ca tatra tatrātivyāpta-vyāpti-vāraṇāyānukūlyaṁ nāma prātikūlya-śūnyatvam eva vivakṣaṇīyam |
tathā caand so, that being the caseऔर इसलिए
tatra tatrain those various instances, in both such casesउन-उन स्थलों में
ativyāpta-vyāpti-vāraṇāyain order to ward off that over- and under-application, to block both faults dative of purposeअतिव्याप्ति और अव्याप्ति — दोनों दोष दूर करने के लिए
ānukūlyam nāma"favorableness," that is to say —'आनुकूल्य' का अर्थ
prātikūlya-śūnyatvam evashould be taken as nothing but the mere absence of adverseness — precisely freedom from hostility eva = just this, no moreप्रतिकूलता से रहित होना ही
vivakṣaṇīyamis what is to be meant, is how it must be intendedकहना अभीष्ट है
tathā ca — and so; tatra tatra ativyāpta-vyāpti-vāraṇāya — in order to ward off over- and under-application in those cases; ānukūlyam nāma prātikūlya-śūnyatvam eva vivakṣaṇīyam — "favorableness" is to be intended as nothing but the absence of adverseness.
tathā ca — और इसलिए; tatra tatra — वहाँ-वहाँ; ativyāpta-vyāpti-vāraṇāya — अतिव्याप्ति-अव्याप्ति के निवारण के लिए; ānukūlyam nāma — आनुकूल्य अर्थात्; prātikūlya-śūnyatvam eva — प्रातिकूल्य-शून्यता ही; vivakṣaṇīyam — विवक्षणीय
So here is the repair. To block both faults at once, do not define "favorable" as "pleasing to Kṛṣṇa." Define it instead as simply the absence of hostility toward Kṛṣṇa — nothing more. Read "favorably" that way, and both the demon case and the Yaśodā case are handled, as the next two lines confirm.
और इसलिए उन-उन स्थलों में अतिव्याप्ति तथा अव्याप्ति के निवारण के लिए 'आनुकूल्य' का अर्थ केवल 'प्रतिकूलता से रहित होना' ही कहना अभीष्ट है।
s20reply
evaṁ saty asureṣu dveṣa-rūpa-prātikūlya-sattvān nātivyāptiḥ |
evaṁ sation this reading, once it is taken so locative absoluteऐसा (अर्थ) होने पर
asureṣuin the case of the demons locativeअसुरों में
dveṣa-rūpa-prātikūlya-sattvātbecause hostility in the form of hatred is present in them — since real adverseness is there ablative of reason; sattva = the being-presentक्योंकि (वहाँ) द्वेष-रूप प्रतिकूलता विद्यमान है
na ativyāptiḥthere is no over-application — the definition no longer catches themअतिव्याप्ति नहीं होती
evaṁ sati — this being so; asureṣu dveṣa-rūpa-prātikūlya-sattvāt — because in the demons there is present adverseness in the form of hatred; na ativyāptiḥ — there is no over-application.
evaṁ sati — ऐसा होने पर; asureṣu — असुरों में; dveṣa-rūpa-prātikūlya-sattvāt — द्वेष-रूप प्रतिकूलता के होने से; na ativyāptiḥ — अतिव्याप्ति नहीं
Take the demon case on the new reading. The demons plainly do have hostility, hatred toward Kṛṣṇa. Since real adverseness is present in them, they fail the test of "free from hostility," so their attacks are not counted as devotion. The over-application is gone. (The Yaśodā side is handled in the next line.)
ऐसा (अर्थ) होने पर, असुरों में द्वेष-रूप प्रतिकूलता विद्यमान होने के कारण अतिव्याप्ति नहीं होती।
s21reply
evaṁ yaśodāyāḥ prātikūlyābhāvān nāvyāptir iti bodhyam |
evaṁin the same wayइसी प्रकार
yaśodāyāḥin Yaśodā's caseयशोदा के विषय में
prātikūlya-abhāvātbecause there is no adverseness in her ablative of reasonक्योंकि (वहाँ) प्रतिकूलता का अभाव है
na avyāptiḥthe definition does not fall short — it still catches her devotion avyāpti = under-applicationअव्याप्ति नहीं होती
iti bodhyamso it should be understoodऐसा समझना चाहिए
evaṁ — likewise; yaśodāyāḥ prātikūlya-abhāvāt — because Yaśodā has no adverseness; na avyāptiḥ — there is no under-application; iti bodhyam — so it is to be understood.
evaṁ — इसी प्रकार; yaśodāyāḥ — यशोदा में; prātikūlya-abhāvāt — प्रातिकूल्य के अभाव से; na avyāptiḥ — अव्याप्ति नहीं; iti bodhyam — ऐसा जानना चाहिए
Take Yaśodā's case the same way. When she left Kṛṣṇa to save the boiling milk, she was not being adverse to him — there was no hostility in her at all. So once we read "favorable" as simply "free of adverseness," the definition still reaches her devotion. It does not fall short. Understand it in this way.
इसी प्रकार, यशोदा के विषय में प्रतिकूलता का अभाव होने के कारण अव्याप्ति नहीं होती — ऐसा समझना चाहिए।
s22objection
etena viśeṣaṇasyānukūlyasyaiva bhaktitvam astu |
etenaby this same point (that mere freedom-from-adverseness is what 'favorable' means) instrumentalइससे (यह भी कह सकते हैं कि)
viśeṣaṇasya ānukūlyasya evato the describing word 'favorable' alone genitiveविशेषण-स्वरूप आनुकूल्य का ही
bhaktitvam astulet the status of 'being devotion' belongभक्तित्व मान लिया जाए
etena — by this; viśeṣaṇasya ānukūlyasya eva bhaktitvam astu — let being-devotion belong to the qualifier 'favorable' alone.
etena — इससे; viśeṣaṇasya ānukūlyasya eva — विशेषण-रूप आनुकूल्य का ही; bhaktitvam astu — भक्तित्व हो
Here someone raises a doubt. "You have just said that 'favorable' only means being free of adverseness. Then why not let that word 'favorable' — the describing word — be the whole of what makes something devotion, all by itself?" The objection continues into the next line.
इससे (यह शंका होती है कि) — विशेषण-स्वरूप आनुकूल्य का ही भक्तित्व मान लिया जाए।
s23reply
bhakti-sāmānyasyaiva kṛṣṇāya rocamānatvād viśeṣyasyānuśīlana-padasya vaiyarthyam ity api śaṅkā nirastā |
bhakti-sāmānyasya evabecause devotion in general — devotion of any kind genitive subject of the abstractसामान्य भक्ति का ही
kṛṣṇāya rocamānatvātis pleasing to Kṛṣṇa ablative of reasonक्योंकि वह कृष्ण को रुचती है
viśeṣyasya anuśīlana-padasyaof the word being described, 'cultivation' genitiveविशेष्य-रूप 'अनुशीलन' पद का
vaiyarthyamwould then be pointlessव्यर्थ होना (आ पड़ेगा)
iti api śaṅkāthis doubt as wellयह जो शंका है, वह भी
nirastāis thereby driven offनिरस्त हो गई
bhakti-sāmānyasya eva kṛṣṇāya rocamānatvāt — since devotion in general is pleasing to Kṛṣṇa; viśeṣyasya anuśīlana-padasya vaiyarthyam — the described word 'cultivation' would be purposeless; iti api śaṅkā nirastā — this doubt too is dispelled.
bhakti-sāmānyasya eva — भक्ति-सामान्य का ही; kṛṣṇāya rocamānatvāt — कृष्ण को रुचने के कारण; viśeṣyasya anuśīlana-padasya — विशेष्य 'अनुशीलन' पद का; vaiyarthyam — व्यर्थता; iti api śaṅkā — यह भी शंका; nirastā — निरस्त हो गई
The doubt finishes like this: "Since any devotion at all is pleasing to Kṛṣṇa, the word 'favorable' would already do the whole job. Then the main word being described — 'cultivation' — would be left with nothing to do; it would be redundant." Viśvanātha says this doubt too is driven off. The reason follows in the next line.
'सामान्य भक्ति ही कृष्ण को रुचती है, इसलिए विशेष्य-रूप अनुशीलन पद व्यर्थ हो जाएगा' — यह शंका भी (इससे) निरस्त हो गई।
s24reply
tādṛśa-prātikūlyasyābhāva-mātrasya ghaṭe’pi sattvāt |
tādṛśa-prātikūlyasyaof that kind of adverseness — the hostility just described genitiveवैसी प्रतिकूलता का
abhāva-mātrasyaof its mere absence, nothing more genitiveमात्र अभाव तो
ghaṭe apieven in a pot locative; api = 'even'घड़े में भी
sattvātbecause it is present there too ablative of reasonक्योंकि विद्यमान है
tādṛśa-prātikūlyasya abhāva-mātrasya — of the mere absence of that kind of adverseness; ghaṭe api sattvāt — because it is present even in a pot.
tādṛśa-prātikūlyasya — वैसी प्रतिकूलता का; abhāva-mātrasya — केवल अभाव का; ghaṭe api — घट में भी; sattvāt — विद्यमान होने के कारण
Here is why the doubt fails. "Favorable" was read as just the absence of adverseness. But a mere absence of adverseness is found even in a clay pot — a pot is not hostile to Kṛṣṇa either. If that alone made something devotion, a pot would be devotion. So "favorable" cannot carry the whole load; the word "cultivation" is still needed, and is not pointless.
क्योंकि वैसी प्रतिकूलता का केवल अभाव तो घड़े में भी विद्यमान है (और घड़ा भक्ति नहीं)।
s25avataranika
uttamātva-siddhy-arthaṁ viśeṣaṇa-dvayam āha anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam ity ādi |
uttamātva-siddhy-arthaṁin order to establish that it is the highest arthaṁ = 'for the sake of', purpose(भक्ति) उत्तमा है, यह सिद्ध करने के लिए
viśeṣaṇa-dvayamthe two describing wordsदो विशेषण
āhahe statesकहते हैं
anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam iti ādiin the words beginning 'empty of longing for anything else' iti ādi flags the pratīka'अन्याभिलाषिता-शून्य' इत्यादि
uttamātva-siddhy-arthaṁ — to establish its being the highest; viśeṣaṇa-dvayam āha — he states two qualifiers; anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam iti ādi — namely, 'empty of longing for anything else,' and so on.
uttamātva-siddhy-arthaṁ — उत्तमत्व की सिद्धि के लिए; viśeṣaṇa-dvayam — दो विशेषण; āha — कहते हैं; anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam iti ādi — 'अन्याभिलाषिता-शून्य' इत्यादि
So far the verse has told us what devotion is. Now Rūpa turns to show what makes it the highest devotion. For that he adds two describing words. Viśvanātha points to them: the phrase that begins "empty of longing for anything else" (and the next one, "not covered by knowledge, action, and the rest"). These two are the marks of the highest devotion.
(भक्ति) उत्तमा है — यह सिद्ध करने के लिए 'अन्याभिलाषिता-शून्य' इत्यादि दो विशेषण कहते हैं।
s26gloss
katham-bhūtam anuśīlanam ? anyasmin bhakty-atiriktatve phalatvenābhilāṣa-śūnyam |
katham-bhūtam anuśīlanam?cultivation of what sort? — what kind of cultivation?(वह) अनुशीलन कैसा (हो)?
anyasmin bhakti-atiriktatvetoward anything else — toward what is over and above devotion locative of the object longed forभक्ति से भिन्न अन्य (वस्तु) में
phalatvenaas a goal to be gained by it instrumental: 'in the character of a fruit'फल के रूप में
abhilāṣa-śūnyamempty of longingअभिलाषा से रहित (हो)
katham-bhūtam anuśīlanam? — cultivation of what kind?; anyasmin bhakti-atiriktatve phalatvena abhilāṣa-śūnyam — empty of longing, as for a goal, toward anything over and above devotion.
katham-bhūtam anuśīlanam? — कैसा अनुशीलन?; anyasmin bhakti-atiriktatve — भक्ति से अतिरिक्त अन्य में; phalatvena — फल-रूप से; abhilāṣa-śūnyam — अभिलाषा से शून्य
What kind of cultivation? Cultivation that is empty of longing for anything other than devotion. The point is precise: it holds no craving for some result over and above devotion itself — nothing that it treats as the prize to be won. The devotee wants devotion, and nothing beyond it as a payoff.
(वह) अनुशीलन कैसा हो? — भक्ति से भिन्न अन्य वस्तु में, फल-रूप से, अभिलाषा से रहित।
"anya" ("other") is read narrowly here: not "other than Kṛṣṇa" but "other than devotion." The devotee may still long for devotion itself; what is ruled out is wanting anything beyond devotion as a fruit.
'अन्य' शब्द यहाँ संकुचित अर्थ में लिया गया है — 'कृष्ण से अन्य' नहीं, अपितु 'भक्ति से अन्य'। भक्त स्वयं भक्ति की ही अभिलाषा कर सकता है; निषिद्ध केवल यह है कि भक्ति से परे किसी वस्तु को फलरूप में चाहा जाए।
s27citation
bhaktyā sañjātayā bhaktyā ity ekādaśokter bhakty-uddeśaka-bhakti-karaṇam ucitam evety ato’nyasmin khalu bhakty-atirikta iti |
bhaktyā sañjātayā bhaktyā"by devotion arisen from devotion" — the quoted words quote, Bhāgavata 11.3.31'भक्ति से उत्पन्न हुई भक्ति के द्वारा' —
iti ekādaśa-ukteḥbecause this is said in the Eleventh Canto ablative of reason: 'from the statement…'ऐसे एकादश स्कन्ध के वचन के कारण
bhakti-uddeśaka-bhakti-karaṇamdoing devotion that aims at devotion the practice whose target is more devotionजिसका उद्देश्य (और अधिक) भक्ति हो, ऐसी भक्ति करना
ucitam evais entirely proper eva = 'indeed'उचित ही है
iti ataḥand therefore, for this reasonइसीलिए
anyasmin khalu bhakti-atirikta"in anything else" surely means "in what is over and above devotion" khalu = 'surely''भक्ति से भिन्न अन्य में' — निश्चय ही (ऐसा कहा)
itiso it is to be taken— ऐसा (कहा गया)
bhaktyā sañjātayā bhaktyā iti ekādaśa-ukteḥ — from the Eleventh Canto's saying 'by devotion arisen from devotion'; bhakti-uddeśaka-bhakti-karaṇam ucitam eva — devotion aimed at devotion is quite proper; iti ataḥ anyasmin khalu bhakti-atirikta iti — therefore 'anything else' surely means 'what is over and above devotion.'
bhaktyā sañjātayā bhaktyā — 'भक्ति से उत्पन्न भक्ति के द्वारा'; iti ekādaśa-ukteḥ — ऐसे एकादश-वचन के कारण; bhakti-uddeśaka-bhakti-karaṇam — भक्ति को उद्देश्य बनाकर भक्ति करना; ucitam eva — उचित ही; iti ataḥ — इसलिए; anyasmin khalu bhakti-atirikta — भक्ति से अतिरिक्त अन्य में निश्चय ही; iti — इति
He backs this reading with scripture. The Eleventh Canto says devotion is reached "by devotion arisen from devotion." So it is perfectly proper to practice devotion whose very aim is more devotion — wanting devotion is not a flaw. That is exactly why the verse's word "anything else" must mean "anything beyond devotion," not "anything beyond Kṛṣṇa." Longing for devotion is allowed; longing for a reward past devotion is what is emptied out.
'भक्ति से उत्पन्न हुई भक्ति के द्वारा' — इस एकादश स्कन्ध के वचन के कारण, जिसका उद्देश्य और अधिक भक्ति हो, ऐसी भक्ति करना उचित ही है; इसीलिए 'भक्ति से भिन्न अन्य में' (अभिलाषा-शून्य) — ऐसा कहा गया।
Why cited: cited to show that longing for devotion itself is proper, so 'anya' in the verse must mean 'other than devotion,' not 'other than Kṛṣṇa.'
क्यों उद्धृत: यह वचन इसलिए उद्धृत है कि भक्ति की ही अभिलाषा उचित है; अतः श्लोक के 'अन्य' का अर्थ 'भक्ति से अन्य' होना चाहिए, 'कृष्ण से अन्य' नहीं।
s28objection
yathātrānyābhilāṣa-śūnyatvaṁ vihāyānyābhilāṣa-svabhāvārthaka-tācchīlya-pratyayena kasyacid bhaktasya kadācid akasmāt maraṇa-saṅkaṭe prāpte « he bhagavan bhaktaṁ mām etad vipatteḥ sakāśād rakṣa » iti |
yathā atrajust as, here sets up the contrasting caseजैसे यहाँ
anyābhilāṣa-śūnyatvaṁ vihāyasetting aside the reading 'being empty of longing for anything else' gerund: 'having dropped…''अन्याभिलाष-शून्यता' (वाला अर्थ) छोड़कर
anyābhilāṣa-svabhāva-arthaka-tācchīlya-pratyayenaby taking the suffix as one of habitual character — meaning 'one whose very nature is to long for other things' instrumental: reading -tā as a habit-suffix'-ता' को स्वभाव-सूचक ताच्छील्य-प्रत्यय मानने से (अर्थात् जिसका अन्य-अभिलाषा स्वभाव हो)
kasyacid bhaktasyaof some devotee genitiveकिसी भक्त को
kadācit akasmātat some moment, all of a suddenकभी अकस्मात्
maraṇa-saṅkaṭe prāptewhen the danger of death has come upon him locative absolute: 'once the peril has arrived…'मृत्यु का संकट आ पड़ने पर
«he bhagavan bhaktaṁ mām etad vipatteḥ sakāśād rakṣa»"O Lord, protect me, your devotee, from this calamity" — the cry he lets out'हे भगवन्! अपने भक्त मुझको इस विपत्ति से बचाइए'
itihe says — thus— ऐसा (कहना बन जाएगा)
yathā atra anyābhilāṣa-śūnyatvaṁ vihāya — just as here, setting aside 'empty of other longing'; anyābhilāṣa-svabhāva-arthaka-tācchīlya-pratyayena — by the habit-suffix meaning 'having other-longing as one's nature'; kasyacid bhaktasya kadācit akasmāt maraṇa-saṅkaṭe prāpte — when some devotee, once, suddenly, meets the peril of death; «he bhagavan… rakṣa» iti — he cries 'O Lord, protect me.'
yathā atra — जैसे यहाँ; anyābhilāṣa-śūnyatvaṁ vihāya — 'अन्याभिलाष-शून्यत्व' छोड़कर; anyābhilāṣa-svabhāva-arthaka-tācchīlya-pratyayena — स्वभाव-अर्थक ताच्छील्य-प्रत्यय मानकर; kasyacid bhaktasya — किसी भक्त का; kadācit akasmāt — कभी अकस्मात्; maraṇa-saṅkaṭe prāpte — मरण-संकट आ पड़ने पर; «he bhagavan bhaktaṁ mām etad vipatteḥ sakāśād rakṣa» — 'हे भगवन्! भक्त मुझे इस विपत्ति से रक्षा करो'; iti — इति
Now a worry about wording. The word for "empty of other longing" (anyābhilāṣitā) carries a suffix that can be read two ways. Read one way it means simply "the state of having no other longing." But that suffix can also mark habitual character — "one whose nature it is to long for other things." Take it that second way and picture a devotee who, one day, is suddenly facing death and blurts out, "O Lord, save me, your devotee, from this disaster!" He has just longed for something other than devotion. The reply comes next.
जैसे — यहाँ 'अन्य की अभिलाषा से शून्य होना' — यह अर्थ छोड़कर, यदि '-ता' को स्वभाव-सूचक ताच्छील्य-प्रत्यय मान लें (अर्थात् जिसका अन्य-अभिलाषा स्वभाव हो), तो किसी भक्त को कभी अकस्मात् मृत्यु का संकट आ पड़ने पर 'हे भगवन्! अपने भक्त मुझको इस विपत्ति से बचाइए' — ऐसा (कहना उस लक्षण से बाहर हो जाएगा)।
tācchīlya-pratyaya (grammar): a suffix marking settled habit — "one who characteristically does X." Read so, anyābhilāṣitā would name a person whose standing disposition is to crave other things — not a single, stray craving. The distinction (habitual vs. occasional) is the hinge of the reply that follows.
ताच्छील्य-प्रत्यय (व्याकरण) स्वभावगत आदत का सूचक प्रत्यय है — 'जो स्वभाव से ऐसा करता है'। इस पाठ में 'अन्याभिलाषिता' उसे कहेगी जिसकी स्थायी वृत्ति ही अन्य वस्तुओं की चाह है — न कि किसी एक क्षणिक चाह को। यही स्वभावगत बनाम कादाचित्क का भेद आगे आने वाले उत्तर का आधार है।
s29reply
kadācitkābhilāṣa-sattve’pi na kṣatiḥ |
kadācitka-abhilāṣa-sattve apieven when a once-in-a-while longing is present locative absolute; api = 'even'कभी-कदाचित् होने वाली अभिलाषा के विद्यमान रहने पर भी
na kṣatiḥthere is no damage — the definition is not harmedकोई हानि नहीं (लक्षण भंग नहीं होता)
kadācitka-abhilāṣa-sattve api — even given an occasional longing; na kṣatiḥ — there is no harm.
kadācitka-abhilāṣa-sattve api — कभी-कभी होने वाली अभिलाषा के रहने पर भी; na kṣatiḥ — क्षति नहीं
The answer: no harm is done. Even if such a longing shows up once in a while — like that dying man's cry for rescue — the definition of the highest devotion is not broken. An occasional craving does not disqualify him. Why not? The next line explains.
कभी-कदाचित् होने वाली अभिलाषा के रहने पर भी कोई क्षति नहीं होती।
s30reply
yatas tasya vaivaśya-hetuka-svabhāva-viparyayeṇaiva tādṛg-abhilāṣo, na tu svābhāvika iti bodhyam |
yataḥbecauseक्योंकि
tasyain his case genitiveउस (भक्त) की
vaivaśya-hetuka-svabhāva-viparyayeṇa evaonly through a reversal of his nature caused by helplessness instrumental of means; eva = 'only'विवशता से उत्पन्न स्वभाव-विपर्यय के कारण ही
tādṛk-abhilāṣaḥthat sort of longing arisesवैसी अभिलाषा (होती है)
na tu svābhāvikaḥand not because it is native to him tu = 'but'किन्तु स्वाभाविक नहीं
iti bodhyamso it should be understoodऐसा समझना चाहिए
yataḥ tasya vaivaśya-hetuka-svabhāva-viparyayeṇa eva tādṛk-abhilāṣaḥ — because in him such longing comes only by a helplessness-driven reversal of nature; na tu svābhāvikaḥ — not as something natural to him; iti bodhyam — so it is to be understood.
yataḥ — क्योंकि; tasya — उसका; vaivaśya-hetuka-svabhāva-viparyayeṇa eva — विवशता के कारण स्वभाव-विपर्यय से ही; tādṛk-abhilāṣaḥ — वैसी अभिलाषा; na tu svābhāvikaḥ — स्वाभाविक नहीं; iti bodhyam — ऐसा जानना चाहिए
The reason: in that devotee the craving is not who he really is. It surfaces only because sheer helplessness has, for a moment, turned his nature upside down. It is a lapse forced by panic, not his settled character. Since the disqualifying word marks a habitual longing, and his is only a stray one born of distress, the definition still holds. Understand it in this way.
क्योंकि उस भक्त की वैसी अभिलाषा विवशता से उत्पन्न स्वभाव-विपर्यय के कारण ही होती है, स्वाभाविक नहीं — ऐसा समझना चाहिए।
This is why the reply hangs on the tācchīlya reading of s28: the suffix rules out a habitual craver, not a devotee whose nature is momentarily overturned by crisis.
इसी कारण यह उत्तर स२८ के ताच्छील्य-पाठ पर टिका है — वह प्रत्यय स्वभाव से चाह करने वाले का निषेध करता है, न कि उस भक्त का जिसका स्वभाव संकट से क्षणभर के लिए विपरीत हो जाए।
s31gloss
punaḥ kīdṛśam ? jñāna-karmādy-anāvṛtam |
punaḥ kīdṛśam?again, of what sort? — what else is the cultivation like?फिर (वह अनुशीलन) कैसा (हो)?
jñāna-karma-ādi-anāvṛtamnot covered over by knowledge, action, and the restज्ञान, कर्म आदि से ढका हुआ न हो
punaḥ kīdṛśam? — again, of what kind?; jñāna-karma-ādi-anāvṛtam — not covered over by knowledge, action, and the rest.
punaḥ kīdṛśam? — फिर कैसा?; jñāna-karma-ādi-anāvṛtam — ज्ञान-कर्म आदि से अनावृत
And what else is this cultivation like? It is not covered over by knowledge, action, and the rest. This is the second describing word for the highest devotion. Viśvanātha now takes its pieces one by one: first "knowledge," then "action," then "and the rest," and finally the key word "covered."
फिर (वह अनुशीलन) कैसा हो? — ज्ञान, कर्म आदि से अनावृत (ढका हुआ न हो)।
s32gloss
jñānam atra nirbheda-brahmānusandhānam |
jñānam atra"knowledge" here meansयहाँ 'ज्ञान' (से)
nirbheda-brahma-anusandhānamthe pursuit of the undivided Brahman — seeking the featureless Absolute nirbheda = 'without distinctions'भेदरहित ब्रह्म का अनुसन्धान (अभिप्रेत है)
jñānam atra — 'knowledge' here; nirbheda-brahma-anusandhānam — the inquiry into distinctionless Brahman.
jñānam atra — यहाँ 'ज्ञान'; nirbheda-brahma-anusandhānam — निर्भेद ब्रह्म का अनुसन्धान
"Knowledge" here has a narrow sense. It means the pursuit of the undifferentiated Brahman — the impersonal, featureless Absolute of the monist path. That is the "knowledge" the verse warns against, the kind that would cover over pure devotion.
यहाँ 'ज्ञान' से भेदरहित ब्रह्म का अनुसन्धान (अभिप्रेत है)।
jñāna (Advaita Vedānta): the liberating realization of the self's identity with the attributeless (nirbheda) Brahman. Here it names only that impersonal knowledge-path — not knowledge in general — because only that sort competes with and smothers devotion.
ज्ञान (अद्वैत वेदान्त) अर्थात् आत्मा का निर्भेद (निर्विशेष) ब्रह्म से अभेद-साक्षात्कार। यहाँ वह केवल उसी निर्विशेष ज्ञानमार्ग को कहता है, ज्ञानमात्र को नहीं — क्योंकि केवल वही भक्ति से स्पर्धा करके उसे ढँकता है।
s33gloss
na tu bhajanīya-tattvānusandhānam api |
na tubut not tu = 'but'किन्तु नहीं
bhajanīya-tattva-anusandhānam apithe inquiry into the Reality worth worshiping — knowing who the Lord truly is api = 'as well / even'भजनीय तत्त्व का अनुसन्धान (यहाँ 'ज्ञान' से नहीं लिया जाता)
na tu bhajanīya-tattva-anusandhānam api — but not, as well, the inquiry into the worshipable Reality.
na tu — किन्तु नहीं; bhajanīya-tattva-anusandhānam api — भजनीय तत्त्व का अनुसन्धान भी
But it does not mean the search to know the Lord who is worth worshiping — understanding who Kṛṣṇa truly is. That kind of knowing is not forbidden. Only the impersonal knowledge is. Why this one is kept, the next line says.
किन्तु भजनीय तत्त्व का अनुसन्धान (यहाँ 'ज्ञान' से) नहीं (लिया जाता)।
s34reply
tasyāvaśyāpekṣaṇīyatvāt |
tasyabecause that knowing of the worshipable Lord genitive subjectउस (भजनीय-तत्त्व के अनुसन्धान) का
avaśya-apekṣaṇīyatvātis something you must have — it is indispensable ablative of reason: 'because it is necessarily required'क्योंकि वह तो अवश्य अपेक्षित है
tasya avaśya-apekṣaṇīyatvāt — because that (inquiry into the worshipable Reality) is indispensably required.
tasya — उसका; avaśya-apekṣaṇīyatvāt — अवश्य अपेक्षणीय होने के कारण
The reason it is kept: knowing whom you worship is something you simply must have. You cannot love and serve Kṛṣṇa without some grasp of who he is. So this knowledge is not a coverer of devotion — it is a requirement of it, and stays.
क्योंकि वह (भजनीय तत्त्व का अनुसन्धान) तो अवश्य अपेक्षित है।
s35gloss
karma smārta-nitya-naimittikādi, na tu bhajanīya-paricaryādi |
karma"action" means'कर्म' (से)
smārta-nitya-naimittika-ādithe daily and occasional rites laid down in the smṛti, and the like nitya = daily duty; naimittika = occasion-triggeredस्मृति-विहित नित्य और नैमित्तिक आदि कर्म
na tubut not tu = 'but'किन्तु नहीं
bhajanīya-paricaryā-ādithe loving service of the one worth worshiping, and the likeभजनीय (भगवान्) की परिचर्या आदि
karma — 'action'; smārta-nitya-naimittika-ādi — the smṛti-based daily and occasional rites, etc.; na tu bhajanīya-paricaryā-ādi — but not the service of the worshipable Lord.
karma — 'कर्म'; smārta-nitya-naimittika-ādi — स्मार्त नित्य-नैमित्तिक आदि; na tu — किन्तु नहीं; bhajanīya-paricaryā-ādi — भजनीय की परिचर्या आदि
"Action" also has a narrow sense. It means the ritual duties prescribed in the smṛti — the daily obligatory rites and the ones triggered by special occasions, and so on. It does not mean loving service to Kṛṣṇa. Serving him is not the "action" the verse sets aside.
'कर्म' से स्मृति-विहित नित्य-नैमित्तिक आदि कर्म (अभिप्रेत हैं), किन्तु भजनीय (भगवान्) की परिचर्या आदि नहीं।
karma (Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā / dharmaśāstra): the Veda-and-smṛti-enjoined ritual acts — nitya (daily obligatory) and naimittika (occasion-triggered). Here it names just these duty-rites, not devotional service, since only ritual done as bare obligation can cover devotion.
कर्म (पूर्व-मीमांसा/धर्मशास्त्र) अर्थात् वेद-स्मृति-विहित अनुष्ठान — नित्य (प्रतिदिन का कर्तव्य) और नैमित्तिक (निमित्त से प्रेरित)। यहाँ वह केवल इन्हीं कर्तव्य-कर्मों को कहता है, भगवान् की सेवा को नहीं; क्योंकि केवल कर्तव्यबुद्धि से किया गया कर्म ही भक्ति को ढँक सकता है।
s36reply
tasya tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvāt |
tasyabecause such service genitive subjectउस (परिचर्या) का
tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvātis itself a form of cultivating him ablative of reason: 'because it has the form of…'क्योंकि वह तो उसी (कृष्ण) के अनुशीलन-रूप है
tasya tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvāt — because that (service) is itself of the form of cultivating him.
tasya — उसका; tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvāt — उसके अनुशीलन-रूप होने के कारण
Why service is excluded from the forbidden "action": serving Kṛṣṇa is itself a form of cultivating Kṛṣṇa. It is the very thing the verse is defining. It could hardly be something that covers devotion, since it is devotion. So it is not the "action" being ruled out.
क्योंकि वह (परिचर्या) तो उसी (कृष्ण) के अनुशीलन-रूप ही है।
s37gloss
ādi-śabdena yajña-vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhyābhyāsādayas tair anāvṛtam |
ādi-śabdenaby the word "and the rest" instrumental: 'by the term ādi''आदि' शब्द से
yajña-vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhya-abhyāsa-ādayaḥare meant sacrifice, renunciation, yoga, the practice of Sāṅkhya, and so onयज्ञ, वैराग्य, योग, सांख्य, अभ्यास आदि (लिए जाते हैं)
taiḥ anāvṛtamnot covered over by them instrumental: 'covered by these'उनके द्वारा ढका हुआ न हो
ādi-śabdena — by the word 'and the rest'; yajña-vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhya-abhyāsa-ādayaḥ — sacrifice, renunciation, yoga, Sāṅkhya-practice, etc.; taiḥ anāvṛtam — not covered over by them.
ādi-śabdena — 'आदि' शब्द से; yajña-vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhya-abhyāsa-ādayaḥ — यज्ञ, वैराग्य, योग, सांख्य, अभ्यास आदि; taiḥ anāvṛtam — उनसे अनावृत
The verse's phrase "and the rest" widens the list. It brings in sacrifice, renunciation, yoga, the practice of Sāṅkhya, and other such disciplines. The highest devotion is not covered over by any of these either.
'आदि' शब्द से यज्ञ, वैराग्य, योग, सांख्य, अभ्यास आदि लिए जाते हैं; (अनुशीलन) उनसे अनावृत (ढका हुआ न) हो।
vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhya (the classical darśanas): Sāṅkhya's discrimination of spirit and matter, Yoga's eightfold discipline of the mind, and the dispassion (vairāgya) common to both. Listed here as further paths whose intrusion could smother pure devotion.
वैराग्य-योग-सांख्य (शास्त्रीय दर्शन) — सांख्य का पुरुष-प्रकृति-विवेक, योग की अष्टांग चित्त-निरोध साधना, और दोनों में समान वैराग्य। ये 'आदि' शब्द से गृहीत और भी मार्ग हैं, जिनका प्रवेश शुद्ध भक्ति को ढँक सकता।
s38gloss
na tu pūrvavat tac-chūnyam ity arthaḥ |
na tu pūrvavatbut not, as in the earlier phrase tu = 'but'; pūrvavat = 'as before'किन्तु पहले (विशेषण) की भाँति नहीं
tat-śūnyamdevoid of them i.e. empty of knowledge, action, etc.उन (ज्ञान-कर्म आदि) से शून्य
iti arthaḥthis is the meaningऐसा अर्थ है
na tu pūrvavat tat-śūnyam — not, as in the earlier phrase, empty of them; iti arthaḥ — this is the sense.
na tu pūrvavat — किन्तु पूर्ववत् नहीं; tat-śūnyam — उससे शून्य; iti arthaḥ — ऐसा अर्थ है
Now the crucial contrast. The first qualifier used the word "empty" — empty of longing. This second qualifier does not say "empty of knowledge and action." It says "not covered" by them. The two words are different on purpose: the highest devotion is not required to be devoid of all knowledge and action, only to be uncovered by them. That is the meaning.
किन्तु पहले (विशेषण 'शून्य') की भाँति 'उनसे शून्य' — ऐसा अर्थ नहीं है (अपितु 'उनसे अनावृत')।
s39conclusion
tena ca bhakty-āvarakāṇām eva jñāna-karmādīnāṁ niṣedho’bhipretaḥ |
tena caand by this (choice of 'covered' over 'empty') instrumentalऔर इससे
bhakti-āvarakāṇām evaonly of those that are coverers of devotion genitive; eva = 'only'जो भक्ति को ढक देते हैं, केवल उन्हीं
jñāna-karma-ādīnāṁkinds of knowledge, action, and the rest genitiveज्ञान, कर्म आदि का
niṣedhaḥ abhipretaḥis the prohibition intendedनिषेध अभिप्रेत है
tena ca — and by this; bhakti-āvarakāṇām eva jñāna-karma-ādīnāṁ — only of the devotion-covering kinds of knowledge, action, etc.; niṣedhaḥ abhipretaḥ — is the ban meant.
tena ca — और इससे; bhakti-āvarakāṇām eva — केवल भक्ति को ढकने वाले; jñāna-karma-ādīnāṁ — ज्ञान-कर्म आदि का; niṣedhaḥ abhipretaḥ — निषेध अभिप्रेत है
This word choice settles what is actually banned. The verse forbids knowledge, action, and the rest only insofar as they cover devotion — and no further. Knowledge and action that do not smother devotion are left untouched. What counts as "covering" devotion is defined in the next line.
और इससे, जो भक्ति को ढक देते हैं, केवल उन्हीं ज्ञान, कर्म आदि का निषेध अभिप्रेत है।
s40definition
bhakty-āvarakatvaṁ nāma vidhi-śāsanān nitya-karmākaraṇe pratyavāyādi-bhayāc chraddhayā kriyamāṇatvam |
bhakti-āvarakatvaṁ nāma"being a coverer of devotion" means this'भक्ति को ढकना' का अर्थ है —
vidhi-śāsanātbecause scripture commands it ablative of reason: 'from the injunction'विधि के आदेश के कारण
nitya-karma-akaraṇeif the obligatory rite is left undone locative: 'in the non-doing of…'नित्य कर्म न करने पर
pratyavāya-ādi-bhayātout of fear of the sin and the like that would follow ablative of cause; pratyavāya = 'incurred fault'प्रत्यवाय आदि दोष के भय से
śraddhayā kriyamāṇatvambeing performed with (mere) faith in that 'the state of being done with such faith'श्रद्धापूर्वक किया जाना (होता है)
bhakti-āvarakatvaṁ nāma — being a coverer of devotion is; vidhi-śāsanāt nitya-karma-akaraṇe pratyavāya-ādi-bhayāt — from the injunction, fearing the sin of leaving the daily rite undone; śraddhayā kriyamāṇatvam — being done with faith in that.
bhakti-āvarakatvaṁ nāma — भक्ति-आवरकत्व अर्थात्; vidhi-śāsanāt — विधि के शासन के कारण; nitya-karma-akaraṇe — नित्य कर्म न करने पर; pratyavāya-ādi-bhayāt — प्रत्यवाय आदि के भय से; śraddhayā kriyamāṇatvam — श्रद्धा से किया जाना
What does it mean to say knowledge or action "covers" devotion? Here is the first case. Scripture commands the daily rites, and warns that skipping them brings sin. If a person then performs those rites driven by that fear — believing he must, or he will incur the fault — that ritual is done with mere duty-faith. Doing it in that spirit is what makes it a coverer of devotion. (A second case follows in the next line.)
'भक्ति को ढकना' का अर्थ है — विधि के आदेश के कारण, नित्य कर्म न करने पर प्रत्यवाय आदि दोष के भय से, (जिसका) श्रद्धापूर्वक किया जाना (होता है)।
pratyavāya (Mīmāṁsā): the specific demerit incurred by omitting a commanded obligatory (nitya) rite. The point: it is the motive — acting from fear of that demerit rather than for Kṛṣṇa — that turns karma into a coverer of devotion, not the act itself.
प्रत्यवाय (मीमांसा) अर्थात् विहित नित्य कर्म के त्याग से लगने वाला विशेष दोष। आशय यह कि भक्ति को ढँकने वाला कर्म का अपना रूप नहीं, अपितु प्रयोजन है — कृष्ण के लिए नहीं, अपितु उस दोष के भय से किया जाना ही कर्म को भक्ति का आवरक बना देता है।
s41definition
tathā bhakty-ādi-rūpeṣṭa-sādhanatvāc chraddhayā kriyamāṇatvaṁ ca |
tathāand in the same way (adding a second kind of covering to the one just given) connective; parallels the previous sentenceतथा
bhakty-ādi-rūpeṣṭa-sādhanatvātbecause it is done as a means to a desired end whose form is devotion and the like ablative of reason (-tvāt): the motive that makes it a 'covering'क्योंकि (वह) भक्ति आदि रूप इष्ट का साधन है
śraddhayāwith (this kind of) faith instrumental of mannerश्रद्धापूर्वक
kriyamāṇatvamits being carried out — this too counts as covering devotion present passive participle + -tva: the second defining caseकिया जाना
caand (joining this second case to the first from the previous line) conjunction linking the two kriyamāṇatvam clausesऔर (यह दूसरा प्रकार)
tathā — and likewise; bhakty-ādi-rūpeṣṭa-sādhanatvāt — because it is a means to a desired end whose form is devotion and the like; śraddhayā — with such faith; kriyamāṇatvam ca — [there is] also its being carried out [and this too is 'covering'].
tathā — तथा; bhakty-ādi-rūpeṣṭa-sādhanatvāt — भक्ति आदि रूप इष्ट का साधन होने से; śraddhayā — श्रद्धा से; kriyamāṇatvam — किया जाना; ca — और
Here is the second way that knowledge or action can 'cover' devotion. It is done with faith, but the faith is aimed at getting a desired result — say, at gaining devotion itself and the like. When a rite is performed with that motive, that too counts as covering devotion. So there are two coverings in all: the first (given just before) is doing the rite out of fear of sin; this second one is doing it with faith because you want the result it brings.
तथा (दूसरा प्रकार) — भक्ति आदि रूप इष्ट का साधन होने के कारण श्रद्धापूर्वक किया जाना — यह भी (भक्ति को ढकना है)।
śraddhā normally means simple, trusting faith. Here it is used narrowly: the faith that makes a rite a 'covering' is faith placed in the rite as a tool for getting a result, not pure trust in Kṛṣṇa.
श्रद्धा का साधारण अर्थ सरल, विश्वासमयी आस्था है। यहाँ वह संकुचित अर्थ में है — जो श्रद्धा कर्म को 'आवरक' बनाती है, वह कर्म में फल-प्राप्ति के साधन-रूप में रखी गई श्रद्धा है, कृष्ण में शुद्ध विश्वास नहीं।
s42reply
tena loka-saṁgrahārtham aśraddhayāpi pitrādi-śrāddhaṁ kurvatāṁ mahānubhāvānāṁ śuddha-bhaktau nāvyāptiḥ |
tenabecause of this (because 'covering' requires being done with such faith) instrumental of reason, pointing back to the two definitions just givenइस (परिभाषा) के कारण
loka-saṁgrahārthamin order to set an example for people / to hold the world together purpose compound (-artham): why the great souls actलोक-संग्रह के लिए
aśraddhayāpieven without that faith — even with no such result-seeking faith instrumental; api = 'even', granting the hard case(भीतर) श्रद्धा न रहते हुए भी
pitrādi-śrāddhaṁthe śrāddha rite for the ancestors and the like object of 'perform'पितरों आदि का श्राद्ध
kurvatāṁof those who perform [it] genitive plural present participle, agreeing with 'great souls'करने वाले
mahānubhāvānāṁof the great souls genitive plural: whose pure devotion is at issueमहानुभावों की
śuddha-bhaktauas regards [their] pure devotion locative: the case the definition must not missशुद्ध भक्ति के विषय में
nāvyāptiḥthere is no falling-short — the definition does not fail to include them na + avyāpti: the definition-fault of under-coverage is avoidedअव्याप्ति दोष नहीं होता
tena — because of this; loka-saṁgrahārtham — for the guidance of the world; aśraddhayā api — even without such faith; pitrādi-śrāddhaṁ kurvatām — of those performing the śrāddha for the ancestors and the like; mahānubhāvānām — of the great souls; śuddha-bhaktau — regarding [their] pure devotion; na avyāptiḥ — there is no under-application.
tena — इससे; loka-saṁgrahārtham — लोक-संग्रह के लिए; aśraddhayāpi — अश्रद्धा से भी; pitrādi-śrāddhaṁ — पितृ आदि का श्राद्ध; kurvatāṁ — करने वाले; mahānubhāvānāṁ — महानुभावों की; śuddha-bhaktau — शुद्ध भक्ति में; nāvyāptiḥ — अव्याप्ति नहीं
This settles a worry. Great souls sometimes perform ancestral śrāddha rites, and they do it purely to set an example for ordinary people — not out of fear of sin, and not to gain any result. So they act without the result-seeking faith just described. Since 'covering' was defined as doing the rite with that faith, their rites are not coverings at all. Therefore the definition of pure devotion does not fail to include these great souls. There is no under-application: their bhakti still counts as pure.
इस (परिभाषा) के कारण, लोक-संग्रह के लिए भीतर श्रद्धा न रहते हुए भी पितरों आदि का श्राद्ध करने वाले महानुभावों की शुद्ध भक्ति के विषय में अव्याप्ति दोष नहीं होता।
loka-saṁgraha comes from the Gītā (3.20, 3.25), where a realized person keeps acting so ordinary people have a model to follow. Same sense here: the great souls do the rites only to hold society together by example, not for any reward.
लोक-संग्रह गीता (३.२०, ३.२५) से आता है, जहाँ आत्मज्ञ पुरुष इसलिए कर्म करता रहता है कि सामान्य जन को अनुसरणीय आदर्श मिले। यहाँ भी वही अर्थ — महानुभाव उन कर्मों को केवल उदाहरण-द्वारा समाज को धारण करने के लिए करते हैं, किसी फल के लिए नहीं।
s43conclusion
atra śrī-kṛṣṇānuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇa-bhaktir iti vaktavye bhagavac-chāstreṣu kevalasya ca bhakti-śabdasya tatraiva viśrāntir ity abhiprāyāt tathoktam ||
atrahere (in this defining verse) locative of place in the textयहाँ
śrī-kṛṣṇānuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇa-bhaktir iti vaktavyealthough one ought to have said 'the cultivation of Śrī Kṛṣṇa is devotion to Kṛṣṇa' locative absolute (vaktavye): 'though it should have been said…'यद्यपि 'श्रीकृष्णानुशीलन ही कृष्ण-भक्ति है' — ऐसा कहना स्वाभाविक था
bhagavac-chāstreṣuin the scriptures that are about the Lord locative: the setting where the plain word 'bhakti' already points only to Himभगवत्परक शास्त्रों में
kevalasya ca bhakti-śabdasyaand [that] the bare word 'bhakti' by itself genitive; kevala = 'bare, on its own'; ca links into the reasonऔर अकेले 'भक्ति' शब्द का
tatraiva viśrāntiḥcomes to rest precisely there — on Kṛṣṇa alone eva = 'precisely'; viśrānti = the word's final resting-place of meaningउन्हीं (कृष्ण) में पर्यवसान होता है
ity abhiprāyātbecause this was [the author's] intention ablative of reason (abhiprāyāt): the motive for the wordingइस अभिप्राय के कारण
tathoktamit was said in that way — simply 'devotion,' not 'devotion to Kṛṣṇa' 'thus stated'; closes the pointवैसा (कृष्णानुशीलन कहकर) कहा गया
atra — here; śrī-kṛṣṇānuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇa-bhaktiḥ iti vaktavye — though 'the cultivation of Śrī Kṛṣṇa is devotion to Kṛṣṇa' ought to have been said; bhagavac-chāstreṣu kevalasya ca bhakti-śabdasya — and [because] in the scriptures about the Lord the bare word 'bhakti'; tatra eva viśrāntiḥ — rests precisely there [on Kṛṣṇa]; iti abhiprāyāt — because of this intention; tathā uktam — it was stated thus.
atra — यहाँ; śrī-kṛṣṇānuśīlanaṁ kṛṣṇa-bhaktir iti vaktavye — 'श्रीकृष्णानुशीलन कृष्ण-भक्ति है' कहना उचित होने पर; bhagavac-chāstreṣu — भगवत् शास्त्रों में; kevalasya ca bhakti-śabdasya — और केवल 'भक्ति' शब्द का; tatraiva viśrāntiḥ — वहीं विश्रान्ति; ity abhiprāyāt — इस अभिप्राय से; tathoktam — वैसा कहा गया
One last point on the wording. Strictly, Rūpa Gosvāmī could have said 'the cultivation of Śrī Kṛṣṇa is devotion to Kṛṣṇa.' Instead he wrote only 'is the highest devotion,' leaving Kṛṣṇa's name out of the predicate. Why? Because in scripture that speaks of the Lord, the plain word 'bhakti,' all by itself, already comes to rest on Kṛṣṇa and no one else. The name is understood. So he deliberately said just 'devotion' rather than 'devotion to Kṛṣṇa.'
यहाँ, यद्यपि 'श्रीकृष्णानुशीलन ही कृष्ण-भक्ति है' — ऐसा कहना स्वाभाविक था, तथापि भगवत्परक शास्त्रों में अकेले 'भक्ति' शब्द का पर्यवसान उन्हीं (कृष्ण) में होता है — इस अभिप्राय से वैसा (कृष्णानुशीलन कहकर) कहा गया।
This closing note matches Jīva's on the same verse; both explain why the verse says 'bhakti' and not 'kṛṣṇa-bhakti.'
यह अन्तिम कथन उसी श्लोक पर जीव के कथन के समान है; दोनों यह बतलाते हैं कि श्लोक 'भक्ति' ही क्यों कहता है, 'कृष्ण-भक्ति' क्यों नहीं।
Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī
s1definition
prāg asya taṭastha-lakṣaṇam āha anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyaṁ anyābhilāṣitā kṛṣṇa-bhajana-sampādana-virodhi-yoṣit-saṅgādi-rūpā durnīti-mūlā vāñchā |
prākfirst of all, before anything elseपहले
asyaof this — of bhakti (the thing being defined) genitive of the thing definedइस (भक्ति) का
taṭastha-lakṣaṇamits definition by an outside mark — a feature that is not bhakti's own inner nature but is found only where bhakti isतटस्थ-लक्षण
āhahe (the author, Rūpa) statesकहते हैं
anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam"empty of longing for anything else" — quoting the verse-phrase he is about to unpack'अन्याभिलाषिता-शून्य' —
anyābhilāṣitā"longing for something else" — now he defines what this means'अन्याभिलाषिता' (अर्थात्)
kṛṣṇa-bhajana-sampādana-virodhi-yoṣit-saṅgādi-rūpātaking the form of things like keeping company with women — things that block getting the worship of Kṛṣṇa doneकृष्ण-भजन के सम्पादन में बाधक स्त्री-संग आदि रूप वाली
durnīti-mūlārooted in bad conduct, springing from misbehaviorदुराचार जिसका मूल है, ऐसी
vāñchāis a craving, a want — this is the head-word the whole description falls onवाञ्छा (कामना है)
prāk — first of all; asya — of bhakti; taṭastha-lakṣaṇam — its definition by an outside mark; āha — he states; anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam — namely "empty of longing for anything else". anyābhilāṣitā — "longing for something else" is: kṛṣṇa-bhajana-sampādana-virodhi-yoṣit-saṅgādi-rūpā — a craving in the form of things like women's company that block the worship of Kṛṣṇa; durnīti-mūlā — rooted in bad conduct; vāñchā — a craving.
prāk — पहले; asya — इसका; taṭastha-lakṣaṇam — तटस्थ-लक्षण; āha — कहते हैं; anyābhilāṣitā-śūnyam — 'अन्याभिलाषिता-शून्य'; anyābhilāṣitā — अन्याभिलाषिता; kṛṣṇa-bhajana-sampādana-virodhi-yoṣit-saṅgādi-rūpā — कृष्ण-भजन में विरोधी स्त्री-संग आदि रूप; durnīti-mūlā — दुर्नीति-मूलक; vāñchā — वाञ्छा
First the author gives bhakti's outside-mark definition, quoting the verse: "empty of longing for anything else." Now he says what that longing is. "Longing for something else" means a craving rooted in bad conduct — things like keeping company with women — the kind of thing that gets in the way of actually worshiping Kṛṣṇa. That craving is what the verse rules out.
पहले इस (भक्ति) का तटस्थ-लक्षण कहते हैं — 'अन्याभिलाषिता-शून्य'। 'अन्याभिलाषिता' अर्थात् कृष्ण-भजन के सम्पादन में बाधक स्त्री-संग आदि रूप, दुराचार-मूलक वाञ्छा।
taṭastha-lakṣaṇa: a defining mark that is not part of a thing's own nature but is nonetheless present only where that thing is — like defining a house as "the one with the crow perched on it": the crow is not part of the house, yet it does pick out this house. Here "empty of other longing" is not bhakti's inner essence, but it reliably marks pure bhakti off from everything else.
तटस्थ-लक्षण वह चिह्न है जो वस्तु के अपने स्वरूप का अंग नहीं, तौभी वहीं रहता है जहाँ वह वस्तु हो — जैसे घर को 'जिस पर कौआ बैठा है' कहकर पहचानना: कौआ घर का अंग नहीं, तौभी इसी घर को बतला देता है। यहाँ 'अन्य अभिलाषा से शून्य होना' भक्ति का अन्तरंग स्वरूप नहीं, तौभी शुद्ध भक्ति को अन्य सबसे निश्चित रूप से पृथक् कर देता है।
s2gloss
tayā śūnyaṁ vihīnam |
tayāof that — of that craving just defined instrumental read as "of / from that" with śūnyaउस (वाञ्छा) से
śūnyam"empty" — the verse's word, now being explainedशून्य (अर्थात्)
vihīnammeans: free of it, without it, having none of itरहित
śūnyam — the verse's word "empty"; tayā vihīnam — means free of that craving.
tayā — उससे; śūnyam — शून्य; vihīnam — रहित
"Empty" here means free of that craving. So the cultivation the verse praises is one that has no such self-serving longing left in it.
उस (वाञ्छा) से 'शून्य' अर्थात् रहित।
s3gloss
jñāna-karmādy-anāvṛtaṁ jñānam atra nirbheda-brahmānusandhānaṁ, na tu bhajanīyatvānusandhānam api, tasyāvaśyāpekṣaṇīyatvāt |
jñāna-karmādy-anāvṛtam"not covered over by knowledge, action, and the rest" — quoting the verse's next phrase to unpack it'ज्ञान-कर्म आदि से अनावृत' —
jñānam"knowledge" — the word he is now pinning downयहाँ 'ज्ञान'
atrahere, in this verseयहाँ (से)
nirbheda-brahmānusandhānammeans the pursuit of undivided, featureless Brahman — the impersonal knowledge-pathभेदरहित ब्रह्म का अनुसन्धान (है)
na tu bhajanīyatvānusandhānam apibut not, however, the inquiry into who is worth worshipingकिन्तु भजनीयत्व का अनुसन्धान नहीं
tasyabecause that — that inquiry into the worshipable one genitive of reason, picked up by the -tvāt belowउस (भजनीयत्व-अनुसन्धान) का
avaśya-apekṣaṇīyatvātis something you absolutely must have — so it can't be what's excluded ablative of cause: "because it is indispensable"क्योंकि वह तो अनिवार्यतः अपेक्षित है
jñāna-karmādy-anāvṛtam — the verse-phrase "not covered by knowledge, action, and the rest": jñānam atra — "knowledge" here; nirbheda-brahmānusandhānam — is the pursuit of featureless Brahman; na tu bhajanīyatvānusandhānam api — but not the inquiry into worship-worthiness; tasya avaśya-apekṣaṇīyatvāt — because that inquiry is absolutely required.
jñāna-karmādy-anāvṛtam — 'ज्ञान-कर्म आदि से अनावृत'; jñānam — 'ज्ञान'; atra — यहाँ; nirbheda-brahmānusandhānam — निर्भेद ब्रह्म का अनुसन्धान; na tu bhajanīyatvānusandhānam api — किन्तु भजनीयत्व का अनुसन्धान नहीं; tasya — उसका; avaśya-apekṣaṇīyatvāt — अवश्य अपेक्षणीय होने से
Next phrase: "not covered over by knowledge, action, and the rest." What is "knowledge" here? It is the pursuit of undivided, featureless Brahman — the impersonal path. It does not mean inquiring into who is worth worshiping. Why the exception? Because knowing the worshipable Lord is something a devotee absolutely must have, so that could never be what the verse excludes.
'ज्ञान-कर्म आदि से अनावृत' — यहाँ 'ज्ञान' से भेदरहित ब्रह्म का अनुसन्धान (अभिप्रेत है), किन्तु भजनीयत्व का अनुसन्धान नहीं; क्योंकि वह तो अनिवार्यतः अपेक्षित है।
jñāna: in Advaita Vedānta, the liberating realization of the self's oneness with attributeless Brahman. Here it names only that impersonal knowledge — narrowed so the verse's "knowledge" does not sweep in the devotee's own indispensable knowledge of the Lord.
ज्ञान (अद्वैत वेदान्त) अर्थात् आत्मा का निर्विशेष ब्रह्म से अभेद-साक्षात्कार। यहाँ वह केवल उसी निर्विशेष ज्ञान को कहता है — इतना संकुचित कि श्लोक का 'ज्ञान' भक्त के अपने अनिवार्य भगवद्-ज्ञान को अपने में न समेट ले।
s4gloss
karma ca smṛty-ādy-uktaṁ nitya-naimittikādi, na tu bhajanīya-paricaryādi, tasya tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvāt |
karma"action" — the next verse-word to fixऔर 'कर्म'
caand(से)
smṛty-ādy-uktamis what the smṛti and the like prescribeस्मृति आदि में विहित
nitya-naimittikādithe daily-obligatory and occasion-triggered rites, and so onनित्य-नैमित्तिक आदि कर्म
na tu bhajanīya-paricaryādibut not the loving service done for the one worth worshipingकिन्तु भजनीय (भगवान्) की परिचर्या आदि नहीं
tasyabecause that service genitive of reason with -tvāt belowउस (परिचर्या) का
tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvātis itself of the very nature of cultivating Him — so it can't be what's excluded ablative of cause: "because it has the form of His cultivation"क्योंकि वह तो उसी के अनुशीलन-रूप है
karma ca — and "action"; smṛty-ādy-uktam nitya-naimittikādi — is the daily and occasional rites and the like laid down in smṛti; na tu bhajanīya-paricaryādi — but not the loving service of the worshipable one; tasya tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvāt — because that service is itself of the form of cultivating Him.
karma — 'कर्म'; ca — और; smṛty-ādy-uktam — स्मृति आदि में कहा गया; nitya-naimittikādi — नित्य-नैमित्तिक आदि; na tu bhajanīya-paricaryādi — भजनीय की परिचर्या आदि नहीं; tasya — उसका; tad-anuśīlana-rūpatvāt — उसके अनुशीलन-रूप होने से
And "action"? It means the ritual duties the smṛti lays down — the daily and occasional rites and so on. It does not mean the loving service offered to the Lord worth worshiping. Why the exception? Because that service is itself a form of cultivating Him — it is bhakti, not the outside "action" being ruled out.
और 'कर्म' से स्मृति आदि में विहित नित्य-नैमित्तिक आदि कर्म (अभिप्रेत हैं), किन्तु भजनीय (भगवान्) की परिचर्या आदि नहीं; क्योंकि वह तो उसी (कृष्ण) के अनुशीलन-रूप है।
s5gloss
ādi-śabdena vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhyābhyāsādayaḥ, tair anāvṛtam avyavahitam apratihatam |
ādi-śabdenaby the word "and the rest" (ādi) — what does that catch? instrumental: "by the word ādi"'आदि' शब्द से
vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhyābhyāsādayaḥrenunciation, yoga, the practice of Sāṅkhya, and so onवैराग्य, योग, सांख्य, अभ्यास आदि (लिए जाते हैं)
taiḥby those — by knowledge, action, and these further paths instrumental of agent with the passive anāvṛtamउनके द्वारा
anāvṛtamnot covered over, not blanketedअनावृत (ढका हुआ न हो)
avyavahitamnot screened off, with nothing coming betweenअव्यवहित (बीच में किसी व्यवधान से रहित)
apratihatamnot blocked, not obstructedअप्रतिहत (बिना रोक-टोक)
ādi-śabdena — by the word "and the rest"; vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhyābhyāsādayaḥ — renunciation, yoga, the practice of Sāṅkhya, and so on; taiḥ anāvṛtam — not covered over by them; avyavahitam — not screened off; apratihatam — not blocked.
ādi-śabdena — 'आदि' शब्द से; vairāgya-yoga-sāṅkhyābhyāsādayaḥ — वैराग्य, योग, सांख्य, अभ्यास आदि; taiḥ — उनसे; anāvṛtam — अनावृत; avyavahitam — अव्यवहित; apratihatam — अप्रतिहत
And what does "and the rest" (ādi) pick up? Renunciation, yoga, the practice of Sāṅkhya, and paths like them. "Not covered over" by all these means: not blanketed by them, not screened off by them, not blocked by them. Pure cultivation runs through with nothing laid over it.
'आदि' शब्द से वैराग्य, योग, सांख्य, अभ्यास आदि लिए जाते हैं; उनके द्वारा अनावृत — अव्यवहित और अप्रतिहत।
s6gloss
ānukūlyena ānukūlyam atra bhajanoddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāya rocamānā pravṛttiḥ, prātikūlyaṁ tu tad-viparītaṁ jñeyam |
ānukūlyena"favorably" — the verse-word he now takes up'आनुकूल्येन' —
ānukūlyamfavorableness'आनुकूल्य'
atrahere, in this verseयहाँ
bhajanoddeśyāyatoward the one meant to be worshiped dative marking the target of the pleasingजो भजन का उद्देश्य हैं, उन (को रुचने वाली)
śrī-kṛṣṇāyanamely toward Śrī Kṛṣṇa dative in appositionश्रीकृष्ण को
rocamānāthat is pleasing, that he finds agreeableप्रिय लगने वाली
pravṛttiḥis engagement, active doingप्रवृत्ति (है)
prātikūlyamadverseness, going against him'प्रातिकूल्य'
tubut, by contrastतो
tad-viparītamis the opposite of that — engagement that displeases himउससे विपरीत
jñeyamis to be understoodजानना चाहिए
ānukūlyena — "favorably"; ānukūlyam atra — favorableness here; bhajanoddeśyāya śrī-kṛṣṇāya rocamānā pravṛttiḥ — is engagement pleasing to Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the one meant to be worshiped; prātikūlyam tu tad-viparītam jñeyam — but adverseness is to be understood as the opposite of that.
ānukūlyena — 'आनुकूल्येन'; ānukūlyam — आनुकूल्य; atra — यहाँ; bhajanoddeśyāya — भजन के उद्देश्य के लिए; śrī-kṛṣṇāya — श्रीकृष्ण के लिए; rocamānā — रुचने वाली; pravṛttiḥ — प्रवृत्ति; prātikūlyam — प्रातिकूल्य; tu — तो; tad-viparītam — उससे विपरीत; jñeyam — जानना चाहिए
Now "favorably." Favorableness here means active engagement that pleases Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the one meant to be worshiped. Adverseness, by contrast, is to be understood as its opposite — engagement that displeases him.
'आनुकूल्येन' — यहाँ 'आनुकूल्य' का अर्थ है — भजन के उद्देश्य-स्वरूप श्रीकृष्ण को रुचने वाली प्रवृत्ति; और 'प्रातिकूल्य' उससे विपरीत जानना चाहिए।
s7gloss
tasya bhajana-virodhāt, teneti viśeṣeṇa tṛtīyā na tu upalakṣaṇataḥ ānukūlyasyāpi bhaktitva-vidhānaṁ jñeyam |
tasyabecause that — because adverseness genitive of reason with -āt belowउस (प्रातिकूल्य) का
bhajana-virodhātruns against worship — that is why it is ruled out ablative of cause: "because of its opposition to worship"क्योंकि (वह) भजन का विरोधी है
tena"by [being] favorable" — the instrumental word in the verse the case-form under discussion'तेन' (तृतीया विभक्ति) से
iti— this word, that is— इस प्रकार
viśeṣeṇa tṛtīyāis an instrumental used to describe (to say what devotion IS), part of the definition itselfविशेषण के अर्थ में तृतीया विभक्ति (है)
na tu upalakṣaṇataḥand not one used as a mere pointer that drops away once it has found the thingन कि उपलक्षण के अर्थ में
ānukūlyasya apiso to favorableness as well — not only to the cultivationआनुकूल्य का भी
bhaktitva-vidhānamthe ruling that "this is devotion" reaches overभक्तित्व-रूप में विधान
jñeyamis to be understoodजानना चाहिए
tasya bhajana-virodhāt — because adverseness runs against worship; tena iti — the instrumental "by [being] favorable"; viśeṣeṇa tṛtīyā na tu upalakṣaṇataḥ — is an instrumental of description, not of mere pointing; ānukūlyasya api bhaktitva-vidhānam jñeyam — so the status "this is devotion" is to be understood as applying to favorableness too.
tasya — उसका; bhajana-virodhāt — भजन से विरोध के कारण; tena — 'तेन' से; iti — इति; viśeṣeṇa tṛtīyā — विशेषण-अर्थ में तृतीया; na tu upalakṣaṇataḥ — उपलक्षण से नहीं; ānukūlyasya api — आनुकूल्य का भी; bhaktitva-vidhānam — भक्तित्व का विधान; jñeyam — जानना चाहिए
Adverseness is excluded because it works against worship. So the instrumental word "favorably" is doing describing work — it tells us what devotion actually is, and is part of the definition. It is not a mere pointer that helps you locate devotion and then drops away. Because it describes, the ruling "this counts as devotion" reaches favorableness as well, not just the cultivation.
उस (प्रातिकूल्य) का भजन से विरोध होने के कारण, 'तेन' (यह तृतीया विभक्ति) विशेषण के अर्थ में है, उपलक्षण के अर्थ में नहीं; अतः आनुकूल्य का भी भक्तित्व-रूप में विधान जानना चाहिए।
viśeṣaṇa vs upalakṣaṇa: a viśeṣaṇa is a describing word that is part of what the thing is — "a blue lotus," where blueness genuinely belongs to this lotus. An upalakṣaṇa only helps you find the thing and then drops away — "the house with the crow on it," where the crow flies off and was never part of the house. Here Siddhānta reads "favorably" as a viśeṣaṇa: favorableness is built into devotion, so the verdict "this is devotion" covers it too, and is not merely a signpost for locating devotion elsewhere.
विशेषण और उपलक्षण का भेद — विशेषण वह पद है जो वस्तु के स्वरूप का अंग है, 'नीलकमल' में नीलता कमल का ही धर्म है; उपलक्षण केवल पहचानवाकर हट जाता है, 'जिस घर पर कौआ है' में कौआ उड़ जाता है और कभी घर का अंग था ही नहीं। यहाँ सिद्धान्त 'आनुकूल्य' को विशेषण मानते हैं — आनुकूल्य भक्ति में अन्तर्निहित है, अतः 'यह भक्ति है' यह निर्णय उसे भी अपने में ले लेता है, वह मात्र भक्ति को अन्यत्र ढूँढ़ने का संकेतक नहीं।
s8gloss
kṛṣṇānuśīlanaṁ |
kṛṣṇānuśīlanam"the cultivation of Kṛṣṇa" — simply flagging the verse's next phrase, the one he will unpack'कृष्णानुशीलन' (पद)
kṛṣṇānuśīlanam — "the cultivation of Kṛṣṇa" (the phrase now taken up).
kṛṣṇānuśīlanam — 'कृष्णानुशीलन'
He then picks up the verse's next words: "the cultivation of Kṛṣṇa." This just marks the phrase he is about to explain.
(अब) 'कृष्णानुशीलन' (पद का विवेचन)।
s9gloss
kṛṣṇa-śabdaś cātra svayaṁ bhagavataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇasya, tad-rūpāṇāṁ cānyeṣāṁ api śrī-viṣṇu-tattvānāṁ grāhakaś ceti bodhyam |
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥthe word "Kṛṣṇa"'कृष्ण' शब्द
caand, moreoverऔर
atrahere, in this verseयहाँ
svayaṁ bhagavataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇasyaof Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Lord himself in person genitive of what is denoted, with grāhakaस्वयं भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण का
tad-rūpāṇāmand of his own formsउनके उन रूपों का
ca anyeṣām apiand also of others besidesतथा अन्यों का भी
śrī-viṣṇu-tattvānāmnamely the Śrī Viṣṇu-tattvas (the Viṣṇu expansions) genitive in apposition to anyeṣāmश्रीविष्णु-तत्त्वों का
grāhakaḥis a word that takes in, that coversबोध कराने वाला है
caandऔर
iti bodhyam— this is to be understood— ऐसा समझना चाहिए
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥ ca atra — and the word "Kṛṣṇa" here; svayaṁ bhagavataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇasya — of Śrī Kṛṣṇa the Lord himself; tad-rūpāṇām ca anyeṣām api śrī-viṣṇu-tattvānām — and of his forms and of others too, the Viṣṇu-tattvas; grāhakaḥ — is a word that takes them all in; iti bodhyam — so it is to be understood.
kṛṣṇa-śabdaḥ — 'कृष्ण' शब्द; ca — और; atra — यहाँ; svayaṁ bhagavataḥ śrī-kṛṣṇasya — स्वयं भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण का; tad-rūpāṇām — उनके रूपों का; ca anyeṣām api — और अन्यों का भी; śrī-viṣṇu-tattvānām — श्रीविष्णु-तत्त्वों का; grāhakaḥ — ग्राहक; ca — और; iti bodhyam — ऐसा जानना चाहिए
The word "Kṛṣṇa" here takes in Śrī Kṛṣṇa, the Lord in person. It also takes in his own forms, and beyond those the other Viṣṇu-tattvas as well. That is how the word is to be understood — it is not restricted to Kṛṣṇa alone.
और यहाँ 'कृष्ण' शब्द स्वयं भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण का, उनके उन रूपों का, तथा अन्य श्रीविष्णु-तत्त्वों का भी ग्राहक (बोधक) है — ऐसा समझना चाहिए।
viṣṇu-tattva: in Gauḍīya theology, the fully divine Viṣṇu-category expansions of the Lord, as opposed to jīvas or empowered beings. Here the term widens the reference of "Kṛṣṇa" to cover these expansions too.
विष्णु-तत्त्व (गौड़ीय सिद्धान्त) अर्थात् भगवान् के पूर्ण दिव्य विष्णु-कोटि के विस्तार, जीवों या शक्त्यावेश-जनों से भिन्न। यहाँ यह पद 'कृष्ण' शब्द के अर्थ को उन विस्तारों तक भी विस्तृत करता है।
s10definition
tasya kṛṣṇasya sambandhi, kṛṣṇārthaṁ vā anuśīlanaṁ kāya-vāṅ-mānasīyat-tac-ceṣṭā-rūpaṁ prīti-viṣayātmakaṁ śaithilya-parityāga-pūrvakaṁ muhur eva tat-tat-karma-pravartanam eva uttamā bhaktiḥ |
tasya kṛṣṇasya sambandhirelated to that Kṛṣṇa genitive of relationउस कृष्ण से सम्बन्ध रखने वाला
kṛṣṇārthamor done for Kṛṣṇa's sake accusative adverbial of purposeअथवा कृष्ण के प्रयोजन से
vāor — either of the two countsअथवा
anuśīlanamthe cultivationअनुशीलन
kāya-vāṅ-mānasīya-tat-tac-ceṣṭā-rūpamtaking the form of the various acts of body, speech, and mindशरीर, वाणी और मन की उन-उन चेष्टाओं के रूप वाला
prīti-viṣayātmakamhaving loving affection as its inner object — driven by prīti (loving attachment)प्रीति को विषय बनाने वाला
śaithilya-parityāga-pūrvakamcarried out only after slackness has been thrown off — done with no laxityशिथिलता का परित्याग करके
muhur evaagain and again, over and overबार-बार ही
tat-tat-karma-pravartanamthe setting-in-motion of those very acts, actually carrying them outउन-उन कर्मों में प्रवृत्त होना
evaprecisely this — nothing short of itही
uttamā bhaktiḥis the highest devotionउत्तमा भक्ति है
tasya kṛṣṇasya sambandhi kṛṣṇārtham vā anuśīlanam — cultivation related to that Kṛṣṇa or for his sake; kāya-vāṅ-mānasīya-tat-tac-ceṣṭā-rūpam — taking the form of the various acts of body, speech, and mind; prīti-viṣayātmakam — with loving affection as its object; śaithilya-parityāga-pūrvakam — preceded by the giving up of laxity; muhur eva tat-tat-karma-pravartanam eva — the repeated carrying-out of those very acts; uttamā bhaktiḥ — is the highest devotion.
tasya kṛṣṇasya sambandhi — उस कृष्ण से सम्बन्धित; kṛṣṇārtham — कृष्ण के लिए; vā — अथवा; anuśīlanam — अनुशीलन; kāya-vāṅ-mānasīya-tat-tac-ceṣṭā-rūpam — काय-वाणी-मन की उन-उन चेष्टाओं के रूप में; prīti-viṣayātmakam — प्रीति-विषय स्वरूप; śaithilya-parityāga-pūrvakam — शिथिलता के परित्यागपूर्वक; muhur eva — बार-बार ही; tat-tat-karma-pravartanam — उन-उन कर्मों में प्रवृत्त होना; eva — ही; uttamā bhaktiḥ — उत्तमा भक्ति
Now he ties the whole verse together. Cultivation that is either connected with Kṛṣṇa or done for Kṛṣṇa's sake — expressed through the various acts of body, speech, and mind, driven by loving affection, undertaken only after all slackness has been dropped, and actually carried out again and again — that, precisely, is the highest devotion. This is the verse's own definition of bhakti, assembled from its parts.
उस कृष्ण से सम्बन्धित अथवा कृष्ण के लिए किया गया अनुशीलन — जो शरीर, वाणी और मन की उन-उन चेष्टाओं के रूप में हो, प्रीति को विषय बनाने वाला हो, शिथिलता का परित्याग करके बार-बार ही उन-उन कर्मों में प्रवृत्त होना हो — वही उत्तमा भक्ति है।
s11conclusion
anena vaidha-rāgānuga-mārgayoḥ sādhaka-siddha-daśayor ubhayatrāpy asyāḥ suṣṭhu vaiśiṣṭyaṁ sphuṭaṁ kathitam (anubhāṣya 2.9.167) ||
anenaby this — by this definition just given instrumental of meansइस (लक्षण) के द्वारा
vaidha-rāgānuga-mārgayoḥon both the rule-guided (vaidhī) and the spontaneous-attraction (rāgānugā) paths genitive dual: "of the two paths"वैध और रागानुगा — दोनों मार्गों में
sādhaka-siddha-daśayoḥand in both the practitioner's stage and the perfected stage genitive dual: "of the two stages"साधक और सिद्ध — दोनों दशाओं में
ubhayatra apiin both cases alike — covering all of themदोनों ही स्थानों में
asyāḥof this bhakti genitive of the thing praisedइस (भक्ति) की
suṣṭhuthoroughly, really wellभली प्रकार
vaiśiṣṭyamits special excellence, what sets it apartविशेषता
sphuṭamclearly, plainlyस्पष्ट रूप से
kathitamhas been statedकह दी गई है
(anubhāṣya 2.9.167)— reference given as the source carries it (Anubhāṣya 2.9.167)(अनुभाष्य 2.9.167)
anena — by this definition; vaidha-rāgānuga-mārgayoḥ sādhaka-siddha-daśayoḥ ubhayatra api — on both paths, rule-guided and spontaneous, and in both stages, practitioner and perfected; asyāḥ vaiśiṣṭyam — the special excellence of this bhakti; suṣṭhu sphuṭam kathitam — has been thoroughly and clearly stated.
anena — इससे; vaidha-rāgānuga-mārgayoḥ — वैध-रागानुग मार्गों में; sādhaka-siddha-daśayoḥ — साधक-सिद्ध दशाओं में; ubhayatra api — दोनों जगह भी; asyāḥ — इसकी; suṣṭhu — भली प्रकार; vaiśiṣṭyam — वैशिष्ट्य; sphuṭam — स्पष्ट; kathitam — कहा गया; (anubhāṣya 2.9.167) — (अनुभाष्य 2.9.167)
He closes: by this one definition, the special excellence of bhakti has been stated thoroughly and clearly — and it holds across the board. It holds on the rule-guided path and on the path of spontaneous attraction alike, and in the beginner-practitioner stage as much as in the perfected stage. One definition covers them all. (The reference Anubhāṣya 2.9.167 is kept as the source gives it.)
इस (लक्षण) के द्वारा वैध और रागानुगा — दोनों मार्गों में, तथा साधक और सिद्ध — दोनों दशाओं में, दोनों ही स्थानों में इस (भक्ति) की विशेषता भली प्रकार स्पष्ट रूप से कह दी गई है। (अनुभाष्य 2.9.167)